Home Technology Design of accurate integrated torque metering system for determining the fan efficiency of a turbofan engine
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Design of accurate integrated torque metering system for determining the fan efficiency of a turbofan engine

  • Sergiy Yepifanov , Konstiantyn Podgor’sky and Igor Loboda EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: January 20, 2026
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

The known shaft torque helps with accurate engine control and diagnostics and is important for determining power and efficiency. For turbofan engines the known fan torque allows better estimating fan efficiency. Nevertheless, a component performance on a testbed differs from the same performance on the operating engine. Moreover, the testbeds are energy consuming. Therefore, testing of a component within the operating engine is the best way to know component performances. For turbofan testing, external torque meters are of little use, and a built-in meter is the unique option. This paper describes the design of a novel meter for a fan shaft torque in an existing turbofan engine. The paper first determines the torque measurement accuracy necessary for estimating fan efficiency. Then, a torque meter scheme based on shaft twisting is proposed. Finally, a 3D stress state meter model that determines a shaft twist angle for the given torque was developed.


Corresponding author: Igor Loboda, Escuela Superior de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: Sergiy Yepifanov: scientific leadership, paper reduction, correction of the manuscript. Konstiantyn Podgor’sky: research work, preparation of the draft of the text and figures. Igor Loboda: corresponding author, paper composition, English, correction of the text and figures.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

1. Soares, C. Gas turbines: a handbook of air, land and sea applications. In: Performance testing new gas turbine engines: parameters and calculations, 2nd ed. Elsevier Inc.; 2015. [Chapter 10].Search in Google Scholar

2. Federal Acquisition regulationsSubpart F. Block tests. Aircraft engines 2025. Part 33. https://www.ecfr.gov/current/title-14/chapter-I/subchapter-C/part-33/subpart-Fb08/11/2024 .Search in Google Scholar

3. Yu, Z, Qiu, Z, Li, H, Xue, J. Measuring the no-load running torque of RV reducer based on the SVD and MCSA/Zhen Yu. Lianyu Zhao. Measurement 2022;190:110796–8.10.1016/j.measurement.2022.110697Search in Google Scholar

4. Torque sensors [Електронний ресурс] – kistler. Measure. Analyze. Innovate, 2023. https://www.kistler.com/INT/en/c/torque-sensors/CG21-torque-sensors [Accessed 13 Nov 2025].Search in Google Scholar

5. Maria Grazia De, G, Strafella, L, Menga, N, Ficarella, A. Intelligent combined neural network and Kernel principal component analysis tool for engine health monitoring purposes. Aerospace 2022;9:118. https://doi.org/10.3390/aerospace9030118.Search in Google Scholar

6. S Togni, T Nikolaidis, S Sampath, Comparing different schemes in a combined technique of kalman filter, artificial neural network and fuzzy logic for gas turbines online diagnostics. ASME turbo expo 2022, June 13-17, 2022, rotterdam, The Netherlands, 8p., ASME Paper GT2022-82037.Search in Google Scholar

7. Brouckaert, J-F, Mirville, F, Phuah, K, Taferner, P. Clean sky research and demonstration programs for next generation aircraft engines. Aeronaut J 2018;122:1163–75. https://doi.org/10.1017/aer.2018.37.Search in Google Scholar

8. Whurr, J, Beecroft, P. Rolls-Royce’s long term civil aircraft propulsion system concept and technology strategy. In: Int Symposium Air Breath Engines. paper ISABE-2017-22531:19. p.Search in Google Scholar

9. Calvert, WJ, Emmerson, PR, Moore, JM. Design, test and analysis of a high-pressure-ratio transonic fan. In: Proc. of ASME Turbo Expo 2003 Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASME paper GT2003-38302, Atlanta, Georgia, USA; 2003:11. p.10.1115/GT2003-38302Search in Google Scholar

10. Kablitz, S, Bergner, J, Hennecke, DK, Schodl, R. Darmstadt rotor no. 2, III: experimental analysis of an aft-swept axial transonic compressor stage. Int J Rotating Mach 2003;9:393–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/10236210390241619.Search in Google Scholar

11. Gannon, AJ, Hobson, SV, Shreeve, RP. A transonic compressor stage. Part I: experimental results. In: Proc. Of ASME turbo expo 2004 power for land, sea, and air. ASME paper GT2004-53923, Vienna, Austria; 2004:7. p.10.1115/GT2004-53923Search in Google Scholar

12. Rolfes, M, Lange, M, Vogeler, K. Experimental investigation of circumferential groove casing treatments for large tip clearances in a low-speed axial research compressor. In: Proc. of ASME Turbo Expo 2015 Power for Land, Sea, and Air, Montreal, Canada; 2015:10. p.10.1115/GT2015-42646Search in Google Scholar

13. Touyeras, A, Villain, M. Aerodynamic design and test result analysis of a three-stage research compressor. In: Proc. of ASME Turbo Expo 2004 Power for Land, Sea, and Air. ASME paper GT2004-53940, Vienna, Austria; 2004:9. p.10.1115/GT2004-53940Search in Google Scholar

14. Pankov, SV, Mileshin, VI, Korzhnev, VN. Numerical and experimental investigations bypass-flow fans for an advanced civil aircraft engine. St. Petersburg, Russia: 29-th Congress of the International Council of the Aeronautical Sciences; 2014:9 p.Search in Google Scholar

15. Pankov, SV, Mileshin, VI, Orekhov, IK, Fateev, VA. Development of direct-driven and geared fan stages with reduced tip speeds. In: Proc. of ASME Turbo Expo 2017 Power for Land, Sea, and Air. Charlotte, NC, USA; 2017:11. p.10.1115/GT2017-64585Search in Google Scholar

16. Mileshin, V. A review of new experimental technologies for the development of advanced fans with high bypass ratio. Int J Turbomach Propuls Power 2018;3:21–32. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijtpp3030021.Search in Google Scholar

17. Nipkau, J, Power, B, Jordan, M. Aeromechanical design and test of a modern highly loaded fan. In: Proc. of ASME Turbo Expo 2017 Power for Land, Sea, and Air, Charlotte, NC, USA; 2017:11. p.10.1115/GT2017-64630Search in Google Scholar

18. Podgors’ky, K, Yepifanov, S. Accuracy analysis of the fan efficiency experimental determination using torque meter. Aerospace Technics and Technology. Journal. Kharkov, Ukraine: National Aerospace University; 2023;1:35–46. pp https://doi.org/10.32620/aktt.2023.1.04.Search in Google Scholar

19. Kiliç, K. The analysis of the reference shaft under torque measurement unit for turboshaft engines: master thesis/K. Kiliç. Sabanci University; 2020:61 p.Search in Google Scholar

20. AM Ferrar, WC SchneckIII, WF O’Brien, Leveraging correlation to reduce uncertainty in efficiency measurements for low pressure ratio fans. In: Proc. of ASME Turbo Expo 2016 Power for Land, Sea, and Air, Seoul, Korea, 2016. 11 p.10.1115/GT2016-57718Search in Google Scholar

21. Analysis of the test results of the D-36 engine with a fan of a serial profile and with a wide-chord fan. Technical report no. VKMS-TO-15-10 on a research and development work (part II)]. Moscow: CIAM Publ, 2011, 118 p.Search in Google Scholar

22. Bodin, RM. Speed or torque probe for gas turbine engines. US patent no. US8549931; 2013.Search in Google Scholar

23. Sirenko, S, Yepifanov, S, Podgorsky, K, Nechunaev, S. New approach to torque measurement unit development and its calibration. J Konbin 2018;46:75–86. https://doi.org/10.2478/jok-2018-0024.Search in Google Scholar

24. Oleynik, AV. The concept and methods of lifetime depletion monitoring of gas turbine air-engine based on a dynamic identification of thermal and stress condition of main details. Sc.D. thesis. Kharkov, Ukraine: National Aerospace Univ.; 2006.Search in Google Scholar

25. Herrera, CM, Yepifanov, S, Loboda, I. Improvement of turbine blade lifetime assessment by more accurate estimation of the thermal boundary conditions. Adv Mech Eng 2017;9:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/1687814017698613 Search in Google Scholar

26. Oleynik, AV, Shimanovskaya, AN, The choice of algorithms for monitoring the temperature of parts in steady conditions to account for the lifetime depletion of a gas turbine engine. Aerosp Sci Technol 2003;40:105–8.Search in Google Scholar

27. Zelenskyi, R, Yepifanov, S, Martseniuk, Y, Kravchenko, I, Loboda, I. Dynamic turbine clearance simulation considering the influence of temperature on mechanical load-induced displacements. J Aero Eng 2017;30:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)AS.1943-5525.0000751 Search in Google Scholar

28. Sonin, AA. The physical bases of dimensional analysis, 2nd ed. Cambridge: Dept. of Mech. Eng. MIT; 2001.Search in Google Scholar

29. Saravanamuttoo, HIH, Rogers, GFC, Cohen, H. Gas turbine theory, 5th ed. Pearson Education; 2001:491 p.Search in Google Scholar

30. Yepifanov, SV, Kuznetzov, BI, Bogayenko, IN, et al.. Synthesis of control and diagnostic systems of gas-turbine engines. Kyiv, Ukraine: Engineering; 1998:312 p.Search in Google Scholar

31. Visser, WPJ, Broomhead, MJ. GSP, A generic object-oriented gas turbine simulation environment; ASME Paper 2000-GT-2; 2000:20 p.10.1115/2000-GT-0002Search in Google Scholar

32. Kurzke, J. Advanced user-friendly gas turbine performance calculation on a personal computer; ASME Paper 95-GT-147; 1995, vol. 8.10.1115/95-GT-147Search in Google Scholar

33. Mathioudakis, K, Stamatis, A, Tsalavoutas, A, Aretakis, N. Instructing the principles of gas turbine performance monitoring and diagnostics by means of interactive computer models. Munich, Germany: International Gas Turbine & Aeroengine Technical Congress; 2000:24 p.10.1115/2000-GT-0584Search in Google Scholar

34. Claus, RW, Ewans, AL, Follen, GJ. Multi-disciplinary propulsion simulation using NPSS. Cleveland, OH; AIAA(USAF)NASA/OAI symposium on multidisciplinary analysis and optimization, September 21-23, 1992. Technical Papers. Pt. 1 (A93-20301 06-66) AIAA-92-4709-CP.Search in Google Scholar

35. Smits, AJ, Dussauge – Birkhäuser, J-P. Turbulent shear layers in supersonic flow. New York: Springer; 2006:410 p.Search in Google Scholar

36. Khalatov, AA. Heat transfer and hydrodynamics in the fields of mass forces. J Eng Phys Thermophys 2010;83:794–808. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10891-010-0397-0.Search in Google Scholar

37. Seghir-Ouali, S, Saury, D, Harmand, S, Phillipart, O, Laloy, D. Convective heat transfer inside a rotating cylinder with an axial air flow. Int J Therm Sci 2006;45:1166–78. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2006.01.017.Search in Google Scholar

38. Bergman, TL, Lavine, AS, Incropera, FP, DeWitt, DP. Fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, 8th ed. Wiley; 2018.Search in Google Scholar

39. Etemand, GA. Free convection heat transfer from a rotating horizontal cylinder to ambient air with interferometric study of flow. Trans ASME 1955;77:386.10.1115/1.4014666Search in Google Scholar

40. Dropkin, D, Carmi, A. Natural convection heat transfer from a rotating horizontal cylinder rotating in air. Trans ASME 1957;79:741. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4013143.Search in Google Scholar

41. Becker, KM. Measurements of convective heat transfer from a horizontal cylinder rotating in a pool of water. Trans ASME 1963;77:22.Search in Google Scholar

42. Bjorklund, JS, Kays, WM. Heat transfer between concentric rotating cylinders. J Heat Tran 1959;81:175–86. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4008173.Search in Google Scholar

43. Aoki, H, Nohira, H, Arai, H. Convective heat transfer in an annulus with an inner rotating cylinder. Bull JSME 1967;10:523–32. https://doi.org/10.1299/jsme1958.10.523.Search in Google Scholar

44. Tachibana, F, Fukui, S, Mitsumura, H. Heat transfer in an annulus with an inner rotating cylinder. Bull JSME 1969;8:119–23. https://doi.org/10.1299/jsme1958.3.119.Search in Google Scholar

45. Maron, DM, Cohen, S. Hydrodynamics and heat/mass transfer near rotating surfaces. Adv Heat Transf 1991;21:141–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2717(08)70335-6.Search in Google Scholar

46. Becker, KM, Kaye, J. The influence of a radial temperature gradient on the instability of fluid flow in an annulus with an inner rotating cylinder. J Heat Tran 1962;84:106–10. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.3684306.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2024-12-07
Accepted: 2025-11-24
Published Online: 2026-01-20

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 19.1.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/tjj-2024-0105/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button