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Textural, fluid inclusion, and in-situ oxygen isotope studies of quartz: Constraints on vein formation, disequilibrium fractionation, and gold precipitation at the Bilihe gold deposit, Inner Mongolia, China

  • Xueyuan Qiao , Wenbo Li , Lejun Zhang ORCID logo , Fanghua Zhang , Xuefeng Zhu and Xiaoping Xia ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: February 25, 2022
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 107 Issue 3

Abstract

Bilihe is a porphyry gold deposit located in the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC), Inner Mongolia, China. Different stages of quartz are well developed at this deposit. To document the history of quartz deposition, the fluid evolution and gold precipitation events of the deposit and the detailed oxygen isotope signatures of quartz from Bilihe were studied using high-resolution secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), then integrated with scanning electron microscope-cathodoluminescence (SEM-CL) and fluid inclusion microthermometry. The SEM-CL features show that the hydrothermal veins at Bilihe have a complex growth history, with multiple generations of quartz developed in each set of veins. Fluid inclusions in diferent quartz stages yield variable homogenization temperatures, ranging from 178 °C to above 600 °C. These quartz stages exhibit variable δ18O values of 3.5–15.4‰, corresponding to δ18Ofluid ranging from –8.7 to 12.0‰. There are two abnormal peaks of δ18Oquartz and δ18Ofluid values occurring in a sub-generation of A type veins and auriferous-banded quartz veins, suggesting that the vein quartz may have experienced sporadic disequilibrium oxygen fractionation with water when crystallizing, thus resulting in local 18O-enrichment. The overall δ18Ofluid values, which show a gradual decrease from early to late stages, suggest a progressive decrease in the proportion of magmatic hydrothermal fluids. The relationship between quartz textures and gold occurrence shows that gold precipitated twice at Bilihe. The first precipitation in the UST quartz may have resulted from rapid cooling and indicates that the addition of meteoric water was not necessary for gold precipitation, whereas the progressive incursion of meteoric water probably had a significant efect on the second gold precipitation event.

Keywords: Porphyry gold deposit; quartz; cathodoluminescence; in situ oxygen isotopes; magmatic-hydrothermal evolution; disequilibrium fractionation

Funding statement: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (42073037, 41672067), the National Key Research and Development Project of China (2017YFC0601302), and the project Technology Evolution, Minerogenetic Information and Minerogenesis in Xing’an-Mongolia Orogenic Belt, 2015–2018.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful to Noel White for his help in the field and revising the manuscript, Li Chen for her help in SEM-CL analyses, Zeyang Zhang for his help in microthermometric analyses, and Qing Yang for his help in O-isotopic analyses. Sincere thanks to Matthew Steele-MacInnis, Peter Koděra, and Bertrand Rottier for their constructive comments and editing on this manuscript.

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Received: 2020-09-24
Accepted: 2021-03-03
Published Online: 2022-02-25
Published in Print: 2022-03-28

© 2022 Mineralogical Society of America

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2021-7823
Keywords for this article
Porphyry gold deposit; quartz; cathodoluminescence; in situ oxygen isotopes; magmatic-hydrothermal evolution; disequilibrium fractionation

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Structure of basaltic glass at pressures up to 18 GPa
  2. Synthesis of calcium orthocarbonate, Ca2CO4-Pnma at P-T conditions of Earth’s transition zone and lower mantle
  3. Melting phase relation of Fe-bearing Phase D up to the uppermost lower mantle
  4. Evidence from HP/UHP metasediments for recycling of isotopically heterogeneous potassium into the mantle
  5. Effect of sulfur on siderophile element partitioning between olivine and a primary melt from the martian mantle
  6. Gold speciation in hydrothermal fluids revealed by in situ high energy resolution X-ray absorption spectroscopy
  7. Characterization of carbon phases in Yamato 74123 ureilite to constrain the meteorite shock history
  8. Pressure-induced structural phase transitions in natural kaolinite investigated by Raman spectroscopy and electrical conductivity
  9. Magnetite-rutile symplectite in ilmenite records magma hydration in layered intrusions
  10. Ferromagnesian jeffbenite synthesized at 15 GPa and 1200 °C
  11. Electrical conductivity of metasomatized lithology in subcontinental lithosphere
  12. Measurements of the Lamb-Mössbauer factor at simultaneous high-pressure-temperature conditions and estimates of the equilibrium isotopic fractionation of iron
  13. Element mobility and oxygen isotope systematics during submarine alteration of basaltic glass
  14. Dissolved silica-catalyzed disordered dolomite precipitation
  15. Elasticity and high-pressure behavior of Mg2Cr2O5 and CaTi2O4-type phases of magnesiochromite and chromite
  16. Significance of tridymite distribution during cooling and vapor-phase alteration of ignimbrites
  17. Micropores and mass transfer in the formation of myrmekites
  18. Mn3+ and the pink color of gem-quality euclase from northeast Brazil
  19. Geochemistry and boron isotope compositions of tourmalines from the granite-greisen-quartz vein system in Dayishan pluton, Southern China: Implications for potential mineralization
  20. Lazaraskeite, Cu(C2H3O3)2, the first organic mineral containing glycolate, from the Santa Catalina Mountains, Tucson, Arizona, U.S.A
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  22. Immiscible metallic melts in the upper mantle beneath Mount Carmel, Israel: Silicides, phosphides, and carbides
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