Abstract
The complexity trade-off hypothesis suggests a balance between different linguistic features across human languages. This study investigates this hypothesis by quantitatively examining the evolution from Latin to Modern Romance languages. We focus on the trade-off between morphological richness and word order freedom, providing insights into their dynamic interrelations during linguistic evolution. Our analysis demonstrates that morphological richness and word order freedom are distributed along a continuum, with Latin exhibiting higher morphological complexity and freer word order and Modern Romance languages having lower morphological richness and more rigid word order. This evolution reflects the principles of efficiency in complex adaptive systems, showing a significant complexity trade-off where increases in one feature often result in decreases in the other. These findings indicate the adaptive nature of linguistic systems and offer valuable insights for diachronic typological research, enhancing our understanding of the complexity trade-off from a quantitative perspective.
Note
The authors have no competing interests to declare that are relevant to the content of this article. Supported by: This work was supported by the National Social Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 24CYY064) the MOE Project of Key Research Institute of Humanities and Social Sciences at Universities in China (Grant No. 22JJD740018), the Humanities and Social Sciences Youth Foundation of the Ministry of Education of China (Grant No. 22YJC740047), and the Hangzhou Normal University (Grant No. 4075C50223204130).
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Appendices
Appendix I Details on the 27 corpora
Corpus | Language | Sub-branch |
Catalan-AnCora | Catalan | Ibero-Romance |
French-FQB | French | Gallo-Romance |
French-GSD | French | Gallo-Romance |
French-ParTUT | French | Gallo-Romance |
French-Sequoia | French | Gallo-Romance |
French-Spoken | French | Gallo-Romance |
Galician-CTG | Galician | Ibero-Romance |
Galician-TreeGal | Galician | Ibero-Romance |
Italian-ISDT | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Italian-ParTUT | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Italian-PoSTWITA | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Italian-PUD | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Italian-TWITTIRO | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Italian-VIT | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Latin-ITTB | Latin | Latin |
Latin-Perseus | Latin | Latin |
Latin-PROIEL | Latin | Latin |
Portuguese-Bosque | Portuguese | Ibero-Romance |
Romanian-Nonstandard | Romanian | Eastern Romance |
Romanian-RRT | Romanian | Eastern Romance |
Romanian-SiMoNERo | Romanian | Eastern Romance |
Spanish-AnCora | Spanish | Ibero-Romance |
Spanish-GSD | Spanish | Ibero-Romance |
Chinese-CFL | Chinese | Sino-Tibetan |
Chinese-GSD | Chinese | Sino-Tibetan |
Chinese-GSDSimp | Chinese | Sino-Tibetan |
Classical_Chinese-Kyoto | Classical Chinese | Sino-Tibetan |
Appendix II: Morphological richness of the 27 corpora
Corpus | MAMSP | Language | Sub-branch |
Romanian-Nonstandard | 1.474214 | Romanian | Eastern Romance |
Latin-ITTB | 1.447406 | Latin | Latin |
Latin-PROIEL | 1.388395 | Latin | Latin |
Latin-Perseus | 1.254863 | Latin | Latin |
Romanian-RRT | 1.196385 | Romanian | Eastern Romance |
French-Spoken | 1.195184 | French | Gallo-Romance |
French-ParTUT | 1.193890 | French | Gallo-Romance |
Italian-VIT | 1.193363 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
French-Sequoia | 1.190611 | French | Gallo-Romance |
Romanian-SiMoNERo | 1.187633 | Romanian | Eastern Romance |
Italian-ParTUT | 1.183984 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Italian-ISDT | 1.179742 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Italian-TWITTIRO | 1.174830 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
French-FQB | 1.167354 | French | Gallo-Romance |
Italian-PoSTWITA | 1.165279 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Catalan-AnCora | 1.155326 | Catalan | Ibero-Romance |
Galician-TreeGal | 1.153818 | Galician | Ibero-Romance |
Italian-PUD | 1.149822 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Spanish-AnCora | 1.145682 | Spanish | Ibero-Romance |
French-GSD | 1.133480 | French | Gallo-Romance |
Spanish-GSD | 1.118590 | Spanish | Ibero-Romance |
Portuguese-Bosque | 1.117207 | Portuguese | Ibero-Romance |
Galician-CTG | 1.114442 | Galician | Ibero-Romance |
Chinese-CFL | 1.001563 | Chinese | Baseline |
Chinese-GSDSimp | 1.001454 | Chinese | Baseline |
Chinese-GSD | 1.001391 | Chinese | Baseline |
Classical_Chinese-Kyoto | 0.999993 | Classical Chinese | Baseline |
* The values are ranked in descending order according to the MAMSP values.
Appendix III: Word order freedom of the 27 corpora based on both main clauses and subordinate clauses
Corpus | COSS (main and subordinate clauses) | Language | Sub-branch |
Latin-Perseus | 0.802026 | Latin | Latin |
Romanian-Nonstandard | 0.779436 | Romanian | Eastern Romance |
Latin-PROIEL | 0.779048 | Latin | Latin |
Latin-ITTB | 0.695514 | Latin | Latin |
Spanish-GSD | 0.641961 | Spanish | Ibero-Romance |
Catalan-AnCora | 0.596312 | Catalan | Ibero-Romance |
Spanish-AnCora | 0.584069 | Spanish | Ibero-Romance |
Galician-CTG | 0.555904 | Galician | Ibero-Romance |
Italian-PoSTWITA | 0.550137 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Galician-TreeGal | 0.524038 | Galician | Ibero-Romance |
French-Spoken | 0.522754 | French | Gallo-Romance |
French-ParTUT | 0.518288 | French | Gallo-Romance |
Italian-TWITTIRO | 0.518036 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
French-FQB | 0.494413 | French | Gallo-Romance |
Romanian-RRT | 0.485427 | Romanian | Eastern Romance |
French-GSD | 0.478951 | French | Gallo-Romance |
Italian-ISDT | 0.478287 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Italian-VIT | 0.475431 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
French-Sequoia | 0.469490 | French | Gallo-Romance |
Portuguese-Bosque | 0.467377 | Portuguese | Ibero-Romance |
Italian-ParTUT | 0.460128 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Italian-PUD | 0.440346 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Chinese-GSDSimp | 0.438902 | Chinese | Baseline |
Chinese-GSD | 0.438897 | Chinese | Baseline |
Classical_Chinese-Kyoto | 0.421589 | Classical Chinese | Baseline |
Romanian-SiMoNERo | 0.417338 | Romanian | Eastern Romance |
Chinese-CFL | 0.410452 | Chinese | Baseline |
* The values are ranked in descending order according to the COSS values.
Appendix IV: Word order freedom of the 27 corpora based on the main clauses only
Corpus | COSS (main clauses) | Language | Sub-branch |
Latin-Perseus | 0.793214 | Latin | Latin |
Latin-PROIEL | 0.774430 | Latin | Latin |
Romanian-Nonstandard | 0.768125 | Romanian | Eastern Romance |
Latin-ITTB | 0.692569 | Latin | Latin |
Catalan-AnCora | 0.617043 | Catalan | Ibero-Romance |
Spanish-AnCora | 0.593932 | Spanish | Ibero-Romance |
Galician-CTG | 0.563713 | Galician | Ibero-Romance |
French-Spoken | 0.561221 | French | Gallo-Romance |
Galician-TreeGal | 0.532583 | Galician | Ibero-Romance |
French-ParTUT | 0.526311 | French | Gallo-Romance |
Italian-PoSTWITA | 0.502648 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Spanish-GSD | 0.483907 | Spanish | Ibero-Romance |
Italian-TWITTIRO | 0.480938 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
French-GSD | 0.477861 | French | Gallo-Romance |
French-Sequoia | 0.476555 | French | Gallo-Romance |
Italian-VIT | 0.473558 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Romanian-RRT | 0.473501 | Romanian | Eastern Romance |
Italian-ISDT | 0.469827 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Portuguese-Bosque | 0.465281 | Portuguese | Ibero-Romance |
French-FQB | 0.464207 | French | Gallo-Romance |
Italian-ParTUT | 0.461698 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Italian-PUD | 0.435240 | Italian | Italo-Romance |
Classical_Chinese-Kyoto | 0.422787 | Classical Chinese | Baseline |
Romanian-SiMoNERo | 0.414387 | Romanian | Eastern Romance |
Chinese-CFL | 0.410004 | Chinese | Baseline |
Chinese-GSD | 0.408248 | Chinese | Baseline |
Chinese-GSDSimp | 0.408248 | Chinese | Baseline |
* The values are ranked in descending order according to the COSS values.
© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Aufsätze
- The complexity trade-off between morphological richness and word order freedom in Romance languages: A quantitative perspective
- Le Dit de Menage: A Fourteenth-Century Set of Anti-Matrimonial, Anti-Clerical, Anti-English Dialogues
- Contact de langues et emprunt syntaxique: une inflexion anglaise de l’ordre des mots V2 de l’anglo-normand
- ¡Qué A ni qué B!: negación expletiva, pregunta retórica, rechazo y énfasis
- Les désignations de l’évier en aranais et dans l’ensemble du domaine gascon
- Del 4x4 al dos punto cero: compuestos alfanuméricos en español
- Los resultados del pronombre latino ĔGO. La importancia del estudio de las variantes del leonés dentro del ámbito románico
- La partícula daw en el chabacano de Zamboanga
- Esercizio di filologia mercantile: sette lettere di mercanti veneziani degli anni ’40 del Trecento
- Prestiti adattati e francesismi di inerzia nel Milione toscano
- Dimmi un po’ – Zur Bedeutungsstruktur von un po’ als Modalpartikel im Italienischen
- Miszelle
- Turzismen im Italienischen und anderen europäischen Sprachen: der Typus -başı ‘Haupt-, Chef-ʼ
- Besprechungsaufsatz
- Evoluzioni vocaliche condizionate nella Romania occidentale
- Besprechungen
- Elvira Glaser/Johannes Kabatek/Barbara Sonnenhauser (edd.), Sprachenräume der Schweiz, vol. 1: Sprachen, Tübingen, Narr Francke Attempto, 2024, 462 p.
- Elissa Pustka, Französische Sprachwissenschaft. Eine Einführung, Tübingen, Narr, 2022, 290 p.
- Jakob Wüest, Une histoire des connecteurs logiques. Causalité, argumentation, conséquence, finalité et concession (Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik, 586), Tübingen, Gunter Narr Verlag, 2023, 319 p.
- Peter Nahon, Les parlers français des israélites du Midi (Travaux de Linguistique Romane. Lexicologie, onomastique, lexicographie 9), Strasbourg, Éditions de linguistique et de philologie, 2023, 476 p.
- Paolo D’Achille/Claudio Giovanardi, con la collaborazione di Kevin De Vecchis, Vocabolario del romanesco contemporaneo. Le parole del dialetto e dell’italiano di Roma, Roma, Newton Compton, 2023, 480 p.
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Frontmatter
- Aufsätze
- The complexity trade-off between morphological richness and word order freedom in Romance languages: A quantitative perspective
- Le Dit de Menage: A Fourteenth-Century Set of Anti-Matrimonial, Anti-Clerical, Anti-English Dialogues
- Contact de langues et emprunt syntaxique: une inflexion anglaise de l’ordre des mots V2 de l’anglo-normand
- ¡Qué A ni qué B!: negación expletiva, pregunta retórica, rechazo y énfasis
- Les désignations de l’évier en aranais et dans l’ensemble du domaine gascon
- Del 4x4 al dos punto cero: compuestos alfanuméricos en español
- Los resultados del pronombre latino ĔGO. La importancia del estudio de las variantes del leonés dentro del ámbito románico
- La partícula daw en el chabacano de Zamboanga
- Esercizio di filologia mercantile: sette lettere di mercanti veneziani degli anni ’40 del Trecento
- Prestiti adattati e francesismi di inerzia nel Milione toscano
- Dimmi un po’ – Zur Bedeutungsstruktur von un po’ als Modalpartikel im Italienischen
- Miszelle
- Turzismen im Italienischen und anderen europäischen Sprachen: der Typus -başı ‘Haupt-, Chef-ʼ
- Besprechungsaufsatz
- Evoluzioni vocaliche condizionate nella Romania occidentale
- Besprechungen
- Elvira Glaser/Johannes Kabatek/Barbara Sonnenhauser (edd.), Sprachenräume der Schweiz, vol. 1: Sprachen, Tübingen, Narr Francke Attempto, 2024, 462 p.
- Elissa Pustka, Französische Sprachwissenschaft. Eine Einführung, Tübingen, Narr, 2022, 290 p.
- Jakob Wüest, Une histoire des connecteurs logiques. Causalité, argumentation, conséquence, finalité et concession (Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik, 586), Tübingen, Gunter Narr Verlag, 2023, 319 p.
- Peter Nahon, Les parlers français des israélites du Midi (Travaux de Linguistique Romane. Lexicologie, onomastique, lexicographie 9), Strasbourg, Éditions de linguistique et de philologie, 2023, 476 p.
- Paolo D’Achille/Claudio Giovanardi, con la collaborazione di Kevin De Vecchis, Vocabolario del romanesco contemporaneo. Le parole del dialetto e dell’italiano di Roma, Roma, Newton Compton, 2023, 480 p.