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Macro- to nanoscale investigation unlocks gold and silver enrichment by lead-bismuth metallic melts in the Switchback epithermal deposit, southern Mexico

  • Néstor Cano ORCID logo EMAIL logo , José María González-Jiménez , Antoni Camprubí , Joaquín A. Proenza and Eduardo González-Partida
Published/Copyright: April 1, 2025
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 110 Issue 4

Abstract

Lead-bismuth (Pb-Bi) minerals of the galena (PbS)-matildite (AgBiS2) series and lillianite homologs (Pb3–2xAgxBi2+xS6) are intergrown with electrum (Au-Ag alloy) and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) in specific bands within a colloform-banded vein at the Switchback epithermal deposit in southern Mexico. A macro-to nanoscale study revealed that these minerals fill small (<200 μm) cavities in the gangue minerals, showing curvilinear boundaries, bleb-like morphologies, and rounded nanoparticles (∼100 nm). These observations are consistent with growth in a molten system from a precursor Pb-Bi melt containing Au, Ag, and Cu. Minerals in the galena-matildite series typically display Widmanstätten textures (i.e., octahedral-like or basket-weave matilditess lamellae in the galenass matrix), which have been traditionally linked to the decomposition of a high-temperature solid solution. However, galenass and matilditess show nanoscale sinuous reaction fronts and replacement relicts (“islands”) while maintaining the [011]Galena ∥ [100]Matildite crystallographic orientation relationship. This suggests a topotaxial growth of matilditessmediated by coupled dissolution-reprecipitation reactions between galenass and the metallic melt upon cooling. A similar scenario is proposed for Pb-Bi sulfosalt intergrowths, which replace galenamatildite and electrum and grow topotaxially along (200)Galena. Collectively, these results suggest that Pb-Bi melts can exist in epithermal fluids, acting as precursors for the crystallization of ore minerals and being able to sequester precious metals. This model explains abnormally high-Au-Ag enrichments observed in some deposits that contain Pb-Bi ores.

Keywords: Epitaxial; topotaxial; galena-matildite; electrum; Pb-Bi sulfosalt; Sierra Madre del Sur; Mexico

Acknowledgments and Funding

This study was part of the first author’s doctoral research at the Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra (Instituto de Geología, UNAM), who gratefully acknowledges support from CONAHCyT and Posgrado en Ciencias de la Tierra-UNAM. Fieldwork and basic mineralogical studies were funded by PAPIIT-DGAPA-UNAM (grant IN102123). FIB and HR-TEM analyses were supported by the Spanish Grant NANOMET PID2022-138768OB-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/50110001133 and “ERDF A way of making Europe” by the European Union. These analyses were also supported by the Geological Society of America (student research grant 14012-24). EPMA analyses were funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 (grant PID2019-105625RB-C21). The authors acknowledge the use of instrumentation and technical support from the National Facility ELECMI ICTS node Laboratorio de Microscopías Avanzadas at the University of Zaragoza. We thank Edith Fuentes Guzmán, Juan Tomás Vázquez, Xavier Llovet, Laura Casado, Isabel Rivas, María del Mar Abad, and Cecilia de la Prada for their assistance with sample preparation and EPMA, FIB-SEM, and HR-TEM analyses. Special thanks to the team at Don David Gold Mexico S.A. de C.V. for their support during the mine visit. Finally, we appreciate the insightful comments and suggestions from Associate Editor Callum Hetherington, as well as James A. Saunders and an anonymous reviewer, which significantly improved this article.

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Received: 2024-03-10
Accepted: 2024-07-03
Published Online: 2025-04-01
Published in Print: 2025-04-28

© 2025 Mineralogical Society of America

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2024-9388
Keywords for this article
Epitaxial; topotaxial; galena-matildite; electrum; Pb-Bi sulfosalt; Sierra Madre del Sur; Mexico

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  10. Titanite and allanite as a record of multistage co-mobility of Ti-REE-Nb-As during metamorphism in the Central Alps
  11. Unusual sulfide-rich magmatic apatite crystals from >2.7 Ga Abitibi Greenstone Belt, Canada
  12. Jianmuite, Z r T i 4 + T i 5 3 + A l 3 O 16 , a new mineral from the Allende meteorite and from chromitite near Kangjinla, Tibet, China
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