Abstract
A purely phonological account of reduplication based on the affixation of empty prosodic nodes predicts the attested typology of multiple reduplication. Languages that can combine more than one reduplication-triggering morpheme in a word differ in (1) whether all reduplicants surface faithfully, (2) whether they systematically avoid adjacent multiple reduplicants, or (3) whether one of the reduplicants is smaller than expected if another reduplicant is adjacent in multiple reduplication contexts. Morphological accounts of reduplication not only violate the modularity between phonology and morphology, they also fail to predict this attested typology.
Funding source: DFG
Award Identifier / Grant number: ZI 1717/1-1
Acknowledgement
For valuable comments and discussion I am grateful to the participants of the meeting of the Vancouver Phonology group on April 07, 2018, of the linguistics colloquium at Victoria on April 12, 2018, and of the mfm Fringe meeting ‘Phonological solutions to morphological problems’ on May 23, 2018. I'm especially indebted to Su Urbanczyk, John Alderete, Doug Pulleyblank, and Henry Thomas for helpful discussions.
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Research funding: This research was generously supported by a DFG research grant to the project ‘Multiple Reduplication: Typology and Theory’ (ZI 1717/1-1).
Appendix: Languages with MR
| 1. | Tigre | FMR | IR | P | Afro-Asiatic | Semitic |
| Rose (2003) | ||||||
| 2. | Arapaho | FMR | CR | P | Algic | Algonquian |
| Cowell and Moss (2008) | ||||||
| 3. | Fox | FMR | CR | P | Algic | Algonquian |
| Dahlstrom (1997) | ||||||
| 4. | Plains Cree | FMR | CR | P | Algic | Algonquian |
| Ahenakew and Wolfart (1983) | ||||||
| 5. | Fungwa | FMR | IR | P | Atlantic-Congo | Volta-Congo |
| Akinbo (2018, 2019) | ||||||
| 6. | Siraya | FMR | CR | P | Austronesian | East Formosan |
| Adelaar (2000) | ||||||
| 7. | Bikol | FMR | CR | P | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Donner (2012) | ||||||
| 8. | Helong | FMR | CR, IR | P | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Balle (2017) | ||||||
| 9. | Javanese | FMR | CR | F | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Miyake (2011), Noske et al. (1982) | ||||||
| 10. | Mokilese | FMR | SR | P | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Harrison (1974) | ||||||
| 11. | Palauan | FMR | CR | P | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Finer (1990), Zuraw (2003) | ||||||
| 12. | Papapana | FMR | CR | P | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Smith (2016) | ||||||
| 13. | Pingelapese | FMR | IR | F | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| (Hattori 2012; Rehg 1981) | ||||||
| 14. | Rotuman | FMR | IR | P | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Blenkiron (2007) | ||||||
| 15. | Sikaiana | SMR | CR | P | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Donner (2012) | ||||||
| 16. | Tagalog | FMR | CR | P | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Blake (1917) | ||||||
| 17. | Toqabaqita | AMR | IR | P | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Lichtenberk (2008) | ||||||
| 18. | Tuvaluan | FMR | CR | F | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Besnier (2000) | ||||||
| 19. | Vaeakau-Tamako | FMR | IR | P | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Næss and Hovdhaugen (2011) | ||||||
| 20. | Yami | FMR | CR | P | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Rau (2005) | ||||||
| 21. | Southern Paiwan | FMR | CR | P | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian |
| Blust (2013) | ||||||
| 22. | Thao | FMR | IR | P | Austronesian | Western Plains |
| Blust (2001) | ||||||
| 23. | Klamath | FMR | CR | F | Klamath-Modoc | |
| Barker (1964), Zoll (2002) | ||||||
| 24. | Lushootseed | SMR | CR | P | Salishan | Central Salish |
| Urbanczyk (2001) | ||||||
| 25. | Mainland Comox | FMR | CR | P | Salishan | Central Salish |
| Blake (2000), Watanabe (1994) | ||||||
| 26. | Musqueam | FMR | CR | P | Salishan | Central Salish |
| Suttles (2004) | ||||||
| 27. | Saanich | FMR | CR | P | Salishan | Central Salish |
| Montler (1986) | ||||||
| 28. | Upriver Halkomelem | FMR | CR | P | Salishan | Central Salish |
| Galloway (1993) | ||||||
| 29. | Colville | FMR | CR | P | Salishan | Interior Salish |
| Mattina (1973) | ||||||
| 30. | Lillooet | FMR | CR | P | Salishan | Interior Salish |
| van Eijk (1997) | ||||||
| 31. | Shuswap | FMR | CR | P | Salishan | Interior Salish |
| Broselow (1983), Kuipers (1974) | ||||||
| 32. | Spokane | FMR | CR | P | Salishan | Interior Salish |
| Carlsen (1989) | ||||||
| 33. | Thompson | FMR | CR | P | Salishan | Interior Salish |
| Thompson and Thompson (1992) | ||||||
| 34. | Stau | FMR | SR | P | Sino-Tibetan | Burmo-Qiangic |
| Gates (2017) | ||||||
| 35. | Taiwanese | FMR | SR | F | Sino-Tibetan | Sinitic |
| Zhang and Lai (2007) | ||||||
| 36. | Ahousaht | AMR | CR | P | Wakashan | S. Wakashan |
| Kim (2003b) | ||||||
| 37. | Ditidaht | AMR | CR | P | Wakashan | S. Wakashan |
| Stonham (1994) | ||||||
| 38. | Kyuoquot | AMR | CR | P | Wakashan | S. Wakashan |
| Rose (1981) | ||||||
| 39. | Makah | AMR | CR | P | Wakashan | S. Wakashan |
| Davidson (2002) | ||||||
| 40. | Tsishaath | AMR | CR | P | Wakashan | S. Wakashan |
| Stonham (2004) | ||||||
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CR = concatenative MR/IT = iterative MR/S = MR where one reduplicative morpheme does not occur on its own (cf. Section 2). P = only partial reduplication is involved in MR/F = at least one reduplicative morpheme in MR contexts involves full reduplication. FMR = Faithful MR/AMR = unfaithful MR with Avoidance/SMR = unfaithful MR with subtraction.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Phonological solutions to morphological problems
- Research Articles
- Size, allomorphy and guttural-final stems in Modern Hebrew
- Phonological evidence for morpho-syntactic structure in Athapaskan
- Phonology to the rescue: Nez Perce morphology revisited
- Bracketing Paradoxes resolved
- A phonological reanalysis of morphological segment deletion and de-affrication in Ik
- How to derive allomorphy: a case study from Czech
- Two is too much…in the phonology!
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Editorial
- Phonological solutions to morphological problems
- Research Articles
- Size, allomorphy and guttural-final stems in Modern Hebrew
- Phonological evidence for morpho-syntactic structure in Athapaskan
- Phonology to the rescue: Nez Perce morphology revisited
- Bracketing Paradoxes resolved
- A phonological reanalysis of morphological segment deletion and de-affrication in Ik
- How to derive allomorphy: a case study from Czech
- Two is too much…in the phonology!