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Fluid-rock interaction and fluid mixing in the large Furong tin deposit, South China: New insights from tourmaline and apatite chemistry and in situ B-Nd-Sr isotope composition

  • Shao-Cong Chen , Jin-Jie Yu , Min-Feng Bi and Bernd Lehmann
Published/Copyright: January 29, 2023
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Abstract

The Furong tin deposit (South China) is genetically associated with the multiphase Qitianling batholith that consists of main-phase and minor, but more fractionated, late-phase granites. Several tourmaline and apatite generations are distinguished. Tourmaline (Tur) variants comprise pre-ore Tur-1 as disseminations and nodules in the late-phase granite, pre- to syn-ore Tur-2 as replacements in nodules and as veins crosscutting the late-phase granite and nodules, syn-ore Tur-3 in tin greisens, pre- to syn-ore Tur-4 as veins in the altered main-phase granite, and syn-ore Tur-5 from tin skarns in a distinct Ca-rich environment. Apatite (Ap) generations include accessory Ap-G in the main-phase granite, and Ap-I to Ap-III from three stages related to skarn-type mineralization (garnet-diopside stage-I, pargasite-phlogopite-cassiterite stage-II, and sulfide-rich stage-III). Textural and compositional features suggest that all tourmaline variants are hydrothermal in origin with alkali and schorl to foitite composition and minor extensions to calcic and X-site vacant tourmaline groups, whereas all apatite generations belong to fluorapatite with Ap-G crystallizing from the magma and Ap-I to Ap-III being hydrothermal in origin. The narrow range of tourmaline δ11B values (–14.8 to –10.4‰) suggests a single magmatic boron source in the ore-forming fluids. The similar rare earth element patterns and εNd(t) values (–8.2 to –5.9 for Ap-G and –8.0 to –7.3 for Ap-I) between magmatic and hydrothermal apatite indicate that the skarn-forming fluids are dominantly derived from granites. The 87Sr/86Sr ratios of Ap-I to Ap-III (0.70733–0.70795) are similar to the carbonate wall rocks, but distinctly diferent from the more radiogenic granites, indicating Sr exchange with carbonate rocks. Integrating previous H-O isotopic data, the tourmaline and apatite elemental and B-Sr-Nd isotope results suggest that the greisen-type ore formed by interaction of B-, Na-, Li-, Zn-, and Sn-rich magmatic fluids with the late-phase granite in a closed and reduced feldspar-destructive environment, whereas the tin skarns resulted from mixing of magmatic fluids with meteoric water and interaction with the carbonate wall rocks in an open system where oxygen fugacity changed from reduced to oxidized conditions. During fluid-rock interactions and fluid mixing, considerable Ca, Mg, V, Ni, and Sr from the host rocks were introduced into the ore system. Coupled hydrothermal minerals such as tourmaline and apatite have great potential to fingerprint the nature, source, and evolution of fluids in granite-related ore systems.

Acknowledgments and Funding

We are grateful to Xu-Feng Tian for his help in sampling and field survey, to Xin-Fu Zhao, Jian-Hui Su for their help in taking CL images, and to Zhen-Yu Chen, Xiao-Dan Chen, Xiao-Hong Mao and Ke-Jun Hou, Qian Wang for their assistance in the tourmaline/apatite major-, trace-elemental, and B-Nd-Sr isotopic analyses. Daniel Harlov is thanked for editorial handling and polishment, and Shun-Da Yuan and Darrell Henry are appreciated for their thought-provoking comments. This research was supported financially by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFC0603901) and the Science & Technology Fundamental Resources Investigation Program of China (2022FY101703).

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Received: 2021-09-21
Accepted: 2022-01-30
Published Online: 2023-01-29
Published in Print: 2023-02-23

© 2023 by Mineralogical Society of America

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  1. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  2. Analyses under the curve, identifying how invisible gold is held in pyrite
  3. Titanite geochemistry and textures: Implications for magmatic and post-magmatic processes in the Notch Peak and Little Cottonwood granitic intrusions, Utah
  4. Gismondine-Sr, Sr4(Al8Si8O32)·9H2O, a new strontium dominant, orthorhombic zeolite of the gismondine series from the Hatrurim Complex, Israel
  5. Lifting the cloak of invisibility: Gold in pyrite from the Olympic Dam Cu-U-Au-Ag deposit, South Australia
  6. Paragenesis and precipitation stages of Nb-Ta-oxide minerals in phosphorus-rich rare-element pegmatites (Buranga dike, Rwanda)
  7. 3D zoning of barium in alkali feldspar
  8. In situ Raman vibrational spectra of siderite (FeCO3) and rhodochrosite (MnCO3) up to 47 GPa and 1100 K
  9. Isotopic responses of magnesium to two types of dissolution-reprecipitation processes for the growth of the double-carbonate mineral norsethite
  10. Fluid-rock interaction and fluid mixing in the large Furong tin deposit, South China: New insights from tourmaline and apatite chemistry and in situ B-Nd-Sr isotope composition
  11. A neutron diffraction study of boussingaultite, (NH4)2[Mg(H2O)6](SO4)2
  12. Zn-clays in the Kihabe and Nxuu prospects (Aha Hills, Botswana): A XRD and TEM study
  13. Finchite, Sr(UO2)2(V2O8)·5H2O, a new uranyl sorovanadate with the francevillite anion topology
  14. Multi-stage metasomatic Zr mineralization in the world-class Baerzhe rare earth element Nb-Zr-Be deposit, China
  15. American Mineralogist thanks the Reviewers for 2022
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