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Copper isotope evidence for a Cu-rich mantle source of the world-class Jinchuan magmatic Ni-Cu deposit

  • Yun Zhao , Sheng-Ao Liu , Chunji Xue and Meng-Lun Li
Published/Copyright: March 28, 2022
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 107 Issue 4

Abstract

A Cu-rich mantle source may play a key role in generating giant magmatic Ni-Cu deposits worldwide, but evidence for the source’s Cu enrichment and its mechanism is still rare. Copper isotopes can provide novel and direct insights into this issue since metasomatism that causes Cu enrichment in the mantle is commonly associated with a huge Cu isotope fractionation. Here we present the first Cu isotopic study on the world-class Jinchuan magmatic Ni–Cu deposit in China, including disseminated, net-textured, and massive sulfides. The disseminated and net-textured sulfides have variable δ65Cu values (+0.36 ± 0.38‰, n = 42), which are higher than those of massive sulfides (−0.44 ± 0.28‰, n = 11). The country rocks have a narrow δ65Cu range of 0.21 to 0.23‰, which is unlikely to have caused the large δ65Cu variations. The absence of a relationship between δ65Cu and whole-rock Cu contents rules out the possibility of surface weathering and diffusion-driven processes. Furthermore, the lack of correlation between δ65Cu and whole-rock Cu/Ni and Pd/Ir ratios excludes large Cu isotopic variations as a result of the progressive evolution of parental magma or sulfide melt. Numerical modeling indicates that the initially segregated sulfide melt has a mean δ65Cu of 0.44 ± 0.22‰ (2SD). Sulfide-liquid fractionation could have contributed to the enrichment of 65Cu in the Cu-rich net-textured sulfides and depletion of 65Cu in massive sulfides, respectively. The fractionated sulfide melts were fragmented and assimilated by new magma pluses, and consequently, the new segregated sulfide melts acquired lighter and more variable δ65Cu values in comparison with the initially accumulated sulfide melts. The estimated Cu isotopic composition of parental magmas for the Jinchuan Ni-Cu deposit is 0.54 ± 0.22‰ (2SD), which is up to ~0.5‰ higher than the mantle value. Copper transportation from oxidized subducted slabs to mantle peridotites and/or dissolution of Cu-bearing sulfides in the mantle caused oxidative breakdown and reprecipitation of sulfides and shifted the hybridized mantle source toward heavy δ65Cu as previously observed in mantle xenoliths. Our study, therefore, suggests that the source’s pre-enrichment is a key step in the generation of giant magmatic Ni-Cu deposits.

Keywords: Copper isotopes; initial Cu enrichment; mantle metasomatism; magmatic Ni-Cu deposits

Funding statement: This study was jointly funded by the National Key R&D Program of China (2017YFC0601202), National Natural Science Foundation of China (41803013 and 41473017), State Key Laboratory for Mineral Deposits Research (2021-LAMD-K10), Open Research Project from the State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources (GPMR202116, GPMR202118), and Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (QZ05201905 and 2652019050). Open Funds from the Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Dynamics of Ministry of Natural Resource, the Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences (J1901-16)

Acknowledgments

We thank Yushan Wang, Qixing Ai, Yalin Gao, Qijin Ju, Kaiwu Zha, and Junchao Wang of the Jinchuan Group Co. Ltd for their help in field work. We are grateful for David T.A. Symons of University of Windsor, who provided final language editing. Critical comments from Ryan Mathur and Xin Ding, and editorial inputs from William H. Peck are greatly appreciated.

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Received: 2020-11-26
Accepted: 2021-03-31
Published Online: 2022-03-28
Published in Print: 2022-04-26

© 2022 Mineralogical Society of America

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7911
Keywords for this article
Copper isotopes; initial Cu enrichment; mantle metasomatism; magmatic Ni-Cu deposits

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Perspectives
  2. Resolving the conundrum of equilibrium solubility of smectites
  3. Manjiroite or hydrous hollandite?
  4. Petrologic evolution of boninite lavas from the IBM Fore-arc, IODP Expedition 352: Evidence for open-system processes during early subduction zone magmatism
  5. Coupled hydrogen and fluorine incorporation in garnet: New constraints from FTIR, ERDA, SIMS, and EPMA
  6. Incorporation mechanism of structurally bound gold in pyrite: Insights from an integrated chemical and atomic-scale microstructural study
  7. The electrical conductivity of albite feldspar: Implications for oceanic lower crustal sequences and subduction zones
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  14. Gamma radiation effects on quartz Al and Ti center electron spin resonance signal intensity: Implications for quartz provenance discrimination
  15. A new high-pressure experimental apparatus to study magmatic processes at precisely controlled redox conditions
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  18. A theoretical and experimental investigation of hetero- vs. homo-connectivity in barium silicates
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  23. Ferro-tschermakite with polysomatic chain-width disorder identified in silician magnetite from Wirrda Well, South Australia: A HAADF STEM study
  24. New Mineral Names: High-Pressure and Precious Minerals
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