Home Quartz texture and the chemical composition fingerprint of ore-forming fluid evolution at the Bilihe porphyry Au deposit, NE China
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Quartz texture and the chemical composition fingerprint of ore-forming fluid evolution at the Bilihe porphyry Au deposit, NE China

  • Jingxin Hong , Degao Zhai EMAIL logo and Manuel Keith
Published/Copyright: July 9, 2024
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Author Information
American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 109 Issue 7

Abstract

Quartz is widely distributed in various magmatic-hydrothermal systems and shows variable textures and trace element contents in multiple generations, enabling quartz to serve as a robust tracer for monitoring hydrothermal fluid evolution. This study demonstrates that integrated high-resolution SEM-CL textures and trace element data of quartz can be used to constrain physicochemical fluid conditions and trace the genesis of quartz in porphyry ore-forming systems. The Bilihe deposit is a gold-only porphyry deposit located in the Central Asian orogenic belt, NE China. Four quartz generations were distinguished following a temporal sequence from early-stage dendritic quartz, unidirectional solidification textured quartz (UST quartz), gray banded vein quartz (BQ), to late-stage white calcite vein quartz (CQ), with the Au precipitation being mostly related to dendritic quartz, UST quartz, and BQ. The well-preserved dendritic quartz with sector-zoned CL intensities and euhedral oscillatory growth zones crystallized rapidly during the late magmatic stage. The relatively low Al contents of dendritic quartz were interpreted to be related to contemporaneous feldspar or mica crystallization, while the high-Ti contents indicate high-crystallization temperatures (~750 °C). The comb-layered UST quartz displays heterogeneous, patchy luminescence with weak zoning, hosts coeval melt and fluid inclusions, and retains the chemical characteristics of magmatic dendritic quartz. High-Ti and low-Al contents of UST quartz suggest a formation at relatively high temperatures (~700 °C) and high-pH conditions. Three sub-types can be defined for hydrothermal BQ (BQ1, BQ2, and BQ3) based on contrasting CL features and trace element contents. The Al contents increase from BQ1 to BQ2 followed by a drop in BQ3, corresponding to an initial decrease and subsequent increase in fluid acidity. Temperature estimates of BQ decrease from BQ1 (635 °C) to BQ3 (575 °C), which may, however, be disturbed by high growth rates and/or high-TiO2 activities. The CQ typically displays a CL-bright core and CL-dark rim with oscillating CL intensities and is characterized by the lowest Ti and highest Al, Li, and Sb contents compared to the other quartz types, which suggests a deposition from more acidic and lower temperature fluids (~250 °C). Trace element patterns indicate that a coupled Si4+ ↔ (Al3+) + (K+) element exchange vector is applicable to dendritic quartz, UST quartz, and BQ. By contrast, charge-compensated cation substitution of Si4+ ↔ (Al3+, Sb3+) + (Li+, Rb+) is favored for CQ. The comparison with compiled trace element data of quartz from other porphyry Au, Cu, and Mo deposits worldwide suggests that Ti, Al, Li, K, and Ge concentrations, as well as Al/Ti and Ge/Ti ratios, have the potential to discriminate the metal fertility of porphyry mineralization.

Keywords: Bilihe; porphyry Au deposit; quartz; SEM-CL texture; trace elements; fluid evolution

Acknowledgments and Funding

Sincere thanks are given to John Dilles, two anonymous reviewers, and Associate Editor Daniel Gregory for their constructive comments and editing, which greatly improved this work. This research was supported financially by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grants 42122012 and 92062219), the Inner Mongolia Academician Project (Grant 2022-TZH03), and the China Scholarship Council (CSC; File No. 202206400014). We thank Li Su and Hongyu Zhang (CUGB) for the quartz trace element analyses, and Junfeng Shen (CUGB) for the quartz SEM-CL analyses.

References cited

Bain, W.M., Lecumberri-Sanchez, P., Marsh, E.E., and Steele-MacInnis, M. (2022) Fluids and melts at the magmatic-hydrothermal transition, recorded by Unidirectional Solidification Textures at Saginaw Hill, Arizona, USA. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 117, 1543–1571, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4952.Search in Google Scholar

Barton, I.F., Rathkopf, C.A., and Barton, M.D. (2020) Rhenium in molybdenite: A database approach to identifying geochemical controls on the distribution of a critical element. Mining, Metallurgy & Exploration, 37, 21–37, https://doi.org/10.1007/s42461-019-00145-0.Search in Google Scholar

Beane, R. and Titley, S. (1981) Part I. Geologic Settings, Petrology, and Tectogenesis. In B.J. Skinner, Ed., Society of Economic Geologists, Seventy-Fifth Anniversary Volume. Economic Geology.Search in Google Scholar

Bennett, M.M. (2014) Cathodoluminescence and fluid inclusion characteristics of hydrothermal quartz from porphyry deposits, 162 p. Master thesis, Colorado School of Mines, U.S.A.Search in Google Scholar

Breiter, K., Ďurišová, J., and Dosbaba, M. (2017) Quartz chemistry—A step to understanding magmatic-hydrothermal processes in ore-bearing granites: Cínovec/Zinnwald Sn-W-Li deposit, Central Europe. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 25–35, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.10.013.Search in Google Scholar

Cao, K., Yang, Z., Mavrogenes, J., White, N., Xu, J., Li, Y., and Li, W. (2019) Geology and genesis of the giant Pulang porphyry Cu-Au district, Yunnan, Southwest China. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 114, 275–301, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2019.4631.Search in Google Scholar

Cernuschi, F., Dilles, J.H., Grocke, S.B., Valley, J.W., Kitajima, K., and Tepley, F.J. III. (2018) Rapid formation of porphyry copper deposits evidenced by diffusion of oxygen and titanium in quartz. Geology, 46, 611–614, https://doi.Org/10.1130/G40262.1.Search in Google Scholar

Erdenebayar, J., Ogata, T., Imai, A., and Sereenen, J. (2014) Textural and chemical evolution of Unidirectional Solidification Textures in highly differentiated granitic rocks at Kharaatyagaan, Central Mongolia. Resource Geology, 64, 283–300, https://doi.org/10.1111/rge.12050.Search in Google Scholar

Frelinger, S.N., Ledvina, M.D., Kyle, J.R., and Zhao, D. (2015) Scanning electron microscopy cathodoluminescence of quartz: Principles, techniques and applications in ore geology. Ore Geology Reviews, 65, 840–852, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2014.10.008.Search in Google Scholar

Gao, S., Zou, X., Hofstra, A., Qin, K., Marsh, E., Bennett, M., Li, G., Jiang, J., Su, S., Zhao, J., and others. (2022) Trace elements in quartz: Insights into source and fluid evolution in magmatic-hydrothermal systems. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 117, 1415–1428, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4943.Search in Google Scholar

Ge, L., Qin, M., Zhang, W., Yuan, S., Duan, X., Ma, M., Pan, J., and Tang, M. (2009) The Bilihei gold deposit in Inner Mongolia: The first large-sized high-grade concealed porphyry Au deposit discovered on the northern margin of North China plate. Geology in China, 36, 1110–1122 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Gotte, T., Pettke, T., Ramseyer, K., Koch-Muller, M., and Mullis, J. (2011) Cathodoluminescence properties and trace element signature of hydrothermal quartz: A fingerprint of growth dynamics. American Mineralogist, 96, 802–813, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2011.3639.Search in Google Scholar

Götze, J. (2009) Chemistry, textures and physical properties of quartz-geological interpretation and technical application. Mineralogical Magazine, 73, 645–671, https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.2009.073.4.645.Search in Google Scholar

Götze, J., Plötze, M., Graupner, T., Hallbauer, D.K., and Bray, C.J. (2004) Trace element incorporation into quartz: A combined study by ICP-MS, electron spin resonance, cathodoluminescence, capillary ion analysis, and gas chromatography. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 68, 3741–3759, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2004.01.003.Search in Google Scholar

Götze, J., Schertl, H.P., Neuser, R.D., Kempe, U., and Hanchar, J.M. (2013) Optical microscope-cathodoluminescence (OM-CL) imaging as a powerful tool to reveal internal textures of minerals. Mineralogy and Petrology, 107, 373–392, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-012-0256-0.Search in Google Scholar

Götze, J., Pan, Y., and Müller, A. (2021) Mineralogy and mineral chemistry of quartz: A review. Mineralogical Magazine, 85, 639–664, https://doi.org/10.1180/mgm.2021.72.Search in Google Scholar

Hong, W., Cooke, D.R., Zhang, L., Fox, N., and Thompson, J. (2019) Cathodoluminescence features, trace elements, and oxygen isotopes of quartz in unidirectional solidification textures from the Sn-mineralized Heemskirk Granite, western Tasmania. American Mineralogist, 104, 100–117, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6534.Search in Google Scholar

Hong, J.X., Zhang, H.Y., Zhai, D.G., Li, D.F., Zhang, Y.L., and Liu, J.J. (2021) The geochronology of the Haobugao skarn Zn-Pb deposit (NE China) using garnet LA-ICP-MS U-Pb dating. Ore Geology Reviews, 139, 104437, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2021.104437.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, R. and Audétat, A. (2012) The titanium-in-quartz (TitaniQ) thermobarometer: A critical examination and re-calibration. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 84, 75–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.01.009.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, K., Zhu, M., Zhang, L., Bai, Y., and Cai, Y. (2020) Geological and mineralogical constraints on the genesis of the Bilihe gold deposit in Inner Mongolia, China. Ore Geology Reviews, 124, 103607, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103607.Search in Google Scholar

Jacamon, F. and Larsen, R.B. (2009) Trace element evolution of quartz in the charnockitic Kleivan granite, SW-Norway: The Ge/Ti ratio of quartz as an index of igneous differentiation. Lithos, 107, 281–291, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2008.10.016.Search in Google Scholar

Jahn, B.M. (2004) The Central Asian Orogenic Belt and growth of the continental crust in the Phanerozoic. In J. Malpas, C.J.N. Fletcher, J.R. Ali, and J.C. Aitchison, Eds., Aspects of the tectonic evolution of China, 226, 73–100. Geological Society London Special Publications.Search in Google Scholar

Jian, W., Mao, J., Lehmann, B., Cook, N.J., Xie, G., Liu, P., Duan, C., Alles, J., and Niu, Z.J. (2021) Au-Ag-Te-rich melt inclusions in hydrothermal gold-quartz veins, Xiaoqinling lode gold district, central China. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 116, 1239–1248, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4811.Search in Google Scholar

Jian, W., Mao, J., Cook, N.J., Chen, L., Xie, G., Xu, J., Song, S., Hao, J., Li, R., and Liu, J. (2022) Intracrystalline migration of polymetallic Au-rich melts in multistage hydrothermal systems: Example from the Xiaoqinling lode gold district, central China. Mineralium Deposita, 57, 147–154, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01090-z.Search in Google Scholar

Jourdan, A., Mullis, J., Ramseyer, K., and Spiers, C.J. (2009) Evidence of growth and sector zoning in hydrothermal quartz from Alpine veins. European Journal of Mineralogy, 21, 219–231, https://doi.org/10.1127/0935-1221/2009/0021-1881.Search in Google Scholar

Landtwing, M. and Pettke, T. (2005) Relationships between SEM-cathodoluminescence response and trace-element composition of hydrothermal vein quartz. American Mineralogist, 90, 122–131, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1548.Search in Google Scholar

Larsen, R.B., Henderson, I., Ihlen, P.M., and Jacamon, F. (2004) Distribution and petrogenetic behaviour of trace elements in granitic pegmatite quartz from South Norway. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 147, 615–628, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-004-0580-4.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Y., She, Z., and Ma, C. (2011) SEM-CL analysis of quartz and its application in petrology. Diqiu Kexue Jinzhan, 26, 325–331 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Li, J., Hu, R., Xiao, J., Zhuo, Y., Yan, J., and Oyebamiji, A. (2020) Genesis of gold and antimony deposits in the Youjiang metallogenic province, SW China: Evidence from in situ oxygen isotopic and trace element compositions of quartz. Ore Geology Reviews, 116, 103257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103257.Search in Google Scholar

Li, W., Qiao, X., Zhang, F., and Zhang, L. (2022) Tourmaline as a potential mineral for exploring porphyry deposits: A case study of the Bilihe gold deposit in Inner Mongolia, China. Mineralium Deposita, 57, 61–82, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-021-01051-6.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, C. and Nie, F. (2015) Permian magmatic sequences of the Bilihe gold deposit in central Inner Mongolia, China: Petrogenesis and tectonic significance. Lithos, 231, 35–52, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2015.06.010.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, J.F., Li, J.Y., Chi, X.G., Qu, J.F., Hu, Z.C., Fang, S., and Zhang, Z. (2013) A late-Carboniferous to early early-Permian subduction-accretion complex in Daqing pasture, southeastern Inner Mongolia: Evidence ofnorthward subduction beneath the Siberian Paleoplate southern margin. Lithos, 177, 285–296, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.07.008.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, J., Wang, C., Liu, Y., Zhang, H., and Ge, J. (2019) Middle Permian Wuhaolai mafic complex in the northern North China Craton: Constraints on the subduction-related metasomatic mantle and tectonic implication. Geological Journal, 54, 1834–1852, https://doi.org/10.1002/gj.3085.Search in Google Scholar

Lowenstern, J.B. and Sinclair, W.D. (1996) Exsolved magmatic fluid and its role in the formation of comb-layered quartz at the Cretaceous Logtung W-Mo deposit, Yukon Territory, Canada. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 87, 291–303, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0263593300006696.Search in Google Scholar

Mao, W., Rusk, B., Yang, F., and Zhang, M.J. (2017) Physical and chemical evolution of the Dabaoshan porphyry Mo deposit, South China: Insights from fluid inclusions, cathodoluminescence, and trace elements in quartz. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 112, 889–918, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.112.4.889.Search in Google Scholar

Maydagán, L., Franchini, M., Rusk, B., Lentz, D.R., McFarlane, C., Impiccini, A., Ríos, F.J., and Rey, R.J. (2015) Porphyry to epithermal transition in the Altar Cu-(Au-Mo) deposit, Argentina, studied by cathodoluminescence, LA-ICP-MS, and fluid inclusion analysis. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 110, 889–923, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.4.889.Search in Google Scholar

Müller, A., Herrington, R., Armstrong, R., Seltmann, R., Kirwin, D.J., Stenina, N.G., and Kronz, A. (2010) Trace elements and cathodoluminescence of quartz in stockwork veins of Mongolian porphyry-style deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 45, 707–727, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-010-0302-y.Search in Google Scholar

Müller, A., Herklotz, G., and Giegling, H. (2018) Chemistry of quartz related to the Zinnwald/Cínovec Sn-W-Li greisen-type deposit, Eastern Erzgebirge, Germany. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 190, 357–373, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.04.009.Search in Google Scholar

Murakami, H., Seo, J.H., and Heinrich, C.A. (2010) The relation between Cu/Au ratio and formation depth of porphyry-style Cu-Au ± Mo deposits. Mineralium Deposita, 45, 11–21, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-009-0255-1.Search in Google Scholar

Nie, F. and Bjørlykke, A. (1999) Nd and Sr isotope constraints on the age and origin of Proterozoic meta-mafic volcanic rocks in the Bainaimiao-Wenduermiao district, south-central Inner Mongolia, China. Continental Dynamics, 4, 1–14.Search in Google Scholar

Pan, J.Y., Ni, P., and Wang, R.C. (2019) Comparison of fluid processes in coexisting wolframite and quartz from a giant vein-type tungsten deposit, South China: Insights from detailed petrography and LA-ICP-MS analysis of fluid inclusions. American Mineralogist, 104, 1092–1116, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2019-6958.Search in Google Scholar

Peng, H., Wang, X., Tang, J., and Wang, D. (2010) The application of quartz cathodoluminescence in study of igneous rock. Rock and Mineral Analysis, 29, 153–160 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Penniston-Dorland, S.C. (2001) Illumination of vein quartz textures in a porphyry copper ore deposit using scanned cathodoluminescence: Grasberg Igneous Complex, Irian Jaya, Indonesia. American Mineralogist, 86, 652–666, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2001-5-606.Search in Google Scholar

Pirajno, F. and Zhou, T.F. (2015) Intracontinental porphyry and porphyry-skarn mineral systems in Eastern China: Scrutiny of a special case “Made-in-China”. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 110, 603–629, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.3.603.Search in Google Scholar

Qiao, X., Li, W., Zhang, L., Zhang, F., Zhu, X., and Xia, X. (2022) Textural, fluid inclusion, and in-situ oxygen isotope studies of quartz: Constraints on vein formation, disequilibrium fractionation, and gold precipitation at the Bilihe gold deposit, Inner Mongolia, China. American Mineralogist, 107, 517–531, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7823.Search in Google Scholar

Qing, M., Tang, M., Ge, L., Han, X., Feng, J., Yuan, S., and Zhao, Y. (2012) LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb age, geochemistry of andesite in Bilihe goldfield, Suniteyouqi, Inner Mongolia and its tectonic significance. Yanshi Xuebao, 28, 514–524 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Qiu, K., Deng, J., Yu, H., Wu, M., Wang, Y., Zhang, L., and Goldfarb, R. (2021) Identifying hydrothermal quartz vein generations in the Taiyangshan porphyry Cu-Mo deposit (West Qinling, China) using cathodoluminescence, trace element geochemistry, and fluid inclusions. Ore Geology Reviews, 128, 103882, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103882.Search in Google Scholar

Qu, H., Sun, M., and Dong, P. (2017) The δ18O of UST quartz in two porphyry deposits, China. Resource Geology, 67, 109–115, https://doi.org/10.1111/rge.12116.Search in Google Scholar

Raimbourg H., Famin V., Canizarès A., and Trong L. (2022) Fluid pressure changes recorded by trace elements in quartz. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23, e2022GC010346, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GC010346.Search in Google Scholar

Redmond, P.B., Einaudi, M.T., Inan, E.E., Landtwing, M.R., and Heinrich, C.A. (2004) Copper deposition by fluid cooling in intrusion-centered systems: New insights from the Bingham porphyry ore deposit. Geology, 32, 217–220, https://doi.org/10.1130/G19986.1.Search in Google Scholar

Roedder, E. (1984) Fluid Inclusions. Reviews in Mineralogy, vol. 12, 646 p. Mineralogical Society of America.Search in Google Scholar

Rottier, B. and Casanova, V. (2021) Trace element composition of quartz from porphyry systems: A tracer of the mineralizing fluid evolution. Mineralium Deposita, 56, 843–862, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-01009-0.Search in Google Scholar

Rusk, B.G. (2012) Cathodoluminescent textures and trace elements in hydrothermal quartz. In J. Götze and R. Möckel, Eds., Quartz: Deposits, Mineralogy and Analytics, p. 307–329. Springer.Search in Google Scholar

Rusk, B.G. and Reed, M. (2002) Scanning electron microscope–cathodoluminescence analysis of quartz reveals complex growth histories in veins from the Butte porphyry copper deposit, Montana. Geology, 30, 727–730, https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(2002)030<0727:SEMCAO>2.0.CO;2.Search in Google Scholar

Rusk, B.G., Reed, M.H., Dilles, J.H., and Kent, A.J.R. (2006) Intensity of quartz cathodoluminescence and trace-element content in quartz from the porphyry copper deposit at Butte, Montana. American Mineralogist, 91, 1300–1312, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2006.1984.Search in Google Scholar

Rusk, B.G., Lowers, H.A., and Reed, M.H. (2008) Trace elements in hydrothermal quartz: Relationships to cathodoluminescent textures and insights into vein formation. Geology, 36, 547–550, https://doi.org/10.1130/G24580A.1.Search in Google Scholar

Rusk, B., Koenig, A., and Lowers, H. (2011) Visualizing trace element distribution in quartz using cathodoluminescence, electron microprobe, and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. American Mineralogist, 96, 703–708, https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2011.3701.Search in Google Scholar

Schneider, C.A., Rasband, W.S., and Eliceiri, K.W. (2012) NIH Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis. Nature Methods, 9, 671–675, https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2089.Search in Google Scholar

Seedorff, E., Dilles, J.H., Proffett, J.M., Einaudi, M.T., Zurcher, L., Stavast, W.J., Johnson, D.A., and Barton, M.D. (2005) Porphyry deposits: Characteristics and origin of hypogene features. Economic Geology 100th Anniversary Volume, 258–298.Search in Google Scholar

Sillitoe, R.H. (2010) Porphyry copper systems. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 105, 3–41, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.105.1.3.Search in Google Scholar

Sillitoe, R.H. (2017) Gold-rich porphyry deposits: Types, settings, controls, and potential. Proceedings of the 14th SGA Biennial Meeting, 20–23 August 2017, Québec City, Canada, 1, 11–14.Search in Google Scholar

Sun, S. and McDonough, W. (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: Implications for mantle composition and processes. Special Publication—Geological Society of London, 42, 313–345, https://doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.1989.042.01.19.Search in Google Scholar

Swanson, S.E. and Fenn, P.M. (1986) Quartz crystallization in igneous rocks. American Mineralogist, 71, 331–342.Search in Google Scholar

Tang, K. and Yan, Z. (1993) Regional metamorphism and tectonic evolution of the Inner Mongolian suture zone. Journal of Metamorphic Geology, 11, 511–522, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1525-1314.1993.tb00168.x.Search in Google Scholar

Tanner, D., Henley, R.W., Mavrogenes, J.A., and Holden, P. (2013) Combining in situ isotopic, trace element and textural analyses of quartz from four magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 166, 1119–1142, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-013-0912-3.Search in Google Scholar

Thomas, J.B., Bruce Watson, E., Spear, F.S., Shemella, P.T., Nayak, S.K., and Lanzirotti, A. (2010) TitaniQ under pressure: The effect of pressure and temperature on the solubility of Ti in quartz. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 160, 743–759, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-010-0505-3.Search in Google Scholar

Tosdal, R.M., and Dilles, J.H. (2020) Creation of permeability in the porphyry Cu environment. In J.V. Rowland and D.A. Rhys, Applied Structural Geology of Ore-Forming Hydrothermal Systems, Special Publications 21, 173–204. Society of Economic Geologists.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, Y., Zeng, Q., Guo, L., and Guo, Y. (2019) Magmatic and tectonic setting of the Permian Au mineralization in the Xing-Meng Orogenic Belt: Constraints from the U-Pb ages, Hf-O isotopes and geochemistry of granitic intrusions in the Bilihe and Hadamiao gold deposits. Mineralogy and Petrology, 113, 99–118, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00710-018-0638-z.Search in Google Scholar

Wedepohl, K.H. (1995) The composition of the continental crust. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 59, 1217–1232, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(95)00038-2.Search in Google Scholar

Wiedenbeck, M., Alle, P., Corfu, F., Griffin, W., Meier, M., Oberli, F., Von Quadt, A., Roddick, J., and Spiegel, W. (1995) Three natural zircon standards for U-Th-Pb, Lu-Hf, trace element and REE analyses. Geostandards Newsletter, 19, 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-908X.1995.tb00147.x.Search in Google Scholar

Wilde, S. (2015) Final amalgamation of the Central Asian orogenic belt in NE China: Paleo-Asian Ocean closure versus Paleo-Pacific plate subduction—A review of the evidence. Tectonophysics, 662, 345–362, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tecto.2015.05.006.Search in Google Scholar

Wu, F., Sun, D., Ge, W., Zhang, Y., Grant, M., Wilde, S., and Jahn, B. (2011) Geochronology of the Phanerozoic granitoids in northeastern China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 41, 1–30, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2010.11.014.Search in Google Scholar

Xiao, W., Windley, B.F., Hao, J., and Zhai, M. (2003) Accretion leading to collision and the Permian Solonker suture, Inner Mongolia, China: Termination of the central Asian orogenic belt. Tectonics, 22, 1069, https://doi.org/10.1029/2002TC001484.Search in Google Scholar

Xiao, W.J., Nie, F.J., Liu, Y.F., and Liu, Y. (2012) Isotope geochronology study of the granitoid intrusions in the Changshanhao gold deposit and its geological implications. Yanshi Xuebao, 28, 535–543 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Xu, B., Charvet, J., Chen, Y., Zhao, P., and Shi, G. (2013a) Middle Paleozoic convergent orogenic belts in western Inner Mongolia (China): Framework, kinematics, geochronology and implications for tectonic evolution of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Gondwana Research, 23, 1342–1364, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2012.05.015.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, W., Pei, F., Wang, F., Meng, E., Ji, W., Yang, D., and Wang, W. (2013b) Spatial temporal relationships of Mesozoic volcanic rocks in NE China: Constraints on tectonic overprinting and transformations between multiple tectonic regimes. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 74, 167–193, https://doi.oig/10.1016/jjseaes.2013.04.003.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, B., Zhao, P., Bao, Q., Zhou, Y., Wang, Y., and Luo, Z. (2014) Preliminary study on the pre-Mesozoic tectonic unit division of the Xing-Meng Orogenic Belt (XMOB). Yanshi Xuebao, 30, 1841–1857 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Xu, B., Zhao, P., Wang, Y., Liao, W., Luo, Z., Bao, Q., and Zhou, Y. (2015) The pre-Devonian tectonic framework of Xing’an–Mongolia orogenic belt (XMOB) in north China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 97, 183–196, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2014.07.020.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Z. and Cooke, D. (2019) Porphyry copper deposits in China. Society of Economic Geologists. Special Publications, 22, 133–187.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Z., Hou, Z., Li, Z., Song, Y., and Xie, Y. (2008) Direct record of primary fluid exsolved from magma: Evidence from unidirectional solidification texture (UST) in quartz found in Qulong porphyry copper deposit, Tibet. Mineralium Deposita, 27, 188–199 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Z., Chang, Z., Paquette, J., White, N.C., Hou, Z., and Ge, L. (2015) Magmatic Au mineralization at the Bilihe Au deposit, China. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 110, 1661–1668, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.110.7.1661.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Z., Chang, Z., Hou, Z., and Meffre, S. (2016) Age, igneous petrogenesis, and tectonic setting of the Bilihe gold deposit, China, and implications for regional metallogeny. Gondwana Research, 34, 296–314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gr.2015.04.003.Search in Google Scholar

Zhai, D., Williams-Jones, A.E., Liu, J., Selby, D., Li, C., Huang, X.W., Qi, L., and Guo, D. (2019) Evaluating the use of the molybdenite Re-Os chronometer in dating gold mineralization: Evidence from the Haigou Deposit, Northeastern China. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 114, 897–915, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.2019.4667.Search in Google Scholar

Zhai, D., Williams-Jones, A.E., Liu, J., Selby, D., Voudouris, P.C., Tombros, S., Li, K., Li, P., and Sun, H. (2020) The genesis of the giant Shuangjianzishan epithermal Ag-Pb-Zn deposit, Inner Mongolia, Northeastern China. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 115, 101–128, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4695.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, J.H., Gao, S., Ge, W.C., Wu, F.Y., Yang, J.H., Wilde, S.A., and Li, M. (2010) Geochronology of the Mesozoic volcanic rocks in the Great Xing’an Range, northeastern China: Implications for subduction-induced delamination. Chemical Geology, 276, 144–165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2010.05.013.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, S.H., Zhao, Y., Ye, H., Liu, J.M., and Hu, Z.C. (2014) Origin and evolution of the Bainaimiao arc belt: Implications for crustal growth in the southern Central Asian orogenic belt. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 126, 1275–1300, https://doi.org/10.1130/B31042.1.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, H., Liu, J.C., Xu, Q., and Wang, J.Y. (2020) Geochronology, isotopic chemistry, and gold mineralization of the black slate-hosted Haoyaoerhudong gold deposit, northern North China Craton. Ore Geology Reviews, 117, 103315, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103315.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Q., Zhai, D., Mathur, R., Liu, J., Selby, D., and Williams-Jones, A.E. (2021a) The giant Chalukou porphyry Mo deposit, Northeast China: The product of a short-lived, high flux mineralizing event. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 116, 1209–1225, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4818.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Q., Zhai, D., Wang, J., Liu, J., and Williams-Jones, A.E. (2021b) The geochemistry and geochronology of Permian granitoids from central Inner Mongolia, NE China: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications. Lithos, 404–405, 106489, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2021.106489.Search in Google Scholar

Zhao, Q., Zhai, D., Williams-Jones, A.E., and Liu, J. (2023) Trace element and isotopic (S, Pb) constraints on the formation of the giant Chalukou porphyry Mo deposit, NE China. American Mineralogist, 108, 160–177, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8142.Search in Google Scholar

Zhu, M., Huang, K., Hu, L., Bai, Y., Li, W., Gao, B., and Zhang, L. (2018) Zircon U-Pb-Hf-O and molybdenite Re-Os isotopic constraints on porphyry gold mineralization in the Bilihe deposit, NE China. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 165, 371–382, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2018.07.016.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2022-10-14
Accepted: 2023-08-30
Published Online: 2024-07-09
Published in Print: 2024-07-26

© 2024 by Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Reduced charge transfer in mixed-spin ferropericlase inferred from its high-pressure refractive index
  2. Stability of magnesite in the presence of hydrous fluids up to 12 GPa: Insights into subduction zone processes and carbon cycling in the Earth’s mantle
  3. Influence of Fe(II), Fe(III), and Al(III) isomorphic substitutions on acid-base properties of edge surfaces of cis-vacant montmorillonite: Insights from first-principles molecular dynamics simulations and surface complexation modeling
  4. The kinetic effect induced by variable cooling rate on the crystal-chemistry of spinel in basaltic systems revealed by EPMA mapping
  5. Machine-learning oxybarometer developed using zircon trace-element chemistry and its applications
  6. Experimental determination of Si, Mg, and Ca isotope fractionation during enstatite melt evaporation
  7. Quartz texture and the chemical composition fingerprint of ore-forming fluid evolution at the Bilihe porphyry Au deposit, NE China
  8. Zhengminghuaite, Cu6Fe3As4S12, a new sulfosalt mineral from the Zimudang Carlin-type gold deposit in southwestern Guizhou, China
  9. Magmatic degassing and fluid metasomatism promote compositional variation from I-type to peralkaline A-type granite in the late Cretaceous Fuzhou felsic complex, SE China
  10. The new mineral cuprozheshengite, Pb4CuZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2, from Yunnan, China, with site-selective As-P substitution
  11. A neutron diffraction study of the hydrous borate inderborite, CaMg[B3O3(OH)5]2(H2O)4·2H2O
  12. Bobfinchite, Na[(UO2)8O3(OH)11]·10H2O, a new Na-bearing member of the schoepite family
  13. Kenorozhdestvenskayaite-(Fe), Ag6(Ag4Fe2)Sb4S12□: A new tetrahedrite group mineral containing a natural [Ag6]4+ cluster and its relationship to the synthetic ternary phosphide (Ag6M4P12) M6′
  14. Compressibility and pressure-induced structural evolution of kokchetavite, hexagonal polymorph of KAlSi3O8, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  15. Local strain heterogeneity associated with Al/Si ordering in anorthite, CaAl2Si2O8, with implications for thermodynamic mixing behavior and trace element partitioning in plagioclase feldspars
  16. Letter
  17. The glass transition temperature of anhydrous amorphous calcium carbonate
  18. Book Review
  19. Book Review: Introduction to Mineralogy
https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8840
Keywords for this article
Bilihe; porphyry Au deposit; quartz; SEM-CL texture; trace elements; fluid evolution

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Reduced charge transfer in mixed-spin ferropericlase inferred from its high-pressure refractive index
  2. Stability of magnesite in the presence of hydrous fluids up to 12 GPa: Insights into subduction zone processes and carbon cycling in the Earth’s mantle
  3. Influence of Fe(II), Fe(III), and Al(III) isomorphic substitutions on acid-base properties of edge surfaces of cis-vacant montmorillonite: Insights from first-principles molecular dynamics simulations and surface complexation modeling
  4. The kinetic effect induced by variable cooling rate on the crystal-chemistry of spinel in basaltic systems revealed by EPMA mapping
  5. Machine-learning oxybarometer developed using zircon trace-element chemistry and its applications
  6. Experimental determination of Si, Mg, and Ca isotope fractionation during enstatite melt evaporation
  7. Quartz texture and the chemical composition fingerprint of ore-forming fluid evolution at the Bilihe porphyry Au deposit, NE China
  8. Zhengminghuaite, Cu6Fe3As4S12, a new sulfosalt mineral from the Zimudang Carlin-type gold deposit in southwestern Guizhou, China
  9. Magmatic degassing and fluid metasomatism promote compositional variation from I-type to peralkaline A-type granite in the late Cretaceous Fuzhou felsic complex, SE China
  10. The new mineral cuprozheshengite, Pb4CuZn2(AsO4)2(PO4)2(OH)2, from Yunnan, China, with site-selective As-P substitution
  11. A neutron diffraction study of the hydrous borate inderborite, CaMg[B3O3(OH)5]2(H2O)4·2H2O
  12. Bobfinchite, Na[(UO2)8O3(OH)11]·10H2O, a new Na-bearing member of the schoepite family
  13. Kenorozhdestvenskayaite-(Fe), Ag6(Ag4Fe2)Sb4S12□: A new tetrahedrite group mineral containing a natural [Ag6]4+ cluster and its relationship to the synthetic ternary phosphide (Ag6M4P12) M6′
  14. Compressibility and pressure-induced structural evolution of kokchetavite, hexagonal polymorph of KAlSi3O8, by single-crystal X-ray diffraction
  15. Local strain heterogeneity associated with Al/Si ordering in anorthite, CaAl2Si2O8, with implications for thermodynamic mixing behavior and trace element partitioning in plagioclase feldspars
  16. Letter
  17. The glass transition temperature of anhydrous amorphous calcium carbonate
  18. Book Review
  19. Book Review: Introduction to Mineralogy
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 13.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2022-8840/html
Scroll to top button