Path-expressing constructions: Toward a typology
-
Jean-Michel Fortis
and
Alice Vittrant
Abstract
This paper discusses Talmy’s typology of motion events and provides an outline of our own approach. In the first part, we present Talmy’s typology, its origin and evolution, the various objections which have been raised against it, and some data which, in current typological work, have been recognized marginally or not at all. In the second part, we describe our own approach, with a double goal in sight: first, of overcoming the difficulties met by current proposals, and, next, of providing an inventory of constructions used in the encoding of path. This inventory is given in an appendix.
Abbreviations
- 1, 2, 3, 4
nominal class (cf. Bantu)
- abl
ablative
- acc
accusative
- adn
adnominal (case and/or adposition)
- all
allative
- aor
aorist
- appl
applicative
- art
article
- asp
aspect
- b
base
- c
construction
- caus
causative
- cl
classifier
- comp– DIR
no directional complement
- comp+ DIR
directional complement (adposition, particle, adverb)
- cv
conveyance voice
- cvb
converb
- dat
dative
- def
definite
- diath
voice marker
- dim
diminutive
- dx
deictic
- emph
emphatic
- fem
feminine
- fut
future
- gen
genitive
- hon
honorific
- iA
argumental index
- imp
imperfect
- incl
inclusive
- indf
indefinite
- inf
infinitive
- lnk
linker
- loc
locative
- masc
masculine
- n
neuter
- neut
neutral
- nn
noun
- nom
nominative
- obl
oblique
- opt
optative
- part
participle
- pfv
perfective
- pl
plural
- pot
potential/future
- prog
progressive
- prs
present
- pst
past
- r
relator
- real
realis
- s1:X
1st p. subject of nominal class X
- s2:X
2nd p. subject of nominal class X
- s3:X
3rd p. subject of nominal class X
- s
satellite
- SA
satellite of argument
- s&vi
affix of associated motion (‘go thither/come hither and do’ or ‘do and go thither/ come hither’)
- seq
consecutive
- sg
singular
- st
stem
- sbj
subject
- tam
tense/aspect/mood
- top
topic marker
- –VMAN+VPATH
verbs of unequal status
- +VMAN+VPATH
verbs of equal status
- vFACT
factive verb (‘do’)
- VMAN
path verb
- V_MOV
verb having no motional component
- VPATH
manner of motion verb
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Appendix
| Family | Head sphere(H & S) | Argument sphere(A, R, SA) | Differentia | Illustrated in | ||
| H | 1 | VPATH | comp+ DIR | radical | Swahili1 | |
| 2 | (–VMAN) –VMAN+VPATH | comp+ DIR | asymmetrical | Burmese2 | ||
| 3 | +VMAN+VPATH | comp+ DIR | equipollent | Mandarin3 | ||
| 4 | adn | comp+ DIR | adnominal | Indonesian4 | ||
| S | 1 | S-VMAN | comp+ DIR | affixed | German5 | |
| 2 | VMAN S | comp+ DIR | phrasal | English6 | ||
| 3 | (+VMAN) +VMAN–VPATH | comp+ DIR | asymmetrical | Thai7 | ||
| 4 | +V–MOV | comp+ DIR | coerced | German8 | ||
| 5 | +VST—VSTPATH | comp+ DIR | multipartite | Atsugewi9 | ||
| 6 | B-diath | comp+ DIR | diathetic | Tagalog10 | ||
| 7 | VMAN-appl | comp+ DIR | applicative | Zulu11 | ||
| A | 1 | n comp–DIR | – | English, Japanese12 | ||
| R | 1 | +V–MOV | comp+DIR | coerced | German13 | |
| 2 | VMAN | comp+DIR | English14 | |||
| HS | 1 | VPATH S | Ø/comp+ DIR | phrasal | English15 | |
| 2 | +VPATH–VMAN–VPATH | Ø/comp+ DIR | generic | Jaminjung16 | ||
| 3 | VPATH-appl | comp+ DIR | applicative | Tswana17 | ||
| 4 | VPATH -IA | comp+ DIR | indexed | LSF18 | ||
| HR | 1 | +VPATH | comp+DIR | multiple | English, Ancient Greek19 | |
| 2 | (–VMAN) –VMAN+VPATH | comp+DIR | asymmetrical | Japanese20 | ||
| AR | 1 | nn | comp+DIR | – | Japanese, French21 | |
| AS | 1 | nn | SA | – | Tagalog22 | |
| SR | 1 | +VMAN–VPATH | comp+DIR | asymmetrical | Fon23 | |
| 2 | S-VMAN | comp+DIR | affixed | Polish24 | ||
| 3 | S-S-VMAN | comp+DIR | multi-affixed | Ancient Greek25 | ||
| 4 | Vi–PATh –S&ViPATH | comp+DIR | associated motion | Ese Ejja26 | ||
| 5 | (–VMAN) –VPATH+VFACT | comp+DIR | factive | Japanese27 | ||
| HSR | 1 | +VPATH–VMAN–VPATH | comp+DIR | generic | Jaminjung28 | |
| 2 | S-VPATH | comp+DIR | affixed | Ancient Greek29 | ||
| 3 | S-S-VPATH | comp+DIR | multi-affixed | Ancient Greek30 | ||
| 4 | (–VMAN) –VPATH+VPATH | comp+DIR | asymmetrical | Japanese31 | ||
| 5 | ViPATH – S&ViPATH | comp+DIR | associated motion | Ese Ejja32 | ||
| ARS | 1 | nn | SA... comp+DIR | – | German33 | |
| C | 1 | VMAN | comp+ DIR | – | English34 | |
| CH | 1 | –VMAN+VPATH | nACC | comp+ DIR | – | Japanese35 |
1Swahili [Ombuya, p.c.]
| ni-li-toka | busta-ni | ni-ka-enda | barabar-ni. |
| s1:1-pst-leave | garden-loc | s1:1-seq-go | street-loc |
(lit.) ‘I left the garden and went into the street.’
2Burmese [Vittrant 2015]
| kaɔN2le3 | laN3-ʃaɔʔ | θwa3-Tɛ2. |
| woman-dim | road-walk | go.dx=real |
‘A young woman walks away [from the DC].’
3Mandarin [Talmy 2009: 398]
| tā | zǒu | jìn | le | gōng-yuán. |
| s/he | walk | enter | pfv | park |
‘S/he walked into the park.’
4Indonesian [Hagège 2010: 247]
| mǝreka | kǝ | bioskop. |
| 3pl | toward | movies |
‘They (are going) to the movies.’
5German [Internet]
| auf | der | Suche | nach | diesem | Laden | haben | wir |
| on | the | search | after | this | shop | have | we |
| die | ganze | Stadt | durch-laufen. |
| the | entire | town | through-run |
(lit.) ‘In search of this shop, we ran through the whole town.’
6English
he climbed down. [Warotamasikkhadit 1988: 7, in Hagège 2010: 169]
7Thai
| khǎw | rîiprɔ́ɔn | dǝǝn | jàak | raw | pay. |
| 3sg | hurry | walk | leave | 1pl | go |
‘He hurriedly walked away from us.’
8German
| ich | muß | hin-ein. |
| I | must | dx-in |
‘I must go in.’
9Atsugewi [Talmy 1972: 56 f.]
ˀw-uh-qput-ićt -a
3sg.sbj-freebody-dirt-aliquid-tam
‘Something dirty fell into a liquid.’
[Talmy’s gloss ‘freebody’ stands for an entity in free fall or flying; ‘aliquid’ is for ‘(into a) liquid element’ and is analyzed as a satellite; Talmy 1972: 44]
10Tagalog [Internet, online fiction]
| i-binote | niya | ang | lambanog. |
| cv-pfv.bottle | 2sg.gen | nom | coconut wine |
‘S/he bottled the coconut wine.’
11Zulu [Taylor 1996]
| umfana | ugijimele | esikole-ni. |
| boy | he.ran.appl | school-loc |
‘The boy ran to school.’
12English
a party was held to celebrate Mark’s leaving the ship.
Japanese [Ishibashi, p.c.]
| (...) iwa-no | mae-no | tuuka | si-masi-ta. |
| stone-gen | in front of-gen | passing by | do-cvb-pst |
(lit.) ‘(...) (il) a fait un passage devant une pierre.’
13German [Internet]
meine Eltern wollen zu den Amisch (…) Ich will aber nicht ins Mittelalter.
‘My parents want <to move> to the Amish (…) but I don’t want <to go back> to the Middle-Ages.’
14English
I walked from the station up to the hotel.
15 English
he went up.
16Jaminjung [Schultze-Berndt 2006: 83]
| jalig-malang | yugung | walig | ga-jga-ny-nu. |
| child-given | run.cvb | around.cvb | 3sg-go-pst-3sg.obl |
‘The child ran around for him.’
[jga ‘go’ is a “generic” verb; according to Schultze-Berndt (2000, 2006), Jaminjung only has 35 verbs, all of generic meaning. Further specification is brought by converbs]
17Tswana [Creissels 1998: 133]
| o | tlaa | bo-ela | Gaborone. |
| s1 | fut | leave-appl | Gaborone |
‘He went leave from/to Gaborone.’
18French Sign Language [Risler, p.c.]
sign at place of argument x in signing space – sign at place of argument y in signing space - sign of verb GO from place of x to place of y.
‘go from x to y.’
19Ancient Greek [Imbert 2010]
| kníse: | d’ | ouranòn | hîken | helissoméne: | perì | kapnôi. |
| smell | lnk | sky.acc | go.imp | eddying | around | smoke.dat |
‘The savor went up to heaven, eddying amid the smoke.’ (Homer, Iliad I.317)
English
The first time a train went from New York to Chicago was in 1902.
20Japanese [Shibatani 2003]
| Ken-wa | gakkoo-ni | arui-te | it-ta. |
| Ken-top | school-to | walk-cvb | go-pst |
‘Ken went to school walking.’
21Japanese [Morita 2009]
| Kuruma-ga | eki-kara | shuppatsu | shi-ta. |
| car-sbj | station-abl | departure | do-pst |
‘The car left from the station.’
French
l’acheminement à l’aéroport se fait par une navette.
(lit.) ‘The transfer to the airport is done by a shuttle.’
22Tagalog [Internet, online fiction]
| pinagpa-tuloy | nang | gang | ang | paglalakbay | patimog. |
| pag.caus.pfv-continue | gen | gang | nom | trip | southward |
‘The gang resumed its trip southward.’
23Fon [Lambert-Bretière 2009: 14]
| cùkú | ɔ́ | lɔ́ | tɔ́n | sín | xɔ | ɔ́ | mɛ̀. |
| dog | def | jump | exit | from | room | def | in |
‘The dog jumped out of the room.’
[Lambert-Bretière argues that tɔ́n ‘exit’ is less verbal than lɔ ‘jump’]
24Polish [Kopecka, p. c.]:
| chłopiec | wy-biegł | z | morza | na | plażę. |
| boy.nom | out-run.pfv | from | sea.gen | on | beach.acc |
(lit.) ‘The boy ran out of the sea onto the beach.’
25Ancient Greek [Imbert 2010]
| toi | homòn | lékhos | eis-ana-baínoi. |
| 2sg.dat | same.acc | bed.acc | to-up-walk.opt.prs.3sg |
‘(A woman that) shall go up into thy bed.’ (Homer, Iliad VIII.291)
26Ese Ejja [Vuillermet, p.c., suffixes of associated motio]
| ixya-ki-kwe! | ixya-wa-kwe! |
| eat-s&vi-imp | eat-s&vi-imp |
(lit.) ‘Go and eat!’ (lit.) ‘Come and eat!’
27Japanese [Morita 2009: 102]
| sensei | ga | kyooshitsu-to | ofisu-no | aida-o |
| teacher | nom | classroom-and | office-gen | between-acc |
| nando-mo | iki-ki | shi-ta. | ||
| several times-emph | go.cvb-come.cvb | do-pst |
‘The teacher went back and forth several times between the classroom and his office.’
28Jaminjung [Schultze-Berndt 2006: 93]
| bunburr | yurru-w-ijga | yagbali-bina | buru. |
| take.off.multiply | 1pl.incl-pot-go | place-all | return |
‘Let’s all take off to go back to the camp.’
29Ancient Greek [Imbert, p.c.]
| énth’ | hé: | g’ | eis-elthoûsa. |
| there | she | lnk | to-go.part.aor.nom |
‘Therein she entered.’ (Homer, Iliad XIV.169)
30Ancient Greek [Imbert, p.c.]
| keînon | mèn | dè: | ne:usìn | epi-pro-ée:ka | thoê:isin |
| yon.masc.acc | lnk | lnk | ship.dat.pl | at-forth-send.aor.1sg | swift.dat.pl |
| eltheîn | eis | Akhilê:a. |
| go.inf | to | Achilles.acc |
‘Yon man have I verily sent forth to the swift ships, to go to Achilles.’
31Japanese [Ishibashi, p.c.]
| onnanohito-ga | dookutu-no | naka-kara | de-te | iki-masi-ta. |
| woman-nom | cave-gen | inside-abl | exit-cvb | go-hon-pst |
‘The woman uh exited from the inside of the cave away from me.’
32Ese Ejja [Vuillermet, p.c.]
| xani-asixe | dobi-ki-ani. |
| cave-to | go.in-s&vi-prs |
‘(The child) goes into the cave.’
33German [Internet]
| die | zunehmende | Ausdehnung | der | Städte | in | die | Agrargebiete |
| the | increasing | extension | the.gen.pl | cities | in | the | agricult. zones |
‘The increasing extension of cities into agricultural zones…’
34Dutch [Sinha and Kuteva 1995: 173]
| de | jongen | loopt | het | bos | in. |
| The | boy | walks | the | woods | in |
‘The boy walks into the woods’
35Japanese [Morita 2009: 237]
| Taroo-ga | Omekaidoo-o | hashit-te | it-ta. |
| Taro-nom | Ome road-acc | run-cvb | go-pst |
(lit.) ‘Taro went the road running’, i.e. ‘Taro ran across the road’.
©2016 by De Gruyter Mouton
