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Label-free detection of double-stranded DNA molecules with polyelectrolyte-modified capacitive field-effect sensors

  • Thomas S. Bronder

    Thomas S. Bronder studied Biomedical Engineering (B.Eng.) at the FH Aachen – University of Applied Sciences in Jülich (Germany) from 2008 to 2011. He switched to the Leibniz University Hannover (Germany) and received his Master of Science degree in 2013. In the same year, he started with his PhD thesis at the Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies at FH Aachen in Jülich (Germany). His research focuses on DNA detection, electronic readout, (bio)functionalization and characterization of surfaces, field-effect and impedimetric (bio)sensors.

    FH Aachen – University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany

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    , Arshak Poghossian

    Arshak Poghossian received his PhD degree in solid-state physics from Leningrad Electrotechnic Institute in 1978 and the Dr. Sci. degree in solid-state electronics and microelectronics from the State University of Yerevan (Armenia) in 1995. After being an associate professor of State Engineering University of Armenia and director of Microsensor Ltd. (Yerevan) from 1991 to 1996, he has been a professor at the University of Management and Information (Yerevan). Since 1998, he has been with the Institute of Thin Films and Interfaces (now, Peter Grünberg Institute-8) at the Research Centre Jülich, and since 2004, he joined the Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB) at Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Germany. In 2008, he has been appointed as Honorary Professor. In 2011, he was elected as a Foreign Member of Armenian National Academy of Sciences. His research interests are solid-state chemical sensors and biosensors, sensor materials, nano-devices, microsystem technology, nano- and biotechnology.

    FH Aachen – University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany

    , Michael Keusgen

    Michael Keusgen studied pharmacy at University of Bonn between 1984 and 1988. The full license as pharmacist was achieved in 1989. Between 1990 and 1993, he worked on his Ph.D. thesis dealing with complex analysis of marine phenoliccompounds. In 1993, a one year research stay at the Institute for Marine Biosciences at the National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, followed. In 1994, an independent research group with the focus on biosensors was established at University of Bonn. A professorship for pharmaceutical chemistry at University of Marburg was obtained in 2003. Since 2007, he is dean of the pharmaceutical faculty.

    Philipps University Marburg, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Marbacher Weg 6–10, 35032 Marburg, Germany

    and Michael J. Schöning

    Michael J. Schöning received his PhD in 1993 at Karlsruhe University of Technology in the field of semiconductor-based microsensors for the detection of ions in liquids. From 1993 until 1999, he has been with the Institute of Thin Films and Interfaces (now, Peter Grünberg Institute-8) at the Research Centre Jülich, and since 1999, he was appointed as full professor at Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Campus Jülich. Since 2006, he serves as a director of the Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB) at the Aachen University of Applied Sciences. His main research subjects concern silicon-based chemical and biological sensors, thin-film technologies, solid-state physics, microsystem and nano(bio-)technology.

    FH Aachen – University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany

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Published/Copyright: April 26, 2017

Abstract

In this study, polyelectrolyte-modified field-effect-based electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor (EIS) devices have been used for the label-free electrical detection of double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (dsDNA) molecules. The sensor-chip functionalization with a positively charged polyelectrolyte layer provides the possibility of direct adsorptive binding of negatively charged target DNA oligonucleotides onto the SiO2-chip surface. EIS sensors can be utilized as a tool to detect surface-charge changes; the electrostatic adsorption of oligonucleotides onto the polyelectrolyte layer leads to a measureable surface-potential change. Signals of 39 mV have been recorded after the incubation with the oligonucleotide solution. Besides the electrochemical experiments, the successful adsorption of dsDNA onto the polyelectrolyte layer has been verified via fluorescence microscopy. The presented results demonstrate that the signal recording of EIS chips, which are modified with a polyelectrolyte layer, can be used as a favorable approach for a fast, cheap and simple detection method for dsDNA.

Zusammenfassung

In dieser Studie wurden Polyelektrolyt-modifizierte Feldeffekt-basierte Elektrolyt-Isolator-Halbleiter (EIS)-Strukturen für die markierungsfreie elektrische Detektion von Doppelstrang-Desoxyribonukleinsäure (dsDNA)-Molekülen eingesetzt. Die Sensorchip-Funktionalisierung mit Hilfe einer positiv geladenen Polyelektrolyt-Schicht bietet die Möglichkeit der direkten adsorptiven Bindung von nachzuweisenden, negativ geladenen Ziel-DNA-Oligonukleotiden mit der SiO2-Chipoberfläche an. EIS-Sensoren können zur Detektion von Ladungsänderungen an der Sensoroberfläche verwendet werden; dabei führt die elektrostatische Adsorption der (nachzuweisenden) Oligonukleotide auf der Polyelektrolyt-Schicht zu einer messbaren Veränderung des Oberflächenpotentials. Es wurden Sensorsignale von 39 mV nach der Inkubation des Chips mit Oligonukleotid-Lösungen gemessen. Neben den elektrochemischen Experimenten wurde die erfolgreiche Adsorption der dsDNA auf der Polyelektrolyt-Schicht mittels Fluoreszenzmikroskopie kontrolliert. Die vorgestellten Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Signalerfassung mit EIS-Chips, die mit einer Polyelektrolyt-Schicht modifiziert wurden, zur schnellen, günstigen und einfachen Detektion von dsDNA erfolgen kann.

About the authors

Thomas S. Bronder

Thomas S. Bronder studied Biomedical Engineering (B.Eng.) at the FH Aachen – University of Applied Sciences in Jülich (Germany) from 2008 to 2011. He switched to the Leibniz University Hannover (Germany) and received his Master of Science degree in 2013. In the same year, he started with his PhD thesis at the Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies at FH Aachen in Jülich (Germany). His research focuses on DNA detection, electronic readout, (bio)functionalization and characterization of surfaces, field-effect and impedimetric (bio)sensors.

FH Aachen – University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany

Arshak Poghossian

Arshak Poghossian received his PhD degree in solid-state physics from Leningrad Electrotechnic Institute in 1978 and the Dr. Sci. degree in solid-state electronics and microelectronics from the State University of Yerevan (Armenia) in 1995. After being an associate professor of State Engineering University of Armenia and director of Microsensor Ltd. (Yerevan) from 1991 to 1996, he has been a professor at the University of Management and Information (Yerevan). Since 1998, he has been with the Institute of Thin Films and Interfaces (now, Peter Grünberg Institute-8) at the Research Centre Jülich, and since 2004, he joined the Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB) at Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Germany. In 2008, he has been appointed as Honorary Professor. In 2011, he was elected as a Foreign Member of Armenian National Academy of Sciences. His research interests are solid-state chemical sensors and biosensors, sensor materials, nano-devices, microsystem technology, nano- and biotechnology.

FH Aachen – University of Applied Sciences, Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany

Michael Keusgen

Michael Keusgen studied pharmacy at University of Bonn between 1984 and 1988. The full license as pharmacist was achieved in 1989. Between 1990 and 1993, he worked on his Ph.D. thesis dealing with complex analysis of marine phenoliccompounds. In 1993, a one year research stay at the Institute for Marine Biosciences at the National Research Council of Canada, Halifax, followed. In 1994, an independent research group with the focus on biosensors was established at University of Bonn. A professorship for pharmaceutical chemistry at University of Marburg was obtained in 2003. Since 2007, he is dean of the pharmaceutical faculty.

Philipps University Marburg, Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Marbacher Weg 6–10, 35032 Marburg, Germany

Michael J. Schöning

Michael J. Schöning received his PhD in 1993 at Karlsruhe University of Technology in the field of semiconductor-based microsensors for the detection of ions in liquids. From 1993 until 1999, he has been with the Institute of Thin Films and Interfaces (now, Peter Grünberg Institute-8) at the Research Centre Jülich, and since 1999, he was appointed as full professor at Aachen University of Applied Sciences, Campus Jülich. Since 2006, he serves as a director of the Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB) at the Aachen University of Applied Sciences. His main research subjects concern silicon-based chemical and biological sensors, thin-film technologies, solid-state physics, microsystem and nano(bio-)technology.

FH Aachen – University of Applied Sciences, Jülich, Institute of Nano- and Biotechnologies (INB), Heinrich-Mußmann-Str. 1, 52428 Jülich, Germany

Acknowledgement

The authors kindly acknowledge the financial support of the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung, BMBF; DiaCharge project 031A192D). Special thanks to H. Iken for sensor fabrication in the clean room, S. Scheja and M. P. Jessing for their assistance with sensor preparation and measurements.

Received: 2017-2-3
Revised: 2017-3-29
Accepted: 2017-3-30
Published Online: 2017-4-26
Published in Print: 2017-10-26

©2017 Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

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