Home Petrogenetic insights from chromite in ultramafic cumulates of the Xiarihamu intrusion, northern Tibet Plateau, China
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Petrogenetic insights from chromite in ultramafic cumulates of the Xiarihamu intrusion, northern Tibet Plateau, China

  • Xie-Yan Song ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Kai-Yuan Wang , Stephen J. Barnes , Jun-Nian Yi , Lie-Meng Chen and Louise E. Schoneveld
Published/Copyright: April 2, 2020
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Chromite is one of the earliest crystallized minerals from mafic melts and has been used as an important “petrogenetic indicator.” Its composition may be modified by interaction with intercumulate melt and adjacent minerals. Thus, chromite in mafic-ultramafic rocks contains clues to the geochemical affinity, evolution, and mantle source of its parent magmas. The Devonian Xiarihamu intrusion, located in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt in the northern Tibet Plateau, China, hosts a very large disseminated Ni-Co sulfide deposit. This study focuses on geochemistry of the chromite enclosed in olivine of ultramafic rocks of the intrusion. Enrichments in Mg and Al in the rim of the chromite indicate only minor effects of alteration on the compositions of the chromite. The chromites enclosed in the olivines with forsterite percentage (Fo) lower than 87 are characterized by large variations in major and trace elements, such as large ranges of Cr·100/(Cr+Al) (Cr# = 15–47), Mg·100/(Mg+Fe2+) (Mg# = 41–65), and Al2O3 (= 26–53 wt%) as well as 380–3100 ppm V, 70–380 ppm Ga, and 1100–16300 ppm Zn. The chromites display positive correlations between Cr/(Cr+Al) and Ti, Mn, V, Ga, and Sc, inconsistent with fractional crystallization but indicative of an interaction between the chromites, intercumulate melts and hosting minerals. In contrast, chromites hosted in olivine with Fo > 87 in harzburgite have small variations in Cr# (ranging from 37 to 41), Mg# (48 to 51), and Al2O3 (30 to 35 wt%) as well as restricted variation in trace elements, indicating relatively weak interaction with trapped liquid and adjacent phases; these compositions are close to those of the most primitive, earliest crystallized chromites. The most primitive chromite has similarities with chromite in mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB) in TiO2 and Al2O3 contents (0.19–0.32 and 27.9–36.3 wt%, respectively) and depletion of Sc and enrichment of Ga and Zn relative to MORB chromite. The geochemistry of the chromite indicates a partial melting of the asthenospheric mantle that was modified by melts derived from the subduction slab at garnet-stable pressures.


† Special collection papers can be found online at http://https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4912-9177special-collections.html.


Acknowledgments and Funding

We thank Wen-Qin Zheng for her important contributions on mineralogy study in this work. We are grateful to Michael Lesher, J.M. González-Jiménez, and Heather Handley for constructive comments and suggestions. We thank Xiang Li and Zhi-Hui Dai for high-quality EPMA and LA-ICPMS analytical data. This study is supported by NSFC (41630316), National Key Research and Development Program of China (2018YFA0702605 and 2016YFC0600503) and NSFC (41473050 and 41772067) to X.-Y. Song.

References cited

Abzalov, M.Z. (1998) Chrome-spinels in gabbro-wehrlite intrusions of the Pechenga area, Kola peninsula, Russia: Emphasis on alteration features. Lithos, 43, 109–134.10.1016/S0024-4937(98)00005-XSearch in Google Scholar

Adam, J., and Green, T. (2006) Trace element partitioning between mica- and amphibole-bearing garnet lherzolite and hydrous basaltic melt: 1. Experimental results and the investigation of controls on partitioning behavior. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 152, 1–17.10.1007/s00410-006-0085-4Search in Google Scholar

Ahmed, A.H., Arai, S., Abdel-Aziz, Y.M., and Rahimi, A. (2005) Spinel composition as a petrogenetic indicator of the mantle section in the Neoproterozoic Bou Azzer ophiolite, Anti-Atlas, Morocco. Precambrian Research, 138, 225–234.10.1016/j.precamres.2005.05.004Search in Google Scholar

Aignertorres, M., Blundy, J., Ulmer, P., and Pettke, T. (2007) Laser ablation ICP-MS study of trace element partitioning between plagioclase and basaltic melts: an experimental approach. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 153, 647–667.10.1007/s00410-006-0168-2Search in Google Scholar

Aldanmaz, E. (2012) Trace element geochemistry of primary mantle minerals in spinelperidotites from polygenetic MOR–SSZ suites of SW Turkey: constraints from an LA-ICP-MS study and implications for mantle metasomatism. Geological Journal, 47(1), 59–76.10.1002/gj.1336Search in Google Scholar

Allan, J.F., Batiza, R., Perfit, M.R., Fornari, D.J., and Sack, R.O. (1989) Petrology of lavas from the Lamont seamount chain and adjacent East Pacific Rise, 10 °N. Journal of Petrology, 30, 1245–1298.10.1093/petrology/30.5.1245Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J. (1986) The effect of trapped liquid crystallization on cumulus mineral compositions in layered intrusions. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 93, 524–531.10.1007/BF00371722Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J. (1998) Chromite in komatiites, 1. Magmatic controls on crystallization and composition. Journal of Petrology, 39, 1689–1720.10.1093/petroj/39.10.1689Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J. (2000) Chromite in komatiites, II. Modification during greenschist to midamphibolite facies metamorphism. Journal of Petrology, 41, 387–409.10.1093/petrology/41.3.387Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., and Kunilov, V.Y. (2000) Spinels and Mg-ilmenites from the Noril’sk 1 and Talnakh intrusions and other mafic rocks of the Siberian flood basalt province. Economic Geology, 95, 1701–1717.10.2113/95.8.1701Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., and Naldrett, A.J. (1985) Geochemistry of the JM (Howland) Reef of the Stillwater Complex, Minneapolis Adit area, I. Sulfide chemistry and sulfide-olivine equilibrium. Economic Geology, 80, 627–645.10.2113/gsecongeo.80.3.627Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., and Roeder, P.L. (2001) The range of spinel compositions in terrestrial mafic and ultramafic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 42, 2279–2302.10.1093/petrology/42.12.2279Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., and Tang, Z.-L. (1999) Chrome spinels from the Jinchuan Ni-Cu sulfide deposit, Gansu Province, People’s Republic of China. Economic Geology, 94, 343–356.10.2113/gsecongeo.94.3.343Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.-J., Maier, W.D., and Ashwal, L.D. (2004) Platinum-group element distribution in the Main Zone and Upper Zone of the Bushveld Complex, South Africa Author links open overlay panel. Chemical Geology, 208, 293–317.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.04.018Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., Makkonen, H.V., Dowling, S.E., Hill, R.E.T., and Peltonen, P. (2009) The 1.88 Ga Kotalahti and Vammala Nickel Belts, Finland: geochemistry of the mafic and ultramafic metavolcanic rocks. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 81, 103–141.10.17741/bgsf/81.2.002Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., Osborne, G.A., Cook, D., Barnes, L., Maier, W.D., and Godel, B. (2011) The Santa Rita nickel sulfide deposit in the Fazenda Mirabela intrusion, Bahia, Brazil: geology, sulfide geochemistry, and genesis. Economic Geology, 106, 1083–1110.10.2113/econgeo.106.7.1083Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., Godel, B., Gürer, D., Brenan, J.M., Robertson, J., and Paterson, D. (2013) Sulfide-olivine Fe-Ni exchange and the origin of anomalously Ni rich magmatic sulfides. Economic Geology, 108, 1971–1982.10.2113/econgeo.108.8.1971Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., Cruden, A.R., Arndt, N., and Saumur, B.M. (2016) The mineral system approach applied to magmatic Ni–Cu–PGE sulphide deposits. Ore Geology Reviews, 76, 296–316.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.06.012Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, S.J., Mungall, J.E., Le Vaillant, M., Godel, B., Lesher, C.M., Howell, D.A., Lightfoot, P.C., Kirvolutskaya, N.A., and Wei, B. (2017) Sulfide-silicate textures in magmatic Ni-Cu-PGE sulfide ore deposits: Disseminated and net-textured ores. American Mineralogist, 102, 473–506.10.2138/am-2017-5754Search in Google Scholar

Beattie, P. (1994) Systematics and energetics of trace-element partitioning between olivine and silicate melts: Implications for the nature of mineral/melt partitioning. Chemical Geology, 117, 57–71.10.1016/0009-2541(94)90121-XSearch in Google Scholar

Bédard, J.H. (1994) A procedure for calculating the equilibrium distribution of trace elements among the minerals of cumulate rocks, and the concentration of trace elements in the coexisting liquids. Chemical Geology, 118(1-4), 143–153.10.1016/0009-2541(94)90173-2Search in Google Scholar

Cameron, E.N. (1975) Post cumulus and subsolidus equilibrium of chromite and coexisting silicates in the Eastern, Bushveld Complex. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 39, 1021–1033.10.1016/0016-7037(75)90044-7Search in Google Scholar

Chen, N.S., Sun, M., He, L., Zhang, K.X., and Wang, G.C. (2002) Precise timing of the early Paleozoic metamorphism and thrust deformation in the eastern Kunlun orogeny. Chinese Science Bulletin, 46, 330–333 (in Chinese with English abstract).10.1007/BF03187197Search in Google Scholar

Chen, N.S., Li, X.Y., Wang, X.Y., Chen, Q., Wang, Q.Y., and Wan, Y.S. (2006) Zircon SHRIMP U–Pb age of Neoproterozoic metagranite in the North Kunlun unit on the southern margin of the Qaidam block in China. Geological Bulletin of China, 25, 1311–1314 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Clark, T. (1978) Oxide minerals in the Turnagain ultramafic complex, northwestern British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 15, 1893–1903.10.1139/e78-201Search in Google Scholar

Colás, V., González-Jiménez, J.M., Griffin, W.L., Fanlo, I., Gervilla, F., O’Reilly, S.Y., Pearson, N.J., Kerestedjian, T., and Proenza, J.A. (2014) Fingerprints of metamorphism in chromite: New insights from minor and trace elements. Chemical Geology, 389, 137–152.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.10.001Search in Google Scholar

Colás, V., Padrón-Navarta, J.A., González-Jiménez, J.M., Griffin, W.L., Fanlo, I., O’Reilly, S.Y., Gervilla, F., Proenza, J.A., Pearson, N.J., and Escayola, M.P. (2016) Compositional effects on the solubility of minor and trace elements in oxide spinel minerals: Insights from crystal-crystal partition coefficients in chromite exsolution. American Mineralogist, 101, 1360–1372.10.2138/am-2016-5611Search in Google Scholar

Crawford, A.J., Falloon, T.J., and Green, T.H. (1989) Classification, petrogenesis and tectonic setting of boninites, In A.J. Crawford, Ed., Boninites and Related Rocks, 1–49. Unwin Hyman.Search in Google Scholar

Cui, M.H., Meng, F.C., and Wu, X.K. (2011) Early Ordovician island arc of Yaziquan, west of Qimantag mountain, Eastern Kunlun: evidences from geochemistry, Sm–Nd isotope and geochronology of intermediate-basic igneous rocks. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 27, 3365–3379 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Dare, S.A.S., Pearce, J.A., McDonald, I., and Styles, M.T. (2009) Tectonic discrimination of peridotites using fo2 –Cr# and Ga–Ti–FeIII systematics in chrome–spinel. Chemical Geology, 261, 199–216.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.08.002Search in Google Scholar

Dare, S.A.S., Barnes, S.-J., and Beaudoin, G. (2012) Variation in trace element content of magnetite crystallized from a fractionating sulfide liquid, Sudbury, Canada: Implications for provenance discrimination. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 88, 27–50.10.1016/j.gca.2012.04.032Search in Google Scholar

Davies, J.H., and von Blanckenburg, F. (1995) Slab breakoff: a model of lithosphere detachment and its test in the magmatism and deformation of collisional orogens. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 129, 85–102.10.1016/0012-821X(94)00237-SSearch in Google Scholar

Deng, Y.-F., Song, X.-Y., Chen, L.-M., Zhou, T.-F., Pirajno, F., and Yuan, F. (2014) Geochemistry of the Huangshandong Ni-Cu deposit in northwestern China: Implications for the formation of magmatic sulfide mineralization in orogenic belts. Ore Geology Reviews, 56, 181–198.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2013.08.012Search in Google Scholar

Deng, Y.-F., Song, X.-Y., Hollings, P., Zhou, T.-F., Yuang, F., Chen, L.-M., and Zhang, D.-Y. (2015) Role of asthenosphere and lithosphere in the genesis of the Early Permian Huangshan mafic-ultramafic intrusion in the Northern Tianshan, NW China. Lithos, 227, 241–254.10.1016/j.lithos.2015.04.014Search in Google Scholar

Dong, Y., He, D., Sun, S., Liu, X., Zhou, X., Zhang, F., Yang, Z., Cheng, B., Zhao, G., and Li, J. (2018) Subduction and accretionary tectonics of the East Kunlun orogen, western segment of the Central China Orogenic System. Earth-Science Reviews, 186, 231–261.10.1016/j.earscirev.2017.12.006Search in Google Scholar

Dygert, N., Liang, Y., Sun, C., and Hess, P. (2014) An experimental study of trace element partitioning between augite and Fe-rich basalts. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 132, 170–186.10.1016/j.gca.2014.01.042Search in Google Scholar

Evans, D.M. (2017) Chromite compositions in nickel sulphide mineralized intrusions of the Kabanga-Musongati-Kapalagulu Alignment, East Africa: Petrologic and exploration significance. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 307–321.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.03.012Search in Google Scholar

Evans, D.M. (2018) Significance of compositional zoning in cumulate chromites of the Kabanga chonoliths, Tanzania. Mineralogical Magazine, in press.10.1180/mgm.2018.87Search in Google Scholar

Gao, Y.B., and Li, W.Y. (2011) Petrogenesis of granites containing tungsten and tin ores in the Baiganhu deposit, Qimantage, NW China: Constraints from petrology, chronology and geochemistry. Geochimica, 40, 324–336 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Gao, J.F., and Zhou, M.F. (2013) Generation and evolution of siliceous high magnesium basaltic magmas in the formation of the Permian Huangshandong intrusion (Xinjiang, NW China). Lithos, 162– 163, 128–139.10.1016/j.lithos.2013.01.002Search in Google Scholar

Gervilla, F., Padrón-Navarta, J., Kerestedjian, T., Sergeeva, I., González-Jiménez, J., and Fanlo, I. (2012) Formation of ferrian chromite in podiform chromitites from the Golyamo Kamenyane serpentinite, Eastern Rhodopes, SE Bulgaria: a two-stage process. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 164, 1–15.10.1007/s00410-012-0763-3Search in Google Scholar

González-Jiménez, J.M., Augé, T., Gervilla, F., Bailly, L., Proenza, J.A., and Griffin, W.L. (2011) Mineralogy and geochemistry of platinum-rich chromitites from the mantle–crust transition zone at Ouen Islad, New Caledonia Ophiolite. Canadian Mineralogist, 49(6), 1549–1569.10.3749/canmin.49.6.1549Search in Google Scholar

González-Jiménez, J.M., Griffin, W.L., Proenza, J.A., Gervilla, F., O’Reilly, S.Y., Akbulut, M., Pearson, N.J., and Arai, S. (2014) Chromitites in ophiolites: how, where, when, why? Part II. The crystallization of chromitites. Lithos, 189, 140–158.10.1016/j.lithos.2013.09.008Search in Google Scholar

González-Jiménez, J.M., Locmelis, M., Belousova, E., Griffin, W.L., Gervilla, F., Kerestedjian, T.N., Pearson, N.J., and Sergeeva, I. (2015) Genesis and tectonic implications of podiform chromitites in the metamorphosed ultramafic massif of Dobromirtsi (Bulgaria). Gondwana Research, 27, 555–574.10.1016/j.gr.2013.09.020Search in Google Scholar

Grieco, G., and Merlini, A. (2012) Chromite alteration processes within Vourinos ophiolite. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 101, 1523–1533.10.1007/s00531-011-0693-8Search in Google Scholar

Henderson, P. (1975) Reaction trends shown by chrome-spinels of the Rhum layered intrusion. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 39, 1035–1044.10.1016/B978-0-08-019954-2.50024-XSearch in Google Scholar

Hirose, K., and Kawamoto, T. (1995) Hydrous partial melting of lherzolite at 1GPa: the effect of H2O on the genesis of basaltic magmas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 133, 463–473.10.1016/0012-821X(95)00096-USearch in Google Scholar

Horn, I., Foley, S.F., Jackson, S.E., and Jenner, G.A. (1994) Experimentally determined partitioning of high field strength and selected transition elements between spinel and basaltic melt. Chemical Geology, 117, 193–218.10.1016/0009-2541(94)90128-7Search in Google Scholar

Huang, H., Niu, Y.L., Nowell, G., Zhao, Z.D., Yu, X.H., Zhu, D.C., Mo, X.X., and Ding, S. (2014) Geochemical constraints on the petrogenesis of granitoids in the East Kunlun Orogenic belt, northern Tibetan Plateau: Implications for continental crust growth through syn-collisional felsic magmatism. Chemical Geology, 370, 1–18.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.01.010Search in Google Scholar

Irvine, T.N. (1967) Chromian spinel as a petrogenetic indicator, part 2. Petrologic applications. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 4, 71–103.10.1139/e67-004Search in Google Scholar

Kamenetsky, V.S., Crawford, A.J., and Meffre, S. (2001) Factors controlling chemistry of magmatic spinel: an empirical study of associated olivine, Cr-spinel and melt inclusions from primitive rocks. Journal of Petrology, 42, 655–671.10.1093/petrology/42.4.655Search in Google Scholar

Keays, R.R. (1995) The role of komatiitic and picritic magmatism and S-saturation in the formation of ore deposits. Lithos, 34, 1–18.10.1016/0024-4937(95)90003-9Search in Google Scholar

Kloeck, W., and Palme, H. (1988) Partitioning of siderophile and chalcophile elements between sulfide, olivine, and glass in a naturally reduced basalt from Disko Island, Greenland. In G. Ryder, Ed., Proceedings of the Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, 18, 471–483. Pergamon, New York.Search in Google Scholar

Kogiso, T., Hirschmann, M.M., and Frost, D.J. (2003) High-pressure partial melting of garnet pyroxenite: possible maficc lithologies in the source of ocean island basalts. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 216, 603–617.10.1016/S0012-821X(03)00538-7Search in Google Scholar

Kohanpour, F., Gorczyk, W., Lindsay, M.D., and Occhipinti, S. (2017) Examining tectonic scenarios using geodynamic numerical modelling: Halls Creek Orogen, Australia. Gondwana Research, 46, 95–113.10.1016/j.gr.2017.02.013Search in Google Scholar

Laubier, M., Grove, T.L., and Langmuir, C.H. (2014) Trace element mineral/melt partitioning for basaltic and basaltic andesitic melts: An experimental and laser ICP-MS study with application to the oxidation state of mantle source regions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 392, 265–278.10.1016/j.epsl.2014.01.053Search in Google Scholar

Le Roux, V., Dasgupta, R., and Lee, C.-T. (2015) Recommended mineral-melt partition coefficients for FRTEs (Cu), Ga, and Ge during mantle melting. American Mineralogist, 100, 2533–2544.10.2138/am-2015-5215Search in Google Scholar

Lesher, C.M. (1989) Komatiite-associated nickel sulfide deposits. In J.A. Whitney and A.J. Naldrett, Eds., Ore deposition associated with magmas. Reviews in Economic Geology, Society of Economic Geologists, 45–102.Search in Google Scholar

Lesher, C.M. (2017) Roles of xenomelts, xenoliths, xenocrysts, xenovolatiles, residues, and skarns in the genesis, transport, and localization of magmatic Fe-Ni-Cu-PGE sulfides and chromite. Ore Geology Reviews, 90, 465–484.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2017.08.008Search in Google Scholar

Lesher, C.M. (2019) Up, down, or sideways: emplacement of magmatic Fe–Ni– Cu–PGE sulfide melts in large igneous provinces. Canadian Journal Earth Sciences, 56, 756–773.10.1139/cjes-2018-0177Search in Google Scholar

Lesher, C.M., and Keays, R.R. (2002) Komatiite-associated Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposits: Mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis. In L.J. Cabri, Ed., The Geology, Geochemistry, Mineralogy, and Mineral Beneficiation of the Platinum-Group Elements, 54, 579–617. Canadian Institute of Mining, Metallurgy and Petroleum.Search in Google Scholar

Lesher, C.M., and Stone, W.E. (1996) Exploration geochemistry of komatiites. In D.A. Wyman, Ed., Igneous Trace Element Geochemical Applications for Massive Sulphide Exploration. Geological Association of Canada, Short Course Notes 12, 153–204.Search in Google Scholar

Lesher, C.M., Arndt, N.T., and Groves, D.I. (1984) Genesis of komatiite-associated nickel sulphide deposits at Kambalda, Western Australia: a distal volcanic model. In D.L. Buchanan and M.J. Jones, Eds., Sulphide Deposits in Mafic and Ultramafic Rocks. London: Institute of Mining and Metallurgy, 70–80.Search in Google Scholar

Li, C., and Naldrett, A.J. (1999) Geology and petrology of the Voisey’s Bay intrusion: reaction of olivine with sulfide and silicate liquids. Lithos, 47, 1–31.10.1016/S0024-4937(99)00005-5Search in Google Scholar

Li, C., Zhang, Z., Li, W., Wang, Y., Sun, T., and Ripley, E.M. (2015) Geochronology, petrology and Hf-S isotope geochemistry of the newly discovered Xiarihamu magmatic Ni-Cu sulfide deposit in the Qinghai-Tibet plateau, western China. Lithos, 216-217, 224–240.10.1016/j.lithos.2015.01.003Search in Google Scholar

Liu, B., Ma, C.Q., Zhang, J.Y., Xiong, F.H., Huang J., and Jiang H.A. (2012) Petrogenesis of Early Devonian intrusive rocks in the east part of Eastern Kunlun Orogen and implication for Early Palaeozoic orogenic processes. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 28, 1785–1807 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Y.G., Li, W.Y., Jia, Q.Z., Zhang, Z.W., Wang, Z.A., Zhang, Z.B., Zhang, J.W., and Qian, B. (2018) The dynamic sulfide saturation process and a possible slab break-off model for the Giant Xiarihamu Magmatic Nickel Ore Deposit in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, Northern Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China. Economic Geology, 113, 1383–1417.10.5382/econgeo.2018.4596Search in Google Scholar

Locmelis, M., Fiorentini, M.L., Barnes, S.J., and Pearson, N. J. (2013) Ruthenium variation in chromite from komatiites and komatiitic basalts—a potential mineralogical indicator for nickel sulfide mineralization. Economic Geology, 108, 355–364.10.2113/econgeo.108.2.355Search in Google Scholar

Locmelis, M., Fiorentini, M.L., Barnes, S.J., Hanski, E., and Kobussen, A.F. (2018) Ruthenium in chromite as indicator for magmatic sulfide liquid equilibration in mafic-ultramafic systems. Ore Geology Reviews, 97, 152–170.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2018.05.002Search in Google Scholar

Lu, L., Wu, Z.H., Hu, D.G., Barosh, P.J., Hao, S., and Zhou, C.J. (2010) Zircon U–Pb ages forrhyolite of the Maoniushan formation and its tectonic significance in the East Kunlun mountains. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 26, 1150–1158 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Lu, Y., Lesher, C.M., and Deng, J. (2019) Geochemistry and genesis of magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) and PGE-(Cu)-(Ni) deposits in China. Ore Geology Reviews, 107, 863–887.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.03.024Search in Google Scholar

Maier, W.D., Barnes, S.-J., Chinyepi, G., Barton, J.M., Eglington, B., and Setshedi, I. (2008) The composition of magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide deposits in the Tati and Selebi-Phikwe belts of eastern Botswana. Mineralium Deposita, 43, 37–60.10.1007/s00126-007-0143-5Search in Google Scholar

Maier, W.D., Howard, H.M., Smithies, R.H., Yang, S.H., Barnes, S.-J., O’Brien, H., Huhma, H., and Gardoll, S. (2015) Magmatic ore deposits in mafic–ultramafic intrusions of the Giles Event, Western Australia. Ore Geology Reviews, 71, 405–436.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.06.010Search in Google Scholar

Maier, W.D., Smithies, R.H., Spaggiari, C.V., Barnes, S.J., Kirkland, C.L., Yang, S., Lahaye, Y., Kiddie, O., and MacRae, C. (2016) Petrogenesis and Ni–Cu sulphide potential of mafic–ultramafic rocks in the Mesoproterozoic Fraser Zone within the Albany–Fraser Orogen, Western Australia. Precambrian Research, 281, 27–46.10.1016/j.precamres.2016.05.004Search in Google Scholar

Makkonen, H.V., and Huhma, H. (2007) Sm-Nd data for mafic-ultramafic intrusions in the Svecofennian (1.88 Ga) Kotalahti nickel belt, Finland; implications for crustal contamination at the Archaean/Proterozoic boundary. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Finland, 79, 175–201.10.17741/bgsf/79.2.003Search in Google Scholar

Makkonen, H.V., Makinen, J., and Kontoniemi, O. (2008) Geochemical discrimination between barren and mineralized intrusions in the Svecofennian (1.9 Ga) Kotalahti nickel belt, Finland. Ore Geology Reviews, 33, 101–114.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2006.05.011Search in Google Scholar

Matsui, Y., Onuma, N., Nagasawa, H., Higuchi, H., and Banno, S. (1977) Crystal structure control in trace element partition between crystal and magma. Tectonics, 100, 315–324.10.3406/bulmi.1977.7155Search in Google Scholar

McKenzie, D., and Bickle, M.J. (1988) The volume and composition of melt generated by extension of the lithosphere. Journal of Petrology, 29, 625–679.10.1093/petrology/29.3.625Search in Google Scholar

Merlini, A., Grieco, G., and Diella, V. (2009) Ferritchromite and chromian-chlorite formation in mélange-hosted Kalkan chromitite (Southern Urals, Russia). American Mineralogist, 94, 1459–1467.10.2138/am.2009.3082Search in Google Scholar

Mo, X.X., Luo, Z.H., Deng, J.F., Yu, X.H., Liu, C.D., Chen, H.W., Yuan, W.M., and Liu, Y.H. (2007) Granitoids and crustal growth in the East-Kunlun orogenic belt. Geological Journal of China Universities, 13, 403–414 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Mukherjee, R., Mondal, S.K., Rosing, M.T., and Frei, R. (2010) Compositional variations in the Mesoarchean chromites of the Nuggihalli schist belt, Western Dharwar Craton (India): potential parentalmelts and implications for tectonic setting. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 160, 865–885.10.1007/s00410-010-0511-5Search in Google Scholar

Naldrett, A.J., Kinnaird, J.A., Wilson, A.H., Yudovskaya, M., McQuade, S., Chunnett, G., and Stanley, C. (2009) Chromite composition and PGE content of Bushveld chromitites: Part 1 – the Lower and Middle Groups. Applied Earth Science (Transactions of the Institute of Mining and Metallurgy Series B), 118, 131–161.10.1179/174327509X12550990458004Search in Google Scholar

Norman, M., Pearson, N., Sharma, A., and Griffin, W. (1996) Quantitative analysis of trace elements in geological materials by laser ablation ICPMS: instrumental operating conditions and calibration values of NIST glasses. Geostandards Newsletter, 20, 247–261.10.1111/j.1751-908X.1996.tb00186.xSearch in Google Scholar

Oberti, R., Vannucci, R., Zanetti, A., Tiepolo, M., and Brumm, R.C. (2000) A crystal chemical re-evaluation of amphibole/melt and amphibole/clinopyroxene DTi values in petrogenetic studies. American Mineralogist, 85, 407–419.10.2138/am-2000-0402Search in Google Scholar

Pagé, P., and Barnes, S.-J. (2009) Using trace elements in chromites to constrain the origin of podiform chromites in the Thetford Mines ophiolite, Québec, Canada. Economic Geology, 104, 997–1018.10.2113/econgeo.104.7.997Search in Google Scholar

Paster, T.P., Schauwecker, D.S., and Haskin, L.A. (1974) The behavior of some trace elements during solidification of the Skaergaard layered series. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 38, 1549–1577.10.1016/0016-7037(74)90174-4Search in Google Scholar

Paton, C., Hellstrom, J., Paul, B., Woodhead, J., and Hergt, J. (2011) Iolite: Freeware for the visualisation and processing of mass spectrometric data. Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry, 26, 2508–2518.10.1039/c1ja10172bSearch in Google Scholar

Peltonen, P. (1995) Crystallization and re-equlibration of zoned chromite in ultramafic cumulates, Vammala Ni-belt, Southwestern Finland. Canadian Mineralogist, 33, 521–535.Search in Google Scholar

Peng, B., Sun, F., Li, B., Wang, G., Li, S., Zhao, T., Li, L., and Zhi, Y. (2016) The geochemistry and geochronology of the Xiarihamu II mafic–ultramafic complex, Eastern Kunlun, Qinghai Province, China: Implications for the genesis of magmatic Ni–Cu sulfide deposits. Ore Geology Reviews, 73, 13–28.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2015.10.014Search in Google Scholar

Piňa, R., Gervilla, F., Ortega, L., and Lunar, R. (2008) Mineralogy and geochemistry of platinum-group elements in the Aguablanca Ni-Cu deposit (SW Spain). Mineralogy and Petrology, 92, 259–282.10.1007/s00710-007-0195-3Search in Google Scholar

Piňa, R., Romeo, I., Ortega, L., Lunar, R., Capote, R., Gervilla, F., Tejero, R., and Quesada, C. (2010) Origin and emplacement of the Aguablanca magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide deposit, SW Iberia: A multidisciplinary approach. Geological Society of America Bulletin, 122, 915–925.10.1130/B30046.1Search in Google Scholar

Proenza, J.A., Ortega-Gutierez, F., Camprubi, A., Tritlla, J., Elias-Herrera, M., and Reyes-Salas, M. (2004) Paleozoic serpentinite-enclosed chromitites from Tehuitzingo (Acatlan Complex, southern Mexico): a petrological and mineralogical study. Journal of South American Earth Sciences, 16, 649–666.10.1016/j.jsames.2003.12.003Search in Google Scholar

Qi, S.-S., Song, S.-G., Shi, L.-C., Cai, H.-J., and Hu, J.-C. (2014) Discovery and its geological significance of Early Palaozoic eclogite in Xiarihamu-Suhaitu area, western part of the East Kunlun. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 30, 3345–3356 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Qin, K.Z., Su, B.X., Sakyi, P.A., Tang, D.M., Li, X.H., Sun, H., Xiao, Q.H., and Liu, P.P. (2011) SIMS zircon U-Pb geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopes of Ni-Cu-bearing mafic-ultramafic intrusions in eastern Tianshan and Beishan in correlation with flood basalts in Tarim basin (NW China): Constraints on a ca. 280 Ma mantle plume. American Journal of Science, 311, 237–260.10.2475/03.2011.03Search in Google Scholar

Raedeke, L.D. (1982) Petrogenesis of the Stillwater Complex. Ph.D. thesis, The University of Washington, Seattle, p. 212 (unpublished).Search in Google Scholar

Righter, K., Leeman, W.P., and Hervig, R.L. (2006) Partitioning of Ni, Co and V between spinel-structured oxides and silicate melts: Importance of spinel composition. Chemical Geology, 227, 1–25.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2005.05.011Search in Google Scholar

Roeder, P.L., and Campbell, I.H. (1985) The effect of postcumulus reaction on composition of chrome-spinel from the Jimberlana intrusion. Journal of Petrology, 26, 763–786.10.1093/petrology/26.3.763Search in Google Scholar

Roeder, P.L., and Emslie, R.F. (1970) Olivine–liquid equilibrium. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 29, 275–289.10.1007/BF00371276Search in Google Scholar

Roeder, P.L., and Reynolds, I. (1991) Crystallization of chromite and chromium solubility in basaltic melts. Journal of Petrology, 32, 909–934.10.1093/petrology/32.5.909Search in Google Scholar

Roeder, P.L., Campbell, I.H., and Jamieson, H.E. (1979) Re-evaluation of the olivine-spinel geothermometer. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 68, 325–334.10.1007/BF00371554Search in Google Scholar

Sack, R.O., and Ghiorso, M.S. (1991) Chromian spinels as petrogenetic indicators: thermodynamic and petrological applications. American Mineralogist, 76, 827–847.Search in Google Scholar

Sattari, P., Brenan, J.M., Horn, I., and McDonough, W.F. (2002) Experimental constraints on the sulfide- and chromite-silicate melt partitioning behavior of rhenium and platinum-group elements. Economic Geology, 97, 385–398.10.2113/gsecongeo.97.2.385Search in Google Scholar

Scowen, P.A.H., Roeder, P.L., and Helz, R.T. (1991) Reequilration of chromite within Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology, 107, 8–20.10.1007/BF00311181Search in Google Scholar

Sobolev, A.V., Hofmann, A.W., Kuzmin, D.V., Yaxley, G.M., Arndt, N.T., Chung, S.-L., Danyushevsky, L.V., Elliott, T., Frey, F.A., Garcia, M.O., and others. (2007) The amount of recycled crust in sources of mantle-derived melts. Science, 316, 412–417.10.1126/science.1138113Search in Google Scholar

Sobolev, S.V., Sobolev, A.V., Kuzmin, D.V., Krivolutskaya, N.A., Petrunin, A.G., Arndt, N. T., Radko, V.A., and Vasiliev, Y.R. (2011) Linking mantle plumes, large igneous provinces and environmental catastrophes. Nature, 477, 312–316.10.1038/nature10385Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Song, X.-Y. (2019) Current research status and important issues of magmatic sulfide deposits. Mineral Deposits, 38(4), 699–710 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Song, X.-Y., and Li, X.-R. (2009) Geochemistry of the Kalatongke Ni-Cu-(PGE) sulfide deposit, NW China: implications for the formation of magmatic sulfide mineralization in a post-collisional environment. Mineralium Deposita, 44, 303–327.10.1007/s00126-008-0219-xSearch in Google Scholar

Song, X.-Y., Xie, W., Deng, Y.F., Crawford, A.J., Zheng, W.Q., Zhou, G.F., Deng, G., Cheng, S.L., and Li, J. (2011) Slab break-off and the formation of Permian mafic-ultramafic intrusions in southern margin of Central Asian Orogenic Belt, Xinjiang, NW China. Lithos, 127, 128–143.10.1016/j.lithos.2011.08.011Search in Google Scholar

Song, X.-Y., Chen, L.-M., Deng, Y.-F., and Xie, W. (2013) Syn-collisional tholeiitic magmatism induced by asthenosphere upwelling due to slab detachment at the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Journal of the Geological Society, London, 170, 941–950.10.1144/jgs2012-130Search in Google Scholar

Song, X.-Y., Yi, J.-N., Chen, L.-M., She, Y.-W., Liu, C.-Z., Dang, X.-Y., Yang, Q.-A., and Wu, S.-K. (2016) The Giant Xiarihamu Ni-Co sulfide deposit in the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt, Northern Tibet Plateau, China. Economic Geology, 111, 29–55.10.2113/econgeo.111.1.29Search in Google Scholar

Song, S., Bi, H., Qi, S., Yang, L., Allen, M.B., Niu, Y., Su, L., and Li, W. (2018) HP–UHP Metamorphic Belt in the East Kunlun Orogen: Final Closure of the Proto-Tethys Ocean and Formation of the Pan-North-China Continent. Journal of Petrology, 59(11), 2043–2060.10.1093/petrology/egy089Search in Google Scholar

Tang, D., Qin, K., Li, C., Qi, L., Su, B., and Qu, W. (2011) Zircon dating, Hf– Sr–Nd–Os isotopes and PGE geochemistry of the Tianyu sulfide-bearing mafic–ultramafic intrusion in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt, NW China. Lithos, 126, 84–98.10.1016/j.lithos.2011.06.007Search in Google Scholar

Teigler, B., and Eales, H.V. (1996) The lower and critical zones of the western limb of the Bushveld Complex, as indicated by the Nooitgedacht boreholes. Geology Survey of South Africa Bulletin, 111, 126.Search in Google Scholar

Villemant, B., Jaffrezic, H., Joron, J.L., and Treuil, M. (1981) Distribution coefficients of major and trace-elements—Fractional crystallization in the alkali basalt series of Chaine-Des-Puys (Massif Central, France). Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 45, 1997–2016.10.1016/0016-7037(81)90055-7Search in Google Scholar

Vogt, K., Dohmen, R., and Chakraborty, S. (2015) Fe-Mg diffusion in spinel: new experimental data and a point defect model. American Mineralogist, 100, 2112–2122.10.2138/am-2015-5109Search in Google Scholar

Wang, K.-Y., Song, X.-Y., Yi, J.-N., Barnes, S.J., She, Y.-W., Zheng, W.-Q., and Schoneveld, L.E. (2019) Zoned orthopyroxenes in the Ni-Co sulfide ore-bearing Xiarihamu maficultramafic intrusion in northern Tibetan Plateau, China: Implications for multiple magma replenishments, Ore Geology Reviews, 113, doi: 10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103082.10.1016/j.oregeorev.2019.103082Search in Google Scholar

Wilson, A.H. (1982) The geology of the Great ‘Dyke’, Zimbabwe: the ultramafic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 23, 240–292.10.1093/petrology/23.2.240Search in Google Scholar

Xie, W., Song, X.-Y., Deng, Y.-F., Wang, Y.-S., and Ba, D.-H. (2012) Geochemistry and petrogenetic implications of a Late Devonian mafic-ultramafic intrusion at the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Lithos, 144-145, 209–230.10.1016/j.lithos.2012.03.010Search in Google Scholar

Xie, W., Song, X.-Y., Chen, L.-M., Deng, Y.-F., Zheng, W.-Q., Wang, Y.-S., and Ba, D.-H. (2014) Geochemistry insights on the genesis of the subduction-related heishan magmatic Ni-Cu-(PGE) deposit in Gansu, NW China, at the southern margin of the Central Asian Orogenic Belt. Economic Geology, 109, 1563–1583.10.2113/econgeo.109.6.1563Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Z.Q., Yang, J.S., Li, H.B., Zhang, J.X., and Wu, C.L. (2007) Orogenic Plateau: Terrane amalgamation, collision and uplift in the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau, 458 p. Geological Publishing House, Beijing (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Yang, J.Z., Shen, Y.C., Li, G.M., Liu, T.B., and Zeng, Q.D. (1999) Basic features and its tectonic significance of Yaziquan ophiolite belt in eastern Kunlun orogenic belt, Xinjiang. Geoscience Journal of China University of Geosciences, 13, 309–314 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Yang, J.Z., Shen, Y.C., and Liu, T.B. (2000) Tectonic environment analysis on volcanic rocks from Qimantage group, east Kunlun orogenic belt, Xinjiang. Xinjiang Geology, 18, 105–112 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Yao, Z., Qin, K.Z., and Mungall, E. (2018) Tectonic controls on Ni and Cu contents of primary mantle-derived magmas for the formation of magmatic sulfide deposits. American Mineralogist, 103, 1545–1567.10.2138/am-2018-6392Search in Google Scholar

Yi, J.-N. (2016) Genesis and geologic background of the Xiarihamu super-large Ni-Co magmatic sulfide ore deposit in the East Kunlun belt, Qinghai province, NW China, 161 p. unpublished Ph.D. thesis (in Chinese with English abstract). Institute of Geochemistry of Chinese Academy of Sciences.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, C.-L., Li, X.-H., Li, Z.-X., Ye, H.-M., and Li, C.-N. (2008) A Permian Layered Intrusive Complex in the Western Tarim Block, Northwestern China: Product of a ca. 275-Ma mantle plume? Journal of Geology, 116, 269–287.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, M.J., Li, C., Fu, P.E., Hu, P.Q., and Ripley, E.M. (2011) The Permian Huangshanxi Cu-Ni deposit in western China: intrusive-extrusive association, ore genesis, and exploration implications. Mineralium Deposita, 46, 153–170.10.1007/s00126-010-0318-3Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Z., Tang, Q., Li, C., Wang, Y., and Ripley, E.M. (2017) Sr-Nd-Os-S isotope and PGE geochemistry of the Xiarihamu magmatic sulfide deposit in the Qinghai–Tibet plateau, China. Mineralium Deposita, 52, 51–68.10.1007/s00126-016-0645-0Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, W., Du, W., and Wang, Z.X. (2015) The formation age of Shitoukengde mafic-ultramafic intrusions with Cu-Ni mineralization and its geological significance. Journal of Jilin University (Earth Science), 45, 1503–1508 (in Chinese with English abstract).Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2019-07-22
Accepted: 2019-11-23
Published Online: 2020-04-02
Published in Print: 2020-04-28

© 2020 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 24.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.2138/am-2020-7222/html
Scroll to top button