Abstract
This paper aims to study instrumental related functions in some Western Iranian languages. The data were collected from descriptive grammars, and interviews in some cases. Narrog’s instrumental semantic map is the basis for analyzing polysemy patterns in these languages. The data show that two main polysemy patterns are attested: (1) Instrumental and companion functions are coded alike. (2) They are coded differently. These two patterns are distributed areally. Furthermore, some languages are shifting/have shifted between these two types mainly as a result of contact-induced matters. In languages in which two or more functions are not directly connected, one marker generally has both instrumental and dative functions.
Acknowledgements
We express our gratitude to Heiko Narrog and the reviewers for their rich feedback on the first version of this paper. Any remaining shortcomings are our sole responsibility. This work has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No 665850.
Abbreviations
- acc
accusative
- add
additive
- adp
adposition
- advlz
adverbilizer
- attr
attributive
- aug
augment
- aux
auxiliary
- caus
causative
- clf
classifier
- com
comitative
- comp
complementizer
- cop
copula
- dat
dative
- def
definite
- dem
demonstrative
- dimin
diminutive
- dir
direct
- dist
distal
- ep
epenthesis
- evid
evidentiality
- ez
ezafeh
- f
feminine
- gen
genitive
- imp
imperative
- ind
indicative
- indf
indefinite
- inf
infinitive
- ins
instrumental
- io
indirect object
- ipfv
imperfective
- loc
locative
- m
masculine
- na
not analyzed
- neg
negative
- nmlz
nominalizer
- obj
object
- obl
oblique
- pass
passive
- pc
personal clitic
- pl
plural
- pn
proper noun
- post
postposition
- pprf
pluperfect
- prox
proximal deixis
- prf
perfect
- prs
present
- pst
past
- ptcp
participle
- pvb
preverb
- rch
relative clause head marker
- recp
reciprocal
- rel
relativizer
- refl
reflexive
- sbjv
subjunctive
- sg
singular
- top
topic
- tr
transitive
References
Anderson, Lloyd B. 1982. The ‘perfect’ as a universal and as a language-particular category. In Paul J. Hopper (ed.), Tense-aspect: Between semantics & pragmatics, 227–264. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.1.16andSearch in Google Scholar
Anderson, Lloyd B. 1986. Evidentials, paths of change, and mental maps: Typologically regular asymmetries. In Wallace Chafe & Johanna Nichols (eds.), Evidentiality: The linguistic encoding of epistemology, 273–312. Norwood: Ablex.Search in Google Scholar
Anonby, Erik & Ashraf Asadi. 2014. Bakhtiari studies: Phonology, text, lexicon. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.Search in Google Scholar
Authier, Gilles. 2012. Grammaire juhuri, ou judéo-tat, langue iranienne des Juifs du Caucase de l’est. Wiesbaden: Reichert.10.29091/9783752005349Search in Google Scholar
Auwera, Johan van der. 2013. Semantic maps: For synchrony and diachrony. In Anna Giacalone Ramat, Caterina Mauri & Piera Molinelli (eds.), Synchrony and diachrony: A dynamic interface, 153–176. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/slcs.133.07auwSearch in Google Scholar
Auwera, Johan van der & Andrej Malchukov. 2005. A semantic map for depictive adjectivals. In Nikolaus P. Himmelmann & Eva Schultze-Berndt (eds.), Secondary predication and adverbial modification, 393–421. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199272266.003.0013Search in Google Scholar
Auwera, Johan van der & Vladimir A. Plungian. 1998. Modality’s semantic map. Linguistic Typology 2(1). 79–124.10.1515/lity.1998.2.1.79Search in Google Scholar
Axenov, Serge. 2006. The Balochi language of Turkmenistan. A corpus-based grammatical description [Studia Iranica Upsaliensia 10]. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.Search in Google Scholar
Bedir Khan, Emir & Roger Lescot. 1970. Grammaire kurde (dialecte kurmandji). Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve.Search in Google Scholar
Croft, William. 2001. Radical construction grammar. Syntactic theory in typological perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198299554.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Croft, William. 2003. Typology and universals. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511840579Search in Google Scholar
Croft, William & Keith T. Poole. 2008. Inferring universals from grammatical variation: Multidimensional scaling for typological analysis. Theoretical Linguistics 34(1). 1–37.10.1515/THLI.2008.001Search in Google Scholar
Cysouw, Michael. 2007. Building semantic maps: The case of person marking. In Matti Miestamo & Bernhard Wälchli (eds.), New challenges in typology, 225–248. Berlin: Mouton.10.1515/9783110198904.4.225Search in Google Scholar
Cysouw, Michael, Martin Haspelmath & Andrej Malchukov. 2010. Introduction to special issue “Semantic maps: Methods and applications”. Linguistic Discovery 8(1). 1–3.10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.358Search in Google Scholar
Dabir-Moghaddam, Mohammad. 2013. Typology of Iranian languages. 2 vols. Tehran: Samt.Search in Google Scholar
Haig, Geoffrey & Fatemeh Nemati 2013. Clitics at the syntax-pragmatics inference: The case of Delvāri pronominal enclitics. Conference paper held at the ICIL 5, Bamberg.Search in Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 1997a. Indefinite pronouns. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198235606.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 1997b. From space to time: Temporal adverbials in the world’s languages. Munich/Newcastle: Lincom Europa.Search in Google Scholar
Haspelmath, Martin. 2003. The geometry of grammatical meaning: Semantic maps and cross-linguistic comparison. In Michael Tomasello (ed.), The new psychology of language. Vol. 2, 211–242. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Search in Google Scholar
Jahani, Karina & Agnes Korn. 2009. Balochi. In Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian languages, 634–692. London/New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Janda, Laura A. 2007. Aspectual clusters of Russian verbs. Studies in Language 31. 607–648.10.1075/sl.31.3.04janSearch in Google Scholar
Kemmer, Suzanne. 1993. The middle voice. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.23Search in Google Scholar
Lehmann, Christian & Yong-Min Shin. 2005. The functional domain of concomitance. A typological study of instrumental and comitative relations. In Christian Lehmann (ed.). Typological studies in participation, 9–104. Berlin: Akademie Verlag.10.1524/9783050080536.9Search in Google Scholar
Levinson, Stephen C., Sergio Meira & the Language and Cognition Group. 2003. ‘Natural concepts’ in the spatial topological domain – adpositional meanings in crosslinguistic perspective: An exercise in semantic typology. Language 79(3). 485–516.10.1353/lan.2003.0174Search in Google Scholar
Luraghi, Silvia. 2001. Syncretism and the classification of semantic roles. Language Typology and Universals/STUF 54(1). 35–51.10.1524/stuf.2001.54.1.35Search in Google Scholar
MacKenzie, David N. 1966. The dialect of Awroman (Hawrāmānī luhōn). Kobenhaven: Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab.Search in Google Scholar
Mahmoudveysi, Parvin, Denise Baily, Ludwig Paul & Geoffrey Haig. 2012. The Gorani language of Gawraju, a village of West Iran. Texts, grammar, and lexicon. Wiesbaden: Reichert.10.29091/9783752005332Search in Google Scholar
Malchukov, Andrej L. 2004. Towards a semantic typology of adversative and contrast marking. Journal of Semantics 21(2). 177–198.10.1093/jos/21.2.177Search in Google Scholar
McCarus, Ernest N. 2009. Kurdish. In Gernot Windfuhr (ed.), The Iranian languages, 587–633. London/New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Najafi, A. 1999. Colloquial Persian dictionary. Tehran: Niloofar.Search in Google Scholar
Narrog, Heiko. 2009. Varieties of instrumental. In Andrej Malchukov & Andrew Spencer (eds.), The Oxford handbook of case. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199206476.013.0041Search in Google Scholar
Narrog, Heiko. 2010. A diachronic dimension in maps of case functions. Linguistic Discovery 8(1). 233–254.10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.352Search in Google Scholar
Narrog, Heiko & Shinya Ito. 2007. Reconstructing semantic maps: The comitative-instrumental area. Language Typology and Universals/STUF 60(4). 273–292.10.1524/stuf.2007.60.4.273Search in Google Scholar
Newman, John. 1996. Give: A cognitive linguistic study. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110823714Search in Google Scholar
Nourzaei, Mariam, Carina Jahani, Erik Anonby & Abbas Ali Ahangar. 2015. Koroshi. A corpus-based grammatical description. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.Search in Google Scholar
Paul, Daniel. 2011. A comparative dialectal description of Iranian Taleshi. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Manchester.Search in Google Scholar
Rastorgueva, V. S., A. A. Kerimova, A. K. Mamedzade, L. A. Pireiko & D. I. Edel’man. 2012. The Gilaki language. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis.Search in Google Scholar
Rice, Sally & Kaori Kabata. 2007. Crosslinguistic grammaticalization patterns of Allative. Linguistic Typology 11(3). 451–514.10.1515/LINGTY.2007.031Search in Google Scholar
Samvelian, Pollet. 2007. A (phrasal) affix analysis of Persian Ezafe. Journal of Linguistics 43(3). 605–645.10.1017/S0022226707004781Search in Google Scholar
Stassen, Leon. 1997. Intransitive predication. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198236931.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Stilo, Donald. 2016. Mazanderani, entry for Encyclopedia Iranica (draft version).Search in Google Scholar
Stolz, Thomas, Cornelia Stroh & Aina Urdze. 2013. Comitatives and instrumentals. In Matthew S. Dryer & Martin Haspelmath (eds.), The World Atlas of Language Structures online. Leipzig: Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology. http://wals.info/chapter/52 (Accessed 20 July 2015)Search in Google Scholar
Thackston, Wheeler M. 2006a. Kurmanji Kurdish. A reference grammar with selected readings. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Kurmanji/Search in Google Scholar
Thackston, Wheeler M. 2006b. Sorani Kurdish. A reference grammar with selected readings. http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/Sorani/Search in Google Scholar
Windfuhr, Gernot. 2009. The Iranian languages. London/New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Yamaguchi, Kazuyuki.2004. A typological, historical, and functional study of adpositions in the languages of the world. PhD thesis, University of New Mexico.Search in Google Scholar
Yar-Shater, Ehsan. 1969. A grammar of Southern Tati dialects. The Hague/Paris: Mouton.Search in Google Scholar
© 2017 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Identifying Adj + N compounds in Modern Standard Arabic
- Instrumental semantic map in Western Iranian languages
- Desires, wishes and hopes – Desiderative predicates and presuppositions
- Within-type variation in Satellite-framed languages: The case of Serbian
- Review Article
- From Africa via the Americas to Iceland
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Identifying Adj + N compounds in Modern Standard Arabic
- Instrumental semantic map in Western Iranian languages
- Desires, wishes and hopes – Desiderative predicates and presuppositions
- Within-type variation in Satellite-framed languages: The case of Serbian
- Review Article
- From Africa via the Americas to Iceland