Lifting the cloak of invisibility: Gold in pyrite from the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, South Australia
-
Kathy Ehrig
, Cristiana L. Ciobanu
, Marija Dmitrijeva
and Ashley Slattery
Abstract
“Invisible gold” refers to gold (Au) occurring either within the lattice of a host sulfide or as discrete nanoparticles (NPs, <100 nm diameter) within a host that are only observable when imaged at very high magnifications. Previous research has regarded the physical form of invisible gold to be partially controlled by the concentration of arsenic (As) in the host sulfide, with stability fields for lattice-bound vs. Au-NPs defined by an empirical Au-As solubility curve. We undertook micrometer- and nanoscale analysis of a representative sample of As-Co-Ni-(Au)-bearing pyrite from Cu-mineralized breccias in the deeper part of the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit (South Australia) to define the location and physical form of Au and accompanying elements. Trace element geochemistry and statistical analysis show that >50% of pyrites contain measurable Au and As, and plot below the Au-As solubility curve. Au and As are geochemically associated with Te, Bi, Pb, Ag, and Sn. Primary oscillatory zoning patterns in pyrite defined by As-Co-Ni are reshaped by processes of dissolution-reprecipitation, including new nanoscale growth and rhythmical misorientation structures. Low-angle slip dislocations, twist-wall boundaries and deformation-dipole nanostructures are associated with Te-Bi-Pb-enrichment and host Au-Ag-telluride nanoparticles (NPs). Electrum NPs occur associated with pores coated by Bi-Ag-tellurides or within chalcopyrite particles. Bi-Pb-sulfotellurides, petzite, and sylvanite were identified by atomic-scale scanning transmission electron microscopy. The data support trace element (re)mobilization during pyrite deformation at the brittle to ductile transition (0.5–1 kbar, 300–400 °C) during brecciation. Au-NP formation is decoupled from initial As incorporation in pyrite and instead fingerprints formation of strain-induced, chalcogen-enriched nanoscale structures. Pore-attached NPs suggest scavenging of Au by Bi-bearing melts with higher rates of fluid percolation. Similar scenarios are predictable for pyrite-hosted “invisible Au” in pyrite from other deposits that experienced multiple overprints. Unveiling the cloak of invisibility using contemporary micro- to nano-analytical techniques reveals new layers of complexity with respect to the trace/minor element incorporation in mineral matrices and their subsequent release during overprinting.
Acknowledgments and Funding
Preliminary work was undertaken by Honors students Quang Minh Bui and Jiahe Chen. Paul Olin (CODES, University of Tasmania) and Sarah Gilbert (University of Adelaide) assisted with LA-ICPMS analysis. Constructive comments from referees Denis Fougerouse and Artur Deditius helped us improve this manuscript. We appreciate the expert handling by Associate Editor Daniel Gregory. We acknowledge funding through Australian Research Council Linkage grant LP200100156 (Critical Minerals from Complex Ores).
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Articles in the same Issue
- Highlights and Breakthroughs
- Analyses under the curve, identifying how invisible gold is held in pyrite
- Titanite geochemistry and textures: Implications for magmatic and post-magmatic processes in the Notch Peak and Little Cottonwood granitic intrusions, Utah
- Gismondine-Sr, Sr4(Al8Si8O32)·9H2O, a new strontium dominant, orthorhombic zeolite of the gismondine series from the Hatrurim Complex, Israel
- Lifting the cloak of invisibility: Gold in pyrite from the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, South Australia
- Paragenesis and precipitation stages of Nb-Ta-oxide minerals in phosphorus-rich rare-element pegmatites (Buranga dike, Rwanda)
- 3D zoning of barium in alkali feldspar
- In situ Raman vibrational spectra of siderite (FeCO3) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) up to 47 GPa and 1100 K
- Isotopic responses of magnesium to two types of dissolution-reprecipitation processes for the growth of the double-carbonate mineral norsethite
- Fluid-rock interaction and fluid mixing in the large Furong tin deposit, South China: New insights from tourmaline and apatite chemistry and in situ B-Nd-Sr isotope composition
- A neutron diffraction study of boussingaultite, (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2
- Zn-clays in the Kihabe and Nxuu prospects (Aha Hills, Botswana): A XRD and TEM study
- Finchite, Sr(UO2)2(V2O8)·5H2O, a new uranyl sorovanadate with the francevillite anion topology
- Multi-stage metasomatic Zr mineralization in the world-class Baerzhe rare earth element Nb-Zr-Be deposit, China
- American Mineralogist thanks the Reviewers for 2022
Articles in the same Issue
- Highlights and Breakthroughs
- Analyses under the curve, identifying how invisible gold is held in pyrite
- Titanite geochemistry and textures: Implications for magmatic and post-magmatic processes in the Notch Peak and Little Cottonwood granitic intrusions, Utah
- Gismondine-Sr, Sr4(Al8Si8O32)·9H2O, a new strontium dominant, orthorhombic zeolite of the gismondine series from the Hatrurim Complex, Israel
- Lifting the cloak of invisibility: Gold in pyrite from the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, South Australia
- Paragenesis and precipitation stages of Nb-Ta-oxide minerals in phosphorus-rich rare-element pegmatites (Buranga dike, Rwanda)
- 3D zoning of barium in alkali feldspar
- In situ Raman vibrational spectra of siderite (FeCO3) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) up to 47 GPa and 1100 K
- Isotopic responses of magnesium to two types of dissolution-reprecipitation processes for the growth of the double-carbonate mineral norsethite
- Fluid-rock interaction and fluid mixing in the large Furong tin deposit, South China: New insights from tourmaline and apatite chemistry and in situ B-Nd-Sr isotope composition
- A neutron diffraction study of boussingaultite, (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2
- Zn-clays in the Kihabe and Nxuu prospects (Aha Hills, Botswana): A XRD and TEM study
- Finchite, Sr(UO2)2(V2O8)·5H2O, a new uranyl sorovanadate with the francevillite anion topology
- Multi-stage metasomatic Zr mineralization in the world-class Baerzhe rare earth element Nb-Zr-Be deposit, China
- American Mineralogist thanks the Reviewers for 2022