Gender assignment in language contact
Abstract
This paper deals with an important aspect of the integration of loan nouns into the grammatical systems of languages attesting to grammatical gender, namely gender assignment. Traditionally, it is assumed that gender assignment takes place according to the internal assignment rules of the replica language. In many cases, however, the original grammatical gender is borrowed along with the source word. This is the case of gender copy which often takes place under special (sociolinguistic) conditions and is used as assignment strategy in languages to a different extent. A special focus of my study is on gender assignment and particularly gender copy in the contact of languages of different assignment types (formal vs. semantic). The empirical data comes from five European languages in different sociolinguistic situations, attesting to different assignment systems and of different language branches of two language families – Indo-European (Romanian, Slavic, and Indo-Arian) and Nakh-Daghestanian (Lezgic and Tsezic). The analysis shows that gender copy is possible mostly in the contact of languages of the same assignment type. In the contact of languages of the formal assignment type, gender copy often goes along with the formal adjustment of the loan word. Sociolinguistic circumstances play an important role as to the possibility and frequency of the occurrence of gender copy.
Funding source: Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG)
Award Identifier / Grant number: 451922097
Acknowledgments
I am grateful to Thomas Stolz for inspiring and fruitful discussions on the subject of gender assignment in language contact and for his valuable comments on the draft version of this paper. I gratefully acknowledge the technical support of my student assistants Iuliia Loktionova, Paula Müller, Lisa Schremmer, and Salka Zufall. My thanks go to my colleagues Kevin Behrens, Julia Nintemann, and Maike Vorholt whose comments helped me to improve this article. All remaining errors are mine.
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Research funding: This research was funded by the grant of the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), project “Gender Copy in comparative perspective”, project number 451922097.
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