Home Linguistics & Semiotics Chinese topic constructions are derived by movement: evidence from acceptability judgment experiments
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Chinese topic constructions are derived by movement: evidence from acceptability judgment experiments

  • Qilin Tian EMAIL logo , Myung-Kwan Park , Gong Cheng and Jiaming Wang
Published/Copyright: April 16, 2024
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Chinese, a topic-prominent language, abounds with gapped and gapless topic constructions. Several explanations of how topics are derived have been proposed, which fall into three categories: the base-generation approach, the mixed approach and the movement approach. In this study, we conducted two experiments to examine the island sensitivity of topic constructions in Chinese, bringing novel evidence to adjudicate the different approaches to topicalization in this language. The results indicate that island effects can be detected in both gapped and gapless topic constructions, which supports the movement approach to topic constructions in Chinese, making influential hypotheses such as the topic licensing condition and the topic interpretation condition dubious. Our findings also provide new evidence for the influential proposal that Merge is applied freely (Chomsky, Noam. 2001. Derivation by phase. In Michael Kenstowicz & Ken Hale (eds.), A life in language, 1–52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Chomsky, Noam. 2004. Beyond explanatory adequacy. In Adriana Belletti (ed.), Structures and beyond: The cartography of syntactic structures, 104–131. New York: Oxford University Press, Chomsky, Noam. 2008. On phases. In Robert Freidin, Carlos Otero & Maria Luisa Zubizarreta (eds.), Foundational issues in linguistic theory: Essays in honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, 133–166. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, Chomsky, Noam. 2013. Problems of projection. Lingua 130. 33–49).


Corresponding author: Qilin Tian, School of English Studies, Zhejiang International Studies University, Hangzhou, China, E-mail:

Acknowledgment

We would like to extend our heartfelt gratitude to Harry van der Hulst and the reviewers of The Linguistic Review for their constructive comments and insightful suggestions.

References

Almeida, Diogo. 2014. Subliminal wh-islands in Brazilian Portuguese and the consequences for syntactic theory. Revista da ABRALIN 13(2). 55–91. https://doi.org/10.5380/rabl.v13i2.39611.Search in Google Scholar

Aoun, Joseph, Lina Choueiri & Norbert Hornstein. 2001. Resumption, movement, and derivational economy. Linguistic Inquiry 32. 371–403. https://doi.org/10.1162/002438901750372504.Search in Google Scholar

Bassong, Paul Roger. 2021. Mismatching nominals and the small clause hypothesis. Journal of Linguistics 57. 1–46. https://doi.org/10.1017/s002222672000050x.Search in Google Scholar

Boeckx, Cedric. 2010. A tale of two minimalisms: Reflections on the plausibility of crash-proof syntax, and its free-merge alternative. In Michael T. Putnam (ed.), Exploring crash-proof grammars, 89–104. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/lfab.3.06boeSearch in Google Scholar

Bondevik, Ingrid, Dave Kush & Terje Lohndal. 2021. Variation in adjunct islands: The case of Norwegian. Nordic Journal of Linguistics 44. 223–254. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0332586520000207.Search in Google Scholar

Bošković, Željko. 2016. On the timing of labeling: Deducing comp-trace effects, the subject condition the adjunct condition, and tucking in from labeling. The Linguistic Review 33. 17–66. https://doi.org/10.1515/tlr-2015-0013.Search in Google Scholar

Bresnan, Joan. 2007. A few lessons from typology. Linguistic Typology 11. 297–306. https://doi.org/10.1515/lingty.2007.024.Search in Google Scholar

Bresnan, Joan & Tatiana Nikitina. 2009. The gradience of the dative alternation. In Linda Uyechi & Lian-Hee Wee (eds.), Reality exploration and discovery: Pattern interaction in language and life, 161–184. Stanford, CA: CSLI.Search in Google Scholar

Chafe, Wallace. 1976. Givenness, contrastiveness, definiteness, subjects, topics and point of view. In Charles Li (ed.), Subject and topic, 27–55. New York: Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, Zhong, Yuhang Xu & Zhiguo Xie. 2020. Assessing introspective linguistic judgments quantitatively: The case of the syntax of Chinese. Journal of East Asian Linguistics 29. 311–336. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10831-020-09210-y.Search in Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 2000. Minimalist inquiries: The framework. In Roger Martin, David Michaels & Juan Uriagereka (eds.), Step by step: Essays on minimalist syntax in honor of Howard Lasnik, 89–155. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 2001. Derivation by phase. In Michael Kenstowicz & Ken Hale (eds.), A life in language, 1–52. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/4056.003.0004Search in Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 2004. Beyond explanatory adequacy. In Adriana Belletti (ed.), Structures and beyond: The cartography of syntactic structures, 104–131. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780195171976.003.0004Search in Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 2008. On phases. In Robert Freidin, Carlos Otero & Maria Luisa Zubizarreta (eds.), Foundational issues in linguistic theory: Essays in honor of Jean-Roger Vergnaud, 133–166. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/7713.003.0009Search in Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam. 2013. Problems of projection. Lingua 130. 33–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2012.12.003.Search in Google Scholar

Chomsky, Noam, Ángel J. Gallego & Dennis Ott. 2019. Generative grammar and the faculty of language: Insights, questions, and challenges. Catalan Journal of Linguistics (Special issue). 229–261. https://doi.org/10.5565/rev/catjl.288.Search in Google Scholar

Engdahl, Elisabet. 1982. Restrictions on unbounded dependencies in Swedish. In Elisabet Engdahl & Eva Ejerhed (eds.), Readings on unbounded dependencies in Scandinavian languages, 151–174. Stockholm: Almqvist & Wiksell.Search in Google Scholar

Erteschik-Shir, Nomi. 1973. On the nature of island constraints. Cambridge, MA: MIT dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Featherston, Sam. 2007. Data in generative grammar: The stick and the carrot. Theoretical Linguistics 33. 269–318. https://doi.org/10.1515/tl.2007.020.Search in Google Scholar

Ferreira, Fernanda. 2005. Psycholinguistics, formal grammars, and cognitive science. The Linguistic Review 22. 365–380. https://doi.org/10.1515/tlir.2005.22.2-4.365.Search in Google Scholar

Gibson, Edward & Evelina Fedorenko. 2013. The need for quantitative methods in syntax and semantics research. Language and Cognitive Processes 28(1–2). 88–124. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690965.2010.515080.Search in Google Scholar

Han, Chung-hye. 2021. Resumptive pronouns in English. In Grant Goodall (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of experimental syntax, 211–226. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108569620.009Search in Google Scholar

Hu, Jianhua & Haihua Pan. 2009. Decomposing the aboutness condition for Chinese topic constructions. The Linguistic Review 26. 371–384. https://doi.org/10.1515/tlir.2009.014.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, Cheng-Teh James. 1982. Logic relations in Chinese and the theory of grammar. Cambridge, MA: MIT dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, Cheng-Teh James. 1984. On the distribution and reference of empty pronouns. Linguistic Inquiry 15. 531–574.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, Cheng-Teh James. 2000. Between syntax and semantics. London and New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, Nick. 2019. Variation and learnability in constraints on A-bar movement. College Park, MD: University of Maryland dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, Cheng-Teh James & Yen-hui Audrey Li. 1996. Recent generative studies on Chinese syntax. In Cheng-Teh James Huang & Yen-hui Audrey Li (eds.), New horizons of Chinese linguistics, 49–95. Dordrecht: Kluwer.10.1007/978-94-009-1608-1_3Search in Google Scholar

Huang, Cheng-Teh James, Yen-hui Audrey Li & Yafei Li. 2009. The syntax of Chinese. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Huang, Ray Rui-heng & Jen Ting. 2006. Are there dangling topics in Mandarin Chinese? Concentric: Studies in Linguistics 32(1). 119–146.Search in Google Scholar

Keshev, Maayan & Aya Meltzer-Asscher. 2017. Active dependency formation in islands: How grammatical resumption affects sentence processing. Language 93. 549–568. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2017.0036.Search in Google Scholar

Keshev, Maayan & Aya Meltzer-Asscher. 2019. A processing-based account of subliminal wh-island effects. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 37. 621–657. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-018-9416-1.Search in Google Scholar

Kluender, Robert & Marta Kutas. 1993. Subjacency as a processing phenomenon. Language and Cognitive Processes 8. 573–633. https://doi.org/10.1080/01690969308407588.Search in Google Scholar

Kush, Dave, Terje Lohndal & Jon Sprouse. 2018. Investigating variation in island effects: A case study of Norwegian wh-extraction. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 36. 743–779. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-017-9390-z.Search in Google Scholar

Kush, Dave, Terje Lohndal & Jon Sprouse. 2019. On the island sensitivity of topicalization in topicalization in Norwegian: An experimental investigation. Language 95(3). 393–420. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.0.0237.Search in Google Scholar

Kuznetsova, Alexandra, Per B. Brockhoff & Rune H. B. Christensen. 2017. lmerTest package: Tests in linear mixed effects models. Journal of Statistical Software 82(13). 1–26. https://doi.org/10.18637/jss.v082.i13.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Yen-hui Audrey. 1990. Order and constituency in Mandarin Chinese. Dordrecht: Kluwer.10.1007/978-94-009-1898-6Search in Google Scholar

Li, Charles & Sandra Thompson. 1976. Subject and topic: A new typology of language. In Charles Li (ed.), Subject and topic, 457–489. New York: Academic Press.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Yen-hui Audrey & Wei Wei. 2019. Determining structures without morphological clues: Chinese adverbial phrases with apparent clausal complements. Paper presented at 12th International Workshop on Theoretical East Asian Linguistics, University of Macau, 9–10, July.Search in Google Scholar

Lin, Tzong-Hong Jonah. 2011. Finiteness of clauses and raising of arguments in Mandarin Chinese. Syntax 14. 48–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9612.2010.00145.x.Search in Google Scholar

Linzen, Tal & Yohei Oseki. 2018. The reliability of acceptability judgments across languages. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics 3(1). 1–25. https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.528.Search in Google Scholar

Lu, Jiayi, Cynthia Thompson & Masaya Yoshida. 2020. Chinese Wh-in-situ and islands: A formal judgment study. Linguistic Inquiry 51. 611–623. https://doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00343.Search in Google Scholar

Marantz, Alec. 2005. Generative linguistics within the cognitive neuroscience of language. Linguistic Review 22. 429–445. https://doi.org/10.1515/tlir.2005.22.2-4.429.Search in Google Scholar

McDaniel, Dana & Wayne Cowart. 1999. Experimental evidence for a minimalist account of English resumptive pronouns. Cognition 70. B15–B24. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0010-0277(99)00006-2.Search in Google Scholar

Narita, Hiroki & Naoki Fukui. 2022. Symmetrizing syntax: Merge, minimality, and equilibria. London and New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315671901Search in Google Scholar

Ott, Dennis. 2010. Grammaticality, interfaces, and UG. In Michael T. Putnam (ed.), Exploring crash-proof grammars, 89–104. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/lfab.3.05ottSearch in Google Scholar

Ott, Dennis. 2015. Symmetric merge and local instability: Evidence from split topics. Syntax 18. 157–200. https://doi.org/10.1111/synt.12027.Search in Google Scholar

Pan, Victor Junnan. 2016. Resumptivity in Mandarin Chinese: A minimalist account. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110492385Search in Google Scholar

Pan, Haihua & Jianhua Hu. 2008. A semantic-pragmatic interface account of (dangling) topics in Mandarin Chinese. Journal of Pragmatics 40. 1966–1981. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2008.03.005.Search in Google Scholar

Pañeda, Claudia, Sol Lago, Elena Vares, João Veríssimo & Claudia Felser. 2020. Island effects in Spanish comprehension. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics 5(1). 1–30. https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.1058.Search in Google Scholar

Phillips, Colin. 2010. Should we impeach armchair linguists? Japanese/Korean Linguistics 17. 49–64.Search in Google Scholar

R Core Team. 2021. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing.Search in Google Scholar

Rizzi, Luigi. 2004. Locality and left periphery. In Adriana Belletti (ed.), Structures and beyond: The cartography of syntactic structures, vol. 3, 223–251. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780195171976.003.0008Search in Google Scholar

Rizzi, Luigi. 2006. On the form of chains: Criterial positions and ECP effects. In Lisa Lai-Shen Cheng & Norbert Corver (eds.), Wh-movement: Moving on, 97–133. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/7197.003.0010Search in Google Scholar

Shi, Dingxu. 1992. The nature of topic comment constructions and topic chains. Los Angeles: University of Southern California dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Shi, Dingxu. 2000. Topic and topic-comment constructions in Mandarin Chinese. Language 76. 383–408. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2000.0070.Search in Google Scholar

Sichel, Ivy. 2014. Resumptive pronouns and competition. Linguistic Inquiry 45. 655–693. https://doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00169.Search in Google Scholar

Sichel, Ivy. 2018. Anatomy of a counterexample: Extraction from relative clauses. Linguistic Inquiry 49. 335–378. https://doi.org/10.1162/ling_a_00275.Search in Google Scholar

Sprouse, Jon. 2007. A program for experimental syntax: Finding the relationship between acceptability and grammatical knowledge. College Park, MD: University of Maryland dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Sprouse, Jon & Diogo Almeida. 2012. Assessing the reliability of textbook data in syntax: Adger’s core syntax. Journal of Linguistics 48. 609–652. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000011.Search in Google Scholar

Sprouse, Jon & Diogo Almeida. 2017. Design sensitivity and statistical power in acceptability judgment experiments. Glossa: A Journal of General Linguistics 2(1). 1–32. https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.236.Search in Google Scholar

Sprouse, Jon, Ivano Caponigro, Ciro Greco & Carlo Cecchetto. 2016. Experimental syntax and the variation of island effects in English and Italian. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 34. 307–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-015-9286-8.Search in Google Scholar

Sprouse, Jon, Shin Fukuda, Hajime Ono & Robert Kluender. 2011. Reverse island effects and the backward search for a licensor in multiple wh-questions. Syntax 14. 179–203. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9612.2011.00153.x.Search in Google Scholar

Sprouse, Jon, Carson T. Schütze & Diogo Almeida. 2013. A comparison of informal and formal acceptability judgments using a random sample from Linguistic Inquiry 2001–2010. Lingua 134. 219–248. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2013.07.002.Search in Google Scholar

Sprouse, Jon, Matt Wagers & Colin Phillips. 2012. A test of the relation between working-memory capacity and syntactic island effects. Language 88. 82–123. https://doi.org/10.1353/lan.2012.0004.Search in Google Scholar

Stepanov, Arthur. 2007. The end of CED: Minimalism and extraction domains. Syntax 10. 80–126. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9612.2007.00094.x.Search in Google Scholar

Stepanov, Arthur, Manca Mušič & Penka Stateva. 2018. Two (non-) islands in Slovenian: A study in experimental syntax. Linguistics 56(3). 435–476. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling-2018-0002.Search in Google Scholar

Tang, Tingchi. 1977. Studies in transformational grammar of Chinese, 1. Taipei: Student Books Company Ltd.Search in Google Scholar

Uriagereka, Juan. 1999. Multiple spell-out. In Samuel David Epstein & Norbert Hornstein (eds.), Working minimalism, 251–282. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.10.7551/mitpress/7305.003.0012Search in Google Scholar

Vincent, Jake, Ivy Sichel & Matthew Wagers. 2022. Extraction from English RCs and cross-linguistic similarities in the environments that facilitate extraction. Languages 7. 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages7020117.Search in Google Scholar

Wasow, Thomas & Jennifer Arnold. 2005. Intuitions in linguistic argumentation. Lingua 115. 1481–1496. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2004.07.001.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Liejiong. 1986. Free empty category. Linguistic Inquiry 17. 75–93.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Liejiong. 2006. Topicalization in Asian languages. In Martin Everaert & Henk van Riemsdijk (eds.), The Blackwell companion to syntax, vol. 5, 137–174. Oxford: Blackwell.10.1002/9780470996591.ch73Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Liejiong & Donald Terence Langendoen. 1985. Topic structures in Chinese. Language 61. 1–27. https://doi.org/10.2307/413419.Search in Google Scholar

Xu, Liejiong & Danqing Liu. 2007. Huati de jiegou yu gongneng [Topic: Structure and function]. Shanghai: Shanghai Educational Publishing House.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Niina Ning. 2002. Island effects and episodic eventualities in Chinese topicalization. In Daniel Hole, Paul Law & Niina Zhang (eds.), Linguistics by heart: In honor of Horst-Dieter Gasde, 164–176. Berlin: ZAS-Berlin.Search in Google Scholar

Published Online: 2024-04-16
Published in Print: 2024-06-25

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 29.1.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/tlr-2024-2012/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button