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Secondary minerals associated with Lassen fumaroles and hot springs: Implications for martian hydrothermal deposits

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Published/Copyright: July 17, 2017
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American Mineralogist
From the journal American Mineralogist Volume 102 Issue 7

Abstract

The active hot springs, fumaroles, and mud pots of the southwestern Lassen hydrothermal system include various alteration environments, which produce a range of hydrothermal mineral assemblages. Analysis of water, mineral precipitates, altered sediment, and rock samples collected at and near these features at Sulphur Works, Bumpass Hell, Little Hot Springs Valley, and Growler and Morgan Hot Springs reveals conditions ranging from ~100 °C acid-sulfate fumaroles (e.g., Sulphur Works and Bumpass Hell) to near-neutral hot springs (e.g., Growler and Morgan), and includes both oxidizing and reducing conditions. Resulting hydrothermal minerals include a wide variety of sulfates (dominated by Al-sulfates, but also including Fe2+, Fe3+, Ca, Mg, and mixed-cation sulfates), sulfides (pyrite and marcasite), elemental sulfur, and smectite and kaolinite clays. Most altered samples contain at least one silica phase, most commonly quartz, but also including cristobalite, tridymite, and/or amorphous silica. Quartz and other silica phases are not as abundant in the less altered rock samples, thus their abundance in some hydrothermally altered sediment samples suggests a detrital origin, or formation by hydrothermal alteration (either modern or Pleistocene); this requires a high degree of diagenetic (or epigenetic) maturation. These results support a previously identified model that the Lassen hydrothermal system involves the de-coupling of a vapor phase (which becomes acidic as it oxidizes near the surface, producing acid-sulfate fumaroles at higher elevations at Sulphur Works and Bumpass Hell) from the residual near neutral thermal waters that emerge as hot springs at lower elevations (Growler and Morgan). Because both acid-sulfate fumarole and near-neutral sinter-producing hot springs have been invoked to explain the silica-rich deposits observed by the Mars Exploration Rover Spirit near Home Plate in the Columbia Hills on Mars, Lassen can serve as a useful terrestrial analog for comparison.

Keywords: Mars; hydrothermal alteration; sulfate minerals; element mobility

Special collection papers can be found online at http://www.minsocam.org/MSA/AmMin/special-collections.html.

Present address: Geology Department, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, Washington 98225, U.S.A.

Acknowledgments

The authors thank the National Park Service for permission to access and sample hydrothermal areas within Lassen Volcanic National Park, Michael Magnuson at Lassen park for helping with our permits, safety plan, and site selection, and landowner Peter H. Seward for permission to access and sample Growler and Morgan Hot Springs. We also thank Teri Gerard, who assisted with 2012 and 2013 fieldwork and early laboratory analyses, Gabrielle Walters for field assistance in 2012, the Gartons for generously offering the use of their cabin as a base of operations during fieldwork, Weon Shik Han for the use of his Hydrolab Sonde, and Harris Byers for his help developing the XRF sulfur calibration. This paper was greatly improved after insightful and constructive feedback from Steven Ruff, Michael Clynne, and David John. This work was funded by grants from the National Space Grant College and Fellowship Program though the Wisconsin Space Grant Consortium.

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Received: 2016-4-8
Accepted: 2017-3-22
Published Online: 2017-7-17
Published in Print: 2017-7-26

© 2017 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

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https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5839
Keywords for this article
Mars; hydrothermal alteration; sulfate minerals; element mobility

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Editorial
  2. A new high JIF for American Mineralogist (by all early indications), why you shouldn’t care, and a note on values
  3. Highlights and Breakthroughs
  4. Sapphire, a not so simple gemstone
  6. Radon emanation coefficients of several minerals: How they vary with physical and mineralogical properties
  7. Actinides in geology, energy, and the environment
  8. Cabvinite, Th2F7(OH)⋅3H2O, the first natural actinide halide
  9. Special collection: apatite: a common mineral, uncommonly versatile
  10. Cathodoluminescence images and trace element compositions of fluorapatite from the Hongge layered intrusion in SW China: A record of prolonged crystallization and overprinted fluid metasomatism
  11. Special Collection: Nanominerals and Mineral Nanoparticles
  12. Structural characterization of marine nano-quartz in chalk and flint from North Sea Tertiary chalk reservoirs for oil and gas
  13. Special collection: Geology and geobiology of lassen volcanic national park
  14. Secondary minerals associated with Lassen fumaroles and hot springs: Implications for martian hydrothermal deposits
  16. Phillipsite and Al-tobermorite mineral cements produced through low-temperature water-rock reactions in Roman marine concrete
  18. The origin of needle-like rutile inclusions in natural gem corundum: A combined EPMA, LA-ICP-MS, and nanoSIMS investigation
  20. Dehydration studies of natrolites: Role of monovalent extra-framework cations and degree of hydration
  22. Mineralogical and compositional features of rock fulgurites: A record of lightning effects on granite
  24. Formation of basic lead phases during fire-setting and other natural and man-made processes
  26. Revisiting the nontronite Mössbauer spectra
  28. Experimental evidence for the survival of augite to transition zone depths, and implications for subduction zone dynamics
  30. Hydrothermal alteration of monazite-(Ce) and chevkinite-(Ce) from the Sin Quyen Fe-Cu-LREE-Au deposit, northwestern Vietnam
  32. Diagenetic F-rich ferroan calcite and zircon in the offshore Scotian Basin, eastern Canada: Significance for understanding thermal evolution of the basin
  34. Addibischoffite, Ca2Al6Al6O20, a new calcium aluminate mineral from the Acfer 214 CH carbonaceous chondrite: A new refractory phase from the solar nebula
  35. Letter
  36. 17O NMR evidence of free ionic clusters Mn+ CO32− in silicate glasses: Precursors for carbonate-silicate liquids immiscibility
  38. New Mineral Names
  40. Erratum
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