Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of language contact on the Nakh-Daghestanian language Hinuq. Hinuq is a rather small language that has been in contact with larger languages for several centuries; among them the traces of Avar and Russian are particularly visible. The paper provides an overview about all observable influences on the phonology, morphology and syntax of Hinuq as well as on the lexicon. Avar is the main source for borrowed morphology and loan words. The influence of Russian on the Hinuq lexicon is growing, especially among the young speakers, but it is still smaller compared to Avar. With respect to the syntax no Avar impact can be detected since the languages belong to the same language family and large parts of the syntactic features and rules bear strong resemblances in the two languages. By contrast, Russian, which is genetically unrelated and typologically different from Hinuq, has some influence on the Hinuq constituent order.
Abbreviations
- i–v
genders i–v
- A
Avar
- abl
ablative
- add
additive
- adv
adverbial
- aloc
animate location
- cond
conditional
- cop
copula
- cvb
converb
- dat
dative
- dist
distributive
- emph
emphatic
- erg
ergative
- func
functive
- gen
genitive
- H
Hinuq
- hab
habitual
- icvb
imperfective converb
- in
location ‘in’
- iloc
inanimate location
- lat
lative
- m
masculine
- neg
negation
- npl
neuter plural
- obl
oblique stem
- pl
plural
- prs
present
- pst
past
- ptcp
participle
- purp
purposive
- R
Russian
- red
reduplication
- sim
simultaneous
- spr
location ‘on’
- trans
translative
- uwpst
unwitnessed past
References
Alekseev, Mikhail E., S. Z. Alixanov, Boris M. Ataev, M. A. Magomedov, I. I. Magomedov, G. I. Madieva, Patimat A. Saidova & Samedov Dzh. S. 2014. Sovremennyj avarskij jazyk [Modern Avar language]. Makhachkala: Aleph.Search in Google Scholar
Alekseev, Mixail E. & Boris M. Ataev. 1998. Avarskij jazyk [The Avar language]. Moscow: Academia.Search in Google Scholar
Bakker, Dik, Jorge G. Rendón & Ewald Hekking. 2008. Spanish meets Guaraní, Otomí and Quichua: A multilingual confrontation. In Thomas Stolz, Dik Bakker & Rosa Salas Palomo (eds.), Aspects of language contact: New theoretical, methodological and empirical findings with special focus on Romancisation processes, 165–238. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110206043.165Search in Google Scholar
Belyaev, Oleg. 2014. Contact influences on Ossetic. Unpublished manuscript. Moscow.Search in Google Scholar
Bokarev, Evgenij A. 1959. Cezskie (didojskie) jazyki Dagestana [Tsezic (Dido) languages of Daghestan]. Moscow: Izdatel’stvo Akademii nauk SSSR.Search in Google Scholar
Bokarev, Evgenij A. 1967. Ginuxskij jazyk [The Hinuq language]. In Evgenij A. Bokarev & K. V. Lomtatidze (eds.), Jazyki narodov SSSR, vol. 4, 436–454. Moscow: Nauka.Search in Google Scholar
Chafe, Wallace. 1980. The pear stories: Cognitive, cultural, and linguistic aspects of narrative production. Norwood NJ: Ablex.Search in Google Scholar
Chumakina, Marina. 2009. Loanwords in Archi, a Nakh-Daghestanian language of the North Caucasus. In Martin Haspelmath & Uri Tadmor (eds.), Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, 430–446. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110218442.430Search in Google Scholar
Comrie, Bernard. 2008. Linguistic diversity in the Caucasus. Annual Review of Anthropology 37. 131–143.10.1146/annurev.anthro.35.081705.123248Search in Google Scholar
Comrie, Bernard & Madžid Š. Khalilov. 2009. Loanwords in Bezhta, a Nakh-Daghestanian language of the North Caucasus. In Martin Haspelmath & Uri Tadmor (eds.), Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, 416–429. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110218442.414Search in Google Scholar
Creissels, Denis. 2014a. Functive phrases in typological and diachronic perspective. Studies in Language 38. 605–647.10.1075/bct.88.07creSearch in Google Scholar
Creissels, Denis. 2014b. Functive-transformative marking in Akhvakh and other Caucasian languages. In Michael Daniel, Vladimir A. Plungian & Ekatarina A. Ljutikova (eds.), Jazyk. Konstanty. Peremennye: Pamjati Aleksandra Evgenʹeviča Kibrika [Language. Constants. Variables. To the memory of Alexander Kibrik], 430–449. Sankt-Peterburg: Aletejja.Search in Google Scholar
Daniel, Michael, Nina Dobrushina & S. Knyazev. 2010. Highlander’s Russian: Case study in bilingualism and language interference in Central Daghestan. In Arto S. Mustajoki (ed.), Instrumentarium of linguistics: Sociolinguistic approaches to non-standard Russian, 65–93. Helsinki: Department of Modern Languages.Search in Google Scholar
Daniel, Michael, Nina Dobrushina, Tat'jana Sosenskaja & Sergei Tatevosov. 2001. Derivacionnaja morfologija [Derivational morphology]. In Aleksandr E. Kibrik (ed.), Bagvalinskij jazyk [The Bagvalal language], 186–197. Moscow: Nasledie.Search in Google Scholar
Forker, Diana. 2013. A grammar of Hinuq. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110303971Search in Google Scholar
Friedman, Victor A. 2010. Sociolinguistics in the Caucasus. In Martin J. Ball (ed.), The Routledge handbook of sociolinguistics around the world, 127–138. London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Gardani, Francesco. 2008. Borrowing of inflectional morphemes in language contact. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.10.3726/978-3-653-04373-0Search in Google Scholar
Gardani, Francesco. 2012. Plural across inflection and derivation, fusion and agglutination. In Lars Johanson & Martine I. Robbeets (eds.), Copies versus cognates in bound morphology, 71–97. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004230477_005Search in Google Scholar
Gardner-Chloros, Penelope. 1987. Code-switching in relation to language contact and convergence. In Georges Lüdi (ed.), Devenir bilingue – parler bilingue, 99–115. Tübingen: Niemeyer.10.1515/9783111594149.99Search in Google Scholar
Gimbatov, M. M. (Ms). Avarsko-russkij slovar’ [Avar-Russian dictionary] (2 volumes). Makhachkala: Institut JaLI DNC RAN.Search in Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 2009. Lexical borrowing: Concepts and issues. In Martin Haspelmath & Uri Tadmor (eds.), Loanwords in the world’s languages: A comparative handbook, 35–54. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110218442.35Search in Google Scholar
Höhlig, Monika. 1997. Kontaktbedingter Sprachwandel in der adygeischen Umgangssprache im Kaukasus und in der Türkei. Munich: Lincom.Search in Google Scholar
Imnajšvili, David S. 1963. Didojskij jazyk v sravnenii s ginuxskim i xwaršijskim jazykami [The Dido language in comparsion with Hinuq and Khwarshi]. Tbilisi: Izd. AN Gruzinskoj SSR.Search in Google Scholar
Kazenin, Konstantin. 1997. Sintaksičeskie ograničenija i puti ix ob”jasnenija [Syntactic restrictions and their explanation]. Moscow: MSU PhD Thesis.Search in Google Scholar
Khalilov, Madžid Š. 1995. Bežtinkso-russkij slovar’ [Bezhta-Russian dictionary]. Maxačkala: Institut JaLI DNC RAN.Search in Google Scholar
Khalilov, Madžid Š. 2004. Gruzinsko-dagestanskie jazykovye kontakty [Georgian-Daghestanian language contacts]. Moscow: Nauka.Search in Google Scholar
Khalilov, Madžid Š. & Isak A. Isakov. 2005. Ginuxsko-russkij slovar’ [Hinuq-Russian dictionary]. Makhachkala: Institut JaLI DNC RAN.Search in Google Scholar
Khalilova, Zaira. 2009. A grammar of Khwarshi. Utrecht: LOT.Search in Google Scholar
Kibrik, Aleksandr E. & Sandro V. Kodzasov. 1990. Sopostavitelʼnoe izučenie dagestanskix jazykov: Imja. Fonetika [The contrastive study of Daghestanian languages. The noun. Phonology]. Moscow: MGU.Search in Google Scholar
Korjakov, Jurij B. 2006. Atlas kavkazskix jazykov [Atlas of Caucasian languages]. Moscow: Linguarium.Search in Google Scholar
Lomtadze, Èlizbar A. 1963. Ginuxskij dialekt didojskogo jazyka [The Hinuq dialect of the Dido language]. Tbilisi: Izd. AN Gruzinskoj SSR.Search in Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 1998. Utterance modifiers and universals of grammatical borrowing. Linguistics 36. 281–331.10.1515/ling.1998.36.2.281Search in Google Scholar
Matras, Yaron. 2009. Language contact. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511809873Search in Google Scholar
Mayer, Mercer. 1969. Frog, where are you? New York: Dial Books for Young Readers.Search in Google Scholar
Moseley, Christopher (ed.). 2010. Atlas of the world’s languages in danger. Paris: UNESCO Publishing.Search in Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna. 2007. Head gender/source gender in Nakh-Daghestanian: Synchrony and typology: Talk presented at the Conference on the languages of the Caucasus, MPI EVA Leipzig, December 2007. Leipzig.Search in Google Scholar
Nichols, Johanna. 2013. The vertical archipelago: Adding the third dimension to linguistic geography. In Peter Auer, Martin Hilpert, Anja Stukenbrock & Benedikt Szmrecsanyi (eds.), Space in language and linguistics: Geographical, interactional, and cognitive perspectives, 38–60. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110312027.38Search in Google Scholar
Rizaxanova, M. Š. 2006. Ginuxcy [The Hinuq people]. Makhachkala: Institut Istorii, arxeologii i Ètnografii DNC RAN.Search in Google Scholar
Saidov, Magomedsajid. 1967. Avarsko-russkij slovar’ [Avar-Russian dictionary]. Moscow: Izdat. Sovetskaja Ènciklopedija.Search in Google Scholar
Sakel, Jeanette. 2007. Language contact between Spanish and Mosetén: A study of grammatical integration. International Journal of Bilingualism 11. 25–52.10.1177/13670069070110010301Search in Google Scholar
Seifart, Frank. 2015. Does structural-typological similarity affect borrowability? Language Dynamics and Change 5. 92–113.10.1163/22105832-00501004Search in Google Scholar
Skopeteas, Stavros. 2012. Syntactic change and language contact in Caucasian Urum. Talk at the conference “Typology, Theory: Caucasus”, Boğaziçi University Istanbul.Search in Google Scholar
Testelec, Jakov G. 1998a. Word order in Daghestanian languages. In Anna Siewierska (ed.), Constituent order in the languages of Europe, 257–280. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110812206.257Search in Google Scholar
Testelec, Jakov G. 1998b. Word order variation in some SOV languages of Europe. In Anna Siewierska (ed.), Constituent order in the languages of Europe, 649–679. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110812206.649Search in Google Scholar
Thomason, Sarah G. 2015. When is the diffusion of inflectional morphology not dispreferred? In Francesco Gardani, Peter Arkadiev & Nino Amiridze (eds.), Borrowed morphology, 27–46. Berlin & Boston: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9781614513209.27Search in Google Scholar
Tomlin, Russell. 1986. Basic word order: Functional principles. London: Croom Helm.Search in Google Scholar
Wohlgemuth, Jan. 2009. A typology of verbal borrowings. Berlin & New York: De Gruyter.10.1515/9783110219340Search in Google Scholar
© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Languages of the Caucasus and contact-induced language change
- The loss of case system in Ardeshen Laz and its morphosyntactic consequences
- The impact of language contact on Hinuq
- Complement clauses in Caucasian Urum
- The development of person agreement and the cliticization of personal pronouns in Batsbi
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Languages of the Caucasus and contact-induced language change
- The loss of case system in Ardeshen Laz and its morphosyntactic consequences
- The impact of language contact on Hinuq
- Complement clauses in Caucasian Urum
- The development of person agreement and the cliticization of personal pronouns in Batsbi