Home Crystallization of spinel from coexisting silicate and sulfide immiscible liquids: An equilibrium case with postcumulus reactions
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Crystallization of spinel from coexisting silicate and sulfide immiscible liquids: An equilibrium case with postcumulus reactions

  • Ya-Jing Mao ORCID logo , Stephen J. Barnes ORCID logo , Louise Schoneveld , Belinda Godel , Morgan Williams , Dongmei Tang ORCID logo , Zhen Kang and Ke-Zhang Qin
Published/Copyright: May 9, 2023
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Spinel minerals occur as inclusions in both silicates and sulfides in the Kalatongke magmatic Ni-Cu deposit in NW. China, showing textural and compositional variations. The spinel enclosed in olivine and other silicates (orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene, and hornblende) is predominantly Cr-magnetite with minor Cr-spinel, having wide variations in MgO (0.1–8.0 wt%), Al2O3 (1–25 wt%), Cr2O3 (3–20 wt%), and TiO2 (0.5–6.2 wt%) contents. Such continuous variations suggest that Cr-magnetite in silicates was crystallized from residual melts and experienced extensive reaction with trapped liquid undergoing a typical tholeiitic trend of increasing Fe and Ti concentrations. Crystals of Cr-magnetite enclosed in disseminated sulfides have similar Mg, Al, Cr, Ti, V, Sc, Ga, Mo, Zr, and Nb concentrations to the Cr-magnetite in silicates. Such compositional similarity, which is explained by the simultaneous equilibrium crystallization of Cr-magnetite from the silicate and sulfide melts, shows that the Kalatongke deposit is a typical example of where the same mineral phase is formed from two coexisting immiscible liquids. However, the Cr-magnetite in disseminated sulfide and that in silicates show distinctly different crystal size distribution patterns, illustrating that the chemical equilibrium was attained despite contrasting growth rates. Nevertheless, the Cr-magnetite in disseminated sulfides shows significantly lower Ni, Co, and Zn contents (median value of 845, 22, and 319 ppm) than that in silicates (median value of 1428, 160, and 1039 ppm). This cannot be the result of sulfide fractionation because there is little compositional variation between Cr-magnetite included in pyrrhotite (early crystallized phase) and that immersed in chalcopyrite (late crystallized phase). Such Ni, Co, and Zn depletions, combined with the relatively constrained Fe/Ni, Fe/Co, and Fe/Zn ratios in those Cr-magnetite, are attributed to postcumulus reactions between Cr-magnetite and sulfide melts. The spinel hosted by massive sulfides is magnetite, which has distinctly different compositional variations and crystal size distribution patterns compared with those of the silicate-hosted Cr-magnetite, although the magnetite in massive ore generally has similar contents in some lithophile elements (Zr, Ta, Mo, Sn, Mn) to the silicate-hosted Cr-magnetite. This could be taken as evidence for a mixture of early accumulated sulfide pools with a component of drained sulfide from the cumulates above. This study shows a detailed textural and compositional investigation of spinel is useful to decode the sulfide evolution processes during the formation of magmatic Ni-Cu deposits and highlights that equilibrium crystallization and postcumulus reactions play critical roles in controlling the spinel/magnetite composition.

Funding statement: The LA-ICP-MS analysis at CSIRO was conducted within the National Geosequestration Laboratory in Kensington, Washington. Hongfang Chen and Jiakang Kong assisted LA-ICP-MS analyses at the Wuhan SampleSolution. This work has been supported by the National Sciences Foundation of China (42072105, 41830430, 92162323), the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2017YFC0601204), and the Youth Innovation Promotion Association CAS.

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge Yong Wang, Bin Wang, Lei Zhang, Zheng Zhu, Ayideng, Jianghua Shi, and Gang Ma et al. from the Xinxin corporation for their guidance during underground trips. Linru Fang and Shengchao Xue helped to collect samples. Felix Genske, Sarah Dare, and two anonymous reviewers are acknowledged for their detailed reviews and constructive comments on this manuscript. Editor Don Baker and Associate Editor Julia Semprich are thanked for their efficient handling.

References cited

Arai, S. (1992) Chemistry of chromian spinel in volcanic rocks as a potential guide to magma chemistry. Mineralogical Magazine, 56, 173–184, https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1992.056.383.04Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J. (1986) The effect of trapped liquid crystallization on cumulus mineral compositions in layered intrusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 93, 524–531, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371722Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J. and Kunilov, V.Y. (2000) Spinels and Mg ilmenites from the Noril’sk 1 and Talnakh intrusions and other mafic rocks of the Siberian Flood Basalt Province. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 95, 1701–1717, https://doi.org/10.2113/95.8.1701Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J. and Roeder, P.L. (2001) The range of spinel compositions in terrestrial mafic and ultramafic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 42, 2279–2302, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/42.12.2279Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J. and Zhong-Li, T. (1999) Chrome spinels from the Jinchuan Ni-Cu sulfide deposit, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 94, 343–356, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.94.3.343Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., Osborne, G.A., Cook, D., Barnes, L., Maier, W.D., and Godel, B. (2011) The Santa Rita Nickel Sulfide Deposit in the Fazenda Mirabela Intrusion, Bahia, Brazil: Geology, sulfide geochemistry, and genesis. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 106, 1083–1110, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.106.7.1083Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., Godel, B., Gürer, D., Brenan, J.M., Robertson, J., and Paterson, D. (2013) Sulfide-olivine Fe-Ni exchange and the origin of anomalously Ni rich magmatic sulfides. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 108, 1971–1982, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.8.1971Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., Mungall, J.E., Le Vaillant, M., Godel, B., Lesher, C.M., Holwell, D., Lightfoot, P.C., Krivolutskaya, N., and Wei, B. (2017) Sulfide-silicate textures in magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide ore deposits: Disseminated and net-textured ores. American Mineralogist, 102, 473–506, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5754Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., Yao, Z.-S., Mao, Y.J., Jesus, A.P., Yang, S.H., Taranovic, V., and Maier, W.D. (2023) Nickel in olivine as an exploration indicator for magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits: A data review and re-evaluation. American Mineralogist, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2022-8327Search in Google Scholar

BGMRXUAR (1993) Regional Geology of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, 841 p. Geological Publishing House, Beijing.Search in Google Scholar

Boutroy, E., Dare, S.A.S., Beaudoin, G., Barnes, S.-J., and Lightfoot, P.C. (2014) Magnetite composition in Ni-Cu-PGE deposits worldwide: Application to mineral exploration. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 145, 64–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2014.05.010Search in Google Scholar

Bowen, N. (1928) The Evolution of the Igneous Rocks, Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Brenan, J.M. (2003) Effects of fO2, fS2, temperature, and melt composition on Fe-Ni exchange between olivine and sulfide liquid: Implications for natural olivinesulfide assemblages. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 67, 2663–2681, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(02)01416-3Search in Google Scholar

Briggs, S.M., Yin, A., Manning, C.E., Chen, Z.-L., Wang, X.-F., and Grove, M. (2007) Late Paleozoic tectonic history of the Ertix Fault in the Chinese Altai and its implications for the development of the Central Asian Orogenic System. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 119, 944–960, https://doi.org/10.1130/B26044.1Search in Google Scholar

Cashman, K.V. and Marsh, B.D. (1988) Crystal size distribution (CSD) in rocks and the kinetics and dynamics of crystallization II: Makaopuhi lava lake. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 99, 292–305, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375363Search in Google Scholar

Cookenboo, H., Bustin, R., and Wilks, K. (1997) Detrital chromian spinel compositions used to reconstruct the tectonic setting of provenance; implications for orogeny in the Canadian Cordillera. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 67, 116–123.Search in Google Scholar

Dare, S.A.S., Barnes, S.J., and Beaudoin, G. (2012) Variation in trace element content of magnetite crystallized from a fractionating sulfide liquid, Sudbury, Canada: Implications for provenance discrimination. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 88, 27–50, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.032Search in Google Scholar

Dare, S.A.S., Barnes, S.-J., Beaudoin, G., Méric, J., Boutroy, E., and Potvin-Doucet, C. (2014) Trace elements in magnetite as petrogenetic indicators. Mineralium Deposita, 49, 785–796, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0529-0Search in Google Scholar

Dick, H.B. and Bullen, T. (1984) Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator in abyssal and alpine-type peridotites and spatially associated lavas. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 86, 54–76, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00373711Search in Google Scholar

Dowling, S.E., Barnes, S.J., Hill, RET, and Hicks, J.D. (2004) Komatiites and nickel sulfide ores of the Black Swan area, Yilgarn Craton, Western Australia. 2: Geology and genesis of the orebodies. Mineralium Deposita, 39, 707–728, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-004-0438-8Search in Google Scholar

Duan, J., Qian, Z.Z., Feng, Y.Q., Li, C., Ripley, E.M., Xu, G., and Jiao, J.G. (2017) Compositional variations of several Early Permian magmatic sulfide deposits in the Kalatongke district, southern Altai, western China: With genetic and exploration implications. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 576–590, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.04.031Search in Google Scholar

Duran, C.J., Barnes, S.-J., Mansur, E.T., Dare, S.A.S., Bédard, L.P., and Sluzhenikin, S.F. (2020) Magnetite chemistry by LA-ICP-MS records sulfide fractional crystallization in massive nickel-copper-platinum group element ores from the Norilsk-Talnakh Mining District (Siberia, Russia): Implications for trace element partitioning into magnetite. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 115, 1245–1266, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4742Search in Google Scholar

Evans, D.M. (2017) Chromite compositions in nickel sulphide mineralized intrusions of the Kabanga-Musongati-Kapalagulu Alignment, East Africa: Petrologic and exploration significance. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 307–321, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.03.012Search in Google Scholar

Fleet, M.E. and MacRae, N.D. (1988) Partition of Ni between olivine and sulfide: Equilibria with sulfide-oxide liquids. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 100, 462–469, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00371375Search in Google Scholar

Fonseca, R.O.C., Campbell, I.H., O’Neill, H.St.C., and Fitzgerald, J.D. (2008) Oxygen solubility and speciation in sulphide-rich mattes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 72, 2619–2635, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2008.03.009Search in Google Scholar

Frost, K.M. and Groves, D.I. (1989) Magmatic contacts between immiscible sulfide and komatiite melts; implications for genesis of Kambalda sulfide ores. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 84, 1697–1704, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.84.6.1697Search in Google Scholar

Gao, J.-F. and Zhou, M.-F. (2013) Magma mixing in the genesis of the Kalatongke dioritic intrusion: Implications for the tectonic switch from subduction to post-collision, Chinese Altay, NW. China. Lithos, 162–163, 236–250, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2013.01.007Search in Google Scholar

Gao, J.-F., Zhou, M.-F., Lightfoot, P.C., Wang, C.Y., and Qi, L. (2012) Origin of PGE-poor and Cu-rich magmatic sulfides from the Kalatongke Deposit, Xinjiang, Northwest China. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 107, 481–506, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.107.3.481Search in Google Scholar

Gao, J.-F., Zhou, M.-F., Lightfoot, P.C., Wang, C.Y., Qi, L., and Sun, M. (2013) Sulfide saturation and magma emplacement in the formation of the Permian Huangshandong Ni-Cu Sulfide Deposit, Xinjiang, Northwestern China. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 108, 1833–1848, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.108.8.1833Search in Google Scholar

Giuliani, L., Iezzi, G., Vetere, F., Behrens, H., Mollo, S., Cauti, F., Ventura, G., and Scarlato, P. (2020) Evolution of textures, crystal size distributions and growth rates of plagioclase, clinopyroxene and spinel crystallized at variable cooling rates from a mid-ocean ridge basaltic melt. Earth-Science Reviews, 204, 103165, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103165Search in Google Scholar

Godel, B., Barnes, S.J., Gürer, D., Austin, P., and Fiorentini, ML (2013a) Chromite in komatiites: 3D morphologies with implications for crystallization mechanisms. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 165, 173–189, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-012-0804-ySearch in Google Scholar

Godel, B.M., Barnes, S.J., and Barnes, S.-J. (2013b) Deposition mechanisms of magmatic sulphide liquids: Evidence from high-resolution X-ray computed tomography and trace element chemistry of komatiite-hosted disseminated sulphides. Journal of Petrology, 54, 1455–1481, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egt018Search in Google Scholar

Higgins, M.D. (2002) Closure in crystal size distributions (CSD), verification of CSD calculations, and the significance of CSD fans. American Mineralogist, 87, 171–175, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2002-0118Search in Google Scholar

Higgins, M.D. (2006) Quantitative Textural Measurements in Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology, 276 p. Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Hill, R. and Roeder, P. (1974) The Crystallization of spinel from basaltic liquid as a function of oxygen fugacity. The Journal of Geology, 82, 709–729, https://doi.org/10.1086/628026Search in Google Scholar

Irvine, T.N. (1965) Chromian Spinel as a Petrogenetic Indicator: Part 1. Theory. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 2, 648–672, https://doi.org/10.1139/e65-046Search in Google Scholar

Irvine, T.N. (1967) Chromian Spinel as a Petrogenetic Indicator: Part 2. Petrologic Applications. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 4, 71–103, https://doi.org/10.1139/e67-004Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, E. (1969) Chemical variation in coexisting chromite and olivine in chromitite zones of the Stillwater Complex, Montana. In Magmatic Ore Deposits. Economic Geology Monographs, 4, 41–71.Search in Google Scholar

Jiao, J., Han, F., Zhao, L., Duan, J., and Wang, M. (2019) Magnetite Geochemistry of the Jinchuan Ni-Cu-PGE Deposit, NW. China: Implication for Its Ore-Forming Processes. Minerals (Basel), 9, 593, https://doi.org/10.3390/min9100593Search in Google Scholar

Kang, Z., Qin, K.-Z., Mao, Y.-J., Tang, D.-M., and Yao, Z.-S. (2020) The formation of a magmatic CuNi sulfide deposit in mafic intrusions at the Kalatongke, NW China: Insights from amphibole mineralogy and composition. Lithos, 352–353, 105317, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2019.105317Search in Google Scholar

Lehmann, J. (1983) Diffusion between olivine and spinel: Application to geothermometry. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 64, 123–138, https://doi.org/10.1016/0012-821X(83)90057-2Search in Google Scholar

Li, C., Zhang, M.J., Fu, P., Qian, Z.Z., Hu, P.Q., and Ripley, E.M. (2012) The Kalatongke magmatic Ni-Cu deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, NW. China: Product of slab window magmatism? Mineralium Deposita, 47, 51–67, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-011-0354-7Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Y., Hu, Z., Gao, S., Günther, D., Xu, J., Gao, C., and Chen, H. (2008) In situ analysis of major and trace elements of anhydrous minerals by LA-ICP-MS without applying an internal standard. Chemical Geology, 257, 34–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.08.004Search in Google Scholar

Lu, Y., Lesher, C.M., and Deng, J. (2019) Geochemistry and genesis of magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) and PGE-(Cu)-(Ni) deposits in China. Ore Geology Reviews, 107, 863–887, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.03.024Search in Google Scholar

Mao, J.W., Pirajno, F., Zhang, Z.H., Chai, F.M., Wu, H., Chen, S.P., Cheng, L.S., Yang, J.M., and Zhang, C.Q. (2008) A review of the Cu-Ni sulphide deposits in the Chinese Tianshan and Altay orogens (Xinjiang Autonomous Region, NW China): Principal characteristics and ore-forming processes. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32, 184–203, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2007.10.006Search in Google Scholar

Mao, Y.-J., Qin, K.-Z., Li, C., Xue, S.C., and Ripley, E.M. (2014) Petrogenesis and ore genesis of the Permian Huangshanxi sulfide ore-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusion in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, western China. Lithos, 200–201, 111–125, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lithos.2014.04.008Search in Google Scholar

Mao, Y.-J., Qin, K.-Z., Li, C., and Tang, D.-M. (2015) A modified genetic model for the Huangshandong magmatic sulfide deposit in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Xinjiang, western China. Mineralium Deposita, 50, 65–82, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-014-0524-5Search in Google Scholar

Mao, Y.-J., Qin, K.-Z., Barnes, S.J., Ferraina, C., Iacono-Marziano, G., Verrall, M., Tang, D., and Xue, S. (2018) A revised oxygen barometry in sulfide-saturated magmas and application to the Permian magmatic Ni-Cu deposits in the southern Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Mineralium Deposita, 53, 731–755, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-017-0771-3Search in Google Scholar

Mao, Y.-J., Barnes, S.J., Godel, B., Schoneveld, L., Qin, K.-Z., Tang, D., Williams, M., and Kang, Z. (2022a) Sulfide ore formation of the Kalatongke Ni-Cu deposit as illustrated by sulfide textures. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 117, 1761–1778, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4914Search in Google Scholar

Mao, Y.-J., Schoneveld, L., Barnes, S.J., Williams, M.J., Su, B.-X., Ruprecht, P., Evans, N. J., and Qin, K.-Z. (2022b) Coupled Li-P zoning and trace elements of olivine from magmatic Ni-Cu Deposits: Implications for postcumulus re-equilibration in olivine. Journal of Petrology, 63, egac018, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egac018Search in Google Scholar

Marsh, B.D. (1988) Crystal size distribution (CSD) in rocks and the kinetics and dynamics of crystallization. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 99, 277–291, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00375362Search in Google Scholar

Maurel, C. and Maurel, P. (1982) Etude expérimentale de la solubilité du chrome dans les bains silicatés basiques et sa distribution entre liquide et minéraux coexistants: Conditions d’existence du spinelle chromifére. Bulletin de Minéralogie (Paris), 105, 640–647, https://doi.org/10.3406/bulmi.1982.7647Search in Google Scholar

Moilanen, M., Hanski, E., Konnunaho, J., Törmänen, T., Yang, S.H., Lahaye, Y., O’Brien, H., and Illikainen, J. (2020) Composition of iron oxides in Archean and Paleoproterozoic mafic-ultramafic hosted Ni-Cu-PGE deposits in northern Fennoscandia: Application to mineral exploration. Mineralium Deposita, 55, 1515–1534, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-020-00953-1Search in Google Scholar

Naldrett, A.J. (1969) A portion of the system Fe-S-O between 900 and 1080 °C and its application to sulfide ore magmas. Journal of Petrology, 10, 171–201, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/10.2.171Search in Google Scholar

Naldrett, A.J., Singh, J., Krstic, S., and Li, C. (2000) The mineralogy of the Voisey’s Bay Ni-Cu-Co Deposit, Northern Labrador, Canada: Influence of oxidation state on textures and mineral compositions. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 95, 889–900.Search in Google Scholar

O’Neill, H.St.C. and Wall, VJ (1987) The olivine-orthopyroxene-spinel oxygen geobarometer, the nickel precipitation curve, and the oxygen fugacity of the Earth’s upper mantle. Journal of Petrology, 28, 1169–1191, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/28.6.1169Search in Google Scholar

Paton, C., Hellstrom, J., Paul, B., Woodhead, J., and Hergt, J. (2011) Iolite: Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 26(12), 2508–2518.Search in Google Scholar

Qian, Z.Z., Wang, J.Z., Jiang, C.Y., Jiao, J.G., Yan, H.Q., He, K., and Sun, T. (2009) Geochemistry characters of platinum-group elements and its significances on the process of mineralization in the Kalatongke Cu-Ni sulfide deposit, Xinjiang, China. Yanshi Xuebao, 25, 832–844.Search in Google Scholar

Qin, K.-Z., Su, B.-X., Sakyi, P.A., Tang, D.M., Li, XH, Sun, H., Xiao, Q.H., and Liu, P.P. (2011) Sims zircon U-Pb geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopes of Ni-Cu-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions in Eastern tianshan and Beishan in correlation with flood basalts in Tarim basin (NW China): Constraints on a Ca. 280 Ma mantle plume. American Journal of Science, 311, 237–260, https://doi.org/10.2475/03.2011.03Search in Google Scholar

Roeder, P.L. (1994) Chromite; from the fiery rain of chondrules to the Kilauea Iki lava lake. Canadian Mineralogist, 32, 729–746.Search in Google Scholar

Roeder, P.L. and Campbell, I.H. (1985) The effect of postcumulus reactions on compositions of chrome-spinels from the Jimberlana Intrusion. Journal of Petrology, 26, 763–786, https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/26.3.763Search in Google Scholar

Rudnick, R. and Gao, S. (2003) Composition of the continental crust. Treatise on Geochemistry, 3, 1–64.Search in Google Scholar

Sack, RO and Ghiorso, MS (1991) Chromian spinels as petrogenetic indicators: Thermodynamics and petrological applications. American Mineralogist, 76, 827–847.Search in Google Scholar

Schoneveld, L., Barnes, S.J., Williams, M., Vaillant, M.L., and Paterson, D. (2020) Silicate and oxide mineral chemistry and textures of the Norilsk-Talnakh Ni-Cu-platinum group element ore-bearing intrusions. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 115, 1227–1243, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4747Search in Google Scholar

Şengör, A.M.C., Natal’in, B.A., and Burtman, VS (1993) Evolution of the Altaid tectonic collage and Palaeozoic crustal growth in Eurasia. Nature, 364, 299–307, https://doi.org/10.1038/364299a0Search in Google Scholar

Song, X.Y. and Li, X.R. (2009) Geochemistry of the Kalatongke Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide deposit, NW. China: Implications for the formation of magmatic sulfide mineralization in a postcollisional environment. Mineralium Deposita, 44, 303–327, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00126-008-0219-x.Search in Google Scholar

Song, X.-Y., Wang, K.-Y., Barnes, S.J., Yi, J.-N., Chen, L.-M., and Schoneveld, L.E. (2020) Petrogenetic insights from chromite in ultramafic cumulates of the Xiarihamu intrusion, northern Tibet Plateau, China. American Mineralogist, 105, 479–497, https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2020-7222Search in Google Scholar

Taranovic, V., Barnes, S.J., Beresford, S., Williams, M., MacRae, C., and Schoneveld, L.E. (2022) Nova-Bollinger Ni-Cu Sulfide Ore Deposits, Fraser Zone, Western Australia: Petrogenesis of the Host Intrusions. Economic Geology, 117(2), 455–484.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, R. and Zhao, C. (1991) Kalatongke Cu–Ni sulfide No. 1 Ore Deposit in Xinjiang. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, p. 298 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Ward, L.A., Holwell, D.A., Barry, T.L., Blanks, D.E., and Graham, S.D. (2018) The use of magnetite as a geochemical indicator in the exploration for magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide deposits: A case study from Munali, Zambia. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 188, 172–184, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2018.01.018Search in Google Scholar

Wei, B., Yan Wang, C., Lahaye, Y., Xie, L., and Cao, Y. (2019) S and C isotope constraints for mantle-derived sulfur source and organic carbon-induced sulfide saturation of magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposits in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, North China. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 114, 787–806, https://doi.org/10.5382/econgeo.4652Search in Google Scholar

Williams, M. J., Schoneveld, L., Mao, Y., Klump, J., Gosses, J., Dalton, H., Bath, A., and Barnes, S. (2020) Pyrolite: Python for geochemistry. Journal of Open Source Software, 5, 2314, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.02314Search in Google Scholar

Wood, B.J. and Virgo, D. (1989) Upper mantle oxidation state: Ferric iron contents of Iherzolite spinels by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy and resultant oxygen fugacities. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 53, 1277–1291, https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(89)90062-8Search in Google Scholar

Xiao, W.J., Han, C.M., Yuan, C., Sun, M., Lin, S.F., Chen, H.L., Li, Z.L., Li, J.L., and Sun, S. (2008) Middle Cambrian to Permian subduction-related accretionary orogenesis of Northern Xinjiang, NW. China: Implications for the tectonic evolution of central Asia. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 32, 102–117, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2007.10.008Search in Google Scholar

Xue, S., Qin, K., Li, C., Tang, D., Mao, Y., Qi, L., and Ripley, E.M. (2016) Geo-chronological, petrological, and geochemical constraints on Ni-Cu sulfide mineralization in the Poyi Ultramafic-Troctolitic Intrusion in the Northeast Rim of the Tarim Craton, Western China. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 111, 1465–1484, https://doi.org/10.2113/econgeo.111.6.1465Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Z.C., Mao, J.W., Chai, F.M., Yan, S.H., Chen, B.L., and Pirajno, F. (2009) Geochemistry of the Permian Kalatongke Mafic Intrusions, Northern Xinjiang, Northwest China: Implications for the Genesis of Magmatic Ni-Cu Sulfide Deposits. Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists, 104, 185–203, https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.104.2.185Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2022-01-28
Accepted: 2022-06-17
Published Online: 2023-05-09
Published in Print: 2023-05-25

© 2023 Mineralogical Society of America

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Eu speciation in apatite at 1 bar: An experimental study of valence-state partitioning by XANES, lattice strain, and Eu/Eu* in basaltic systems
  2. The effect of composition on chlorine solubility and behavior in silicate melts
  3. High-temperature phase relations of hydrous aluminosilicates at 22 GPa in the AlOOH-AlSiO3OH system
  4. Crystallization of spinel from coexisting silicate and sulfide immiscible liquids: An equilibrium case with postcumulus reactions
  5. X-ray absorption spectroscopy study of Mn reference compounds for Mn speciation in terrestrial surface environments
  6. Heterogeneous and retarded phase transformation of ferrihydrite on montmorillonite surface: The important role of surface interactions
  7. Atomic-scale characterization of the oxidation state of Ti in meteoritic hibonite: Implications for early solar system thermodynamics
  8. Structural behavior of C2/m tremolite to 40 GPa: A high-pressure single-crystal X-ray diffraction study
  9. Optimizing Raman spectral collection for quartz and zircon crystals for elastic thermobarometry
  10. Measuring H2O concentrations in olivine by secondary ion mass spectrometry: Challenges and paths forward
  11. Arsenic clustering in arsenian pyrite: A combined photoemission and theoretical modeling study
  12. High-pressure electrical conductivity and elasticity of iron-bearing δ-AlOOH
  13. Nudged elastic band calculations of the (4H)XSi hydrogarnet type defect in Mg2SiO4 forsterite
  14. Mn substitution and distribution in goethite and influences on its photocatalytic properties: A combined study using first-principles calculations and photocatalytic experiments
  15. Incorporating previously neglected excess oxygen associated with ferric iron in matrix corrections of microprobe data from cubic and rhombohedral Fe-Ti oxides
  16. Recycled carbonates in the mantle sources of natural kamafugites: A zinc isotope perspective
  17. Raman analysis of octocoral carbonate ion structural disorder along a natural depth gradient, Kona coast, Hawai‘i
  18. Memorial of Charles Wilson Burnham, 1933–2021
  19. Erratum
Downloaded on 22.11.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2022-8473/html
Scroll to top button