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The complexity trade-off between morphological richness and word order freedom in Romance languages: A quantitative perspective

  • Siqi Liu ORCID logo , Jianwei Yan ORCID logo EMAIL logo and Haitao Liu ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: June 11, 2025
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Abstract

The complexity trade-off hypothesis suggests a balance between different linguistic features across human languages. This study investigates this hypothesis by quantitatively examining the evolution from Latin to Modern Romance languages. We focus on the trade-off between morphological richness and word order freedom, providing insights into their dynamic interrelations during linguistic evolution. Our analysis demonstrates that morphological richness and word order freedom are distributed along a continuum, with Latin exhibiting higher morphological complexity and freer word order and Modern Romance languages having lower morphological richness and more rigid word order. This evolution reflects the principles of efficiency in complex adaptive systems, showing a significant complexity trade-off where increases in one feature often result in decreases in the other. These findings indicate the adaptive nature of linguistic systems and offer valuable insights for diachronic typological research, enhancing our understanding of the complexity trade-off from a quantitative perspective.


Note

The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Supported by: This work was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 24CYY064) the MOE Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities in China (Grant No. 22JJD740018), the Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 22YJC740047), and the Hangzhou Normal University (Grant No. 4075C50223204130).


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Appendices

Appendix I Details on the 27 corpora

Corpus Language Sub-branch
Catalan-AnCora Catalan Ibero-Romance
French-FQB French Gallo-Romance
French-GSD French Gallo-Romance
French-ParTUT French Gallo-Romance
French-Sequoia French Gallo-Romance
French-Spoken French Gallo-Romance
Galician-CTG Galician Ibero-Romance
Galician-TreeGal Galician Ibero-Romance
Italian-ISDT Italian Italo-Romance
Italian-ParTUT Italian Italo-Romance
Italian-PoSTWITA Italian Italo-Romance
Italian-PUD Italian Italo-Romance
Italian-TWITTIRO Italian Italo-Romance
Italian-VIT Italian Italo-Romance
Latin-ITTB Latin Latin
Latin-Perseus Latin Latin
Latin-PROIEL Latin Latin
Portuguese-Bosque Portuguese Ibero-Romance
Romanian-Nonstandard Romanian Eastern Romance
Romanian-RRT Romanian Eastern Romance
Romanian-SiMoNERo Romanian Eastern Romance
Spanish-AnCora Spanish Ibero-Romance
Spanish-GSD Spanish Ibero-Romance
Chinese-CFL Chinese Sino-Tibetan
Chinese-GSD Chinese Sino-Tibetan
Chinese-GSDSimp Chinese Sino-Tibetan
Classical_Chinese-Kyoto Classical Chinese Sino-Tibetan

Appendix II: Morphological richness of the 27 corpora

Corpus MAMSP Language Sub-branch
Romanian-Nonstandard 1.474214 Romanian Eastern Romance
Latin-ITTB 1.447406 Latin Latin
Latin-PROIEL 1.388395 Latin Latin
Latin-Perseus 1.254863 Latin Latin
Romanian-RRT 1.196385 Romanian Eastern Romance
French-Spoken 1.195184 French Gallo-Romance
French-ParTUT 1.193890 French Gallo-Romance
Italian-VIT 1.193363 Italian Italo-Romance
French-Sequoia 1.190611 French Gallo-Romance
Romanian-SiMoNERo 1.187633 Romanian Eastern Romance
Italian-ParTUT 1.183984 Italian Italo-Romance
Italian-ISDT 1.179742 Italian Italo-Romance
Italian-TWITTIRO 1.174830 Italian Italo-Romance
French-FQB 1.167354 French Gallo-Romance
Italian-PoSTWITA 1.165279 Italian Italo-Romance
Catalan-AnCora 1.155326 Catalan Ibero-Romance
Galician-TreeGal 1.153818 Galician Ibero-Romance
Italian-PUD 1.149822 Italian Italo-Romance
Spanish-AnCora 1.145682 Spanish Ibero-Romance
French-GSD 1.133480 French Gallo-Romance
Spanish-GSD 1.118590 Spanish Ibero-Romance
Portuguese-Bosque 1.117207 Portuguese Ibero-Romance
Galician-CTG 1.114442 Galician Ibero-Romance
Chinese-CFL 1.001563 Chinese Baseline
Chinese-GSDSimp 1.001454 Chinese Baseline
Chinese-GSD 1.001391 Chinese Baseline
Classical_Chinese-Kyoto 0.999993 Classical Chinese Baseline

* The values are ranked in descending order according to the MAMSP values.

Appendix III: Word order freedom of the 27 corpora based on both main clauses and subordinate clauses

Corpus COSS (main and subordinate clauses) Language Sub-branch
Latin-Perseus 0.802026 Latin Latin
Romanian-Nonstandard 0.779436 Romanian Eastern Romance
Latin-PROIEL 0.779048 Latin Latin
Latin-ITTB 0.695514 Latin Latin
Spanish-GSD 0.641961 Spanish Ibero-Romance
Catalan-AnCora 0.596312 Catalan Ibero-Romance
Spanish-AnCora 0.584069 Spanish Ibero-Romance
Galician-CTG 0.555904 Galician Ibero-Romance
Italian-PoSTWITA 0.550137 Italian Italo-Romance
Galician-TreeGal 0.524038 Galician Ibero-Romance
French-Spoken 0.522754 French Gallo-Romance
French-ParTUT 0.518288 French Gallo-Romance
Italian-TWITTIRO 0.518036 Italian Italo-Romance
French-FQB 0.494413 French Gallo-Romance
Romanian-RRT 0.485427 Romanian Eastern Romance
French-GSD 0.478951 French Gallo-Romance
Italian-ISDT 0.478287 Italian Italo-Romance
Italian-VIT 0.475431 Italian Italo-Romance
French-Sequoia 0.469490 French Gallo-Romance
Portuguese-Bosque 0.467377 Portuguese Ibero-Romance
Italian-ParTUT 0.460128 Italian Italo-Romance
Italian-PUD 0.440346 Italian Italo-Romance
Chinese-GSDSimp 0.438902 Chinese Baseline
Chinese-GSD 0.438897 Chinese Baseline
Classical_Chinese-Kyoto 0.421589 Classical Chinese Baseline
Romanian-SiMoNERo 0.417338 Romanian Eastern Romance
Chinese-CFL 0.410452 Chinese Baseline

* The values are ranked in descending order according to the COSS values.

Appendix IV: Word order freedom of the 27 corpora based on the main clauses only

Corpus COSS (main clauses) Language Sub-branch
Latin-Perseus 0.793214 Latin Latin
Latin-PROIEL 0.774430 Latin Latin
Romanian-Nonstandard 0.768125 Romanian Eastern Romance
Latin-ITTB 0.692569 Latin Latin
Catalan-AnCora 0.617043 Catalan Ibero-Romance
Spanish-AnCora 0.593932 Spanish Ibero-Romance
Galician-CTG 0.563713 Galician Ibero-Romance
French-Spoken 0.561221 French Gallo-Romance
Galician-TreeGal 0.532583 Galician Ibero-Romance
French-ParTUT 0.526311 French Gallo-Romance
Italian-PoSTWITA 0.502648 Italian Italo-Romance
Spanish-GSD 0.483907 Spanish Ibero-Romance
Italian-TWITTIRO 0.480938 Italian Italo-Romance
French-GSD 0.477861 French Gallo-Romance
French-Sequoia 0.476555 French Gallo-Romance
Italian-VIT 0.473558 Italian Italo-Romance
Romanian-RRT 0.473501 Romanian Eastern Romance
Italian-ISDT 0.469827 Italian Italo-Romance
Portuguese-Bosque 0.465281 Portuguese Ibero-Romance
French-FQB 0.464207 French Gallo-Romance
Italian-ParTUT 0.461698 Italian Italo-Romance
Italian-PUD 0.435240 Italian Italo-Romance
Classical_Chinese-Kyoto 0.422787 Classical Chinese Baseline
Romanian-SiMoNERo 0.414387 Romanian Eastern Romance
Chinese-CFL 0.410004 Chinese Baseline
Chinese-GSD 0.408248 Chinese Baseline
Chinese-GSDSimp 0.408248 Chinese Baseline

* The values are ranked in descending order according to the COSS values.

Published Online: 2025-06-11
Published in Print: 2025-06-10

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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