The Great Powers Competition and Increasing Entropy in the Local Media Across Africa and Asia

Elizabeth Gooch; Steven Kim; Nicholas Sobrepena; Stone Goethe; Eric Eckstrand

doi:10.1515/spp-2023-0048

Article

The Great Powers Competition and Increasing Entropy in the Local Media Across Africa and Asia

Elizabeth Gooch , Steven Kim , Nicholas Sobrepena , Stone Goethe and Eric Eckstrand

Published/Copyright: October 25, 2024

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From the journal Statistics, Politics and Policy Volume 15 Issue 3

Abstract

The current United States National Defense Strategy prioritizes strategic competition with Russia and China, whereas for the previous two decades, the priority was counter-terrorism. This research aims to measure the extent to which competition among great powers is intensifying and identify where such intensification is taking place. To achieve this, we utilize a large, open-source dataset called GDELT 2.0, which provides an archive of global news articles. We calculate the entropy for local press coverage of great powers (e.g., the United States, China, Russia, France, and India) across 96 African and Asian nations to measure static competition levels. Additionally, we identify African and Asian nations where competition levels have changed significantly between 2015 and 2020. Our findings show that seven countries are experiencing increased competition among great powers, whereas seven other countries experience increased domination by one great power. When we aggregate the data geographically, we find that Southeast Asia is the only subregion where there is a significant decrease in competition. Our results align with the primary concern of the National Defense Strategy: that American influence is decreasing. Specifically, we have identified increased competition across Africa and increased domination across Asia. These trends are due to a relatively higher reporting of Chinese in-country public and private entities between 2015 and 2020.

Keywords: global politics; national security; influence; China; Russia; United States

Corresponding author: Elizabeth Gooch, US Federal Economist, Washington, DC, USA, E-mail: gooch.atlanta@gmail.com

Declarations of interest: None.

Appendix A: Relative Power Measure Tables for France, India, and Russia

Table A.1:

The relative power measure of France (FRA) in each country.

Country	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	Country	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
AFG	0.021	0.010	0.012	0.010	0.028	0.033	LSO	0.071	0.006	0.028	0.040	0.016	0.012
AGO	0.225	0.088	0.183	0.360	0.215	0.209	MAR	0.665	0.404	0.514	0.461	0.470	0.443
ARE	0.112	0.128	0.202	0.127	0.102	0.070	MDG	0.547	0.571	0.529	0.617	0.682	0.530
ARM	0.109	0.088	0.118	0.147	0.105	0.119	MDV	0.051	0.019	0.041	0.022	0.021	0.008
AZE	0.142	0.095	0.105	0.113	0.105	0.107	MLI	0.754	0.659	0.748	0.628	0.663	0.783
BDI	0.217	0.308	0.158	0.557	0.195	0.048	MMR	0.017	0.018	0.028	0.023	0.045	0.007
BEN	0.300	0.551	0.609	0.660	0.692	0.845	MNG	0.086	0.052	0.012	0.025	0.025	0.044
BFA	0.452	0.387	0.554	0.190	0.584	0.454	MOZ	0.222	0.082	0.026	0.037	0.103	0.000
BGD	0.066	0.068	0.064	0.037	0.032	0.047	MRT	0.402	0.492	0.407	0.594	0.655	0.481
BHR	0.188	0.132	0.124	0.168	0.196	0.081	MUS	0.448	0.289	0.336	0.321	0.438	0.341
BRN	0.064	0.034	0.039	0.059	0.019	0.007	MWI	0.040	0.028	0.031	0.019	0.030	0.009
BTN	0.042	0.144	0.129	0.141	0.062	0.012	MYS	0.067	0.047	0.041	0.040	0.062	0.036
BWA	0.090	0.088	0.050	0.045	0.098	0.004	NAM	0.059	0.110	0.035	0.037	0.060	0.113
CAF	–	0.974	0.976	0.922	0.308	0.192	NER	0.568	0.589	0.521	0.443	0.476	0.464
CMR	0.576	0.510	0.434	0.317	0.523	0.490	NGA	0.130	0.083	0.126	0.100	0.111	0.084
COD	0.159	0.243	0.263	0.286	0.237	0.202	NPL	0.021	0.023	0.022	0.024	0.056	0.054
COG	0.400	0.376	0.450	0.498	0.409	0.492	OMN	0.193	0.136	0.198	0.144	0.213	0.111
COM	0.389	0.929	0.720	0.803	0.677	0.830	PAK	0.038	0.039	0.030	0.038	0.035	0.042
CPV	0.407	0.203	0.167	0.161	0.143	0.000	PHL	0.076	0.037	0.052	0.047	0.035	0.032
CIV	0.646	0.638	0.509	0.468	0.522	0.662	QAT	0.135	0.140	0.201	0.152	0.139	0.142
DJI	0.158	0.234	0.140	0.053	0.286	0.111	RWA	0.402	0.347	0.380	0.306	0.197	0.541
DZA	0.693	0.621	0.620	0.616	0.579	0.506	SAU	0.191	0.133	0.075	0.164	0.065	0.150
EGY	0.240	0.226	0.207	0.187	0.313	0.261	SDN	0.110	0.099	0.089	0.188	0.159	0.078
ERI	0.026	0.046	0.126	0.050	0.008	0.000	SEN	0.582	0.568	0.569	0.635	0.616	0.464
ETH	0.002	0.011	0.062	0.034	0.179	0.169	SGP	0.076	0.035	0.049	0.042	0.037	0.039
GAB	0.700	0.487	0.575	0.514	0.633	0.660	SLE	0.019	0.037	0.014	0.026	0.062	0.057
GEO	0.025	0.079	0.063	0.048	0.072	0.077	SOM	0.025	0.047	0.017	0.024	0.028	0.024
GHA	0.110	0.092	0.083	0.067	0.106	0.133	SSD	0.063	0.022	0.056	0.028	0.138	0.049
GIN	0.425	0.385	0.411	0.368	0.481	0.441	STP	–	0.000	–	0.040	0.000	0.000
GMB	0.164	0.161	0.278	0.291	0.237	0.199	SWZ	0.201	0.052	0.024	0.000	0.154	0.024
GNQ	0.222	0.087	0.182	0.000	–	0.000	SYC	0.397	0.322	0.433	0.285	0.309	0.322
IDN	0.109	0.075	0.069	0.066	0.053	0.068	SYR	0.107	0.049	0.065	0.071	0.072	0.019
IRN	0.197	0.115	0.119	0.134	0.115	0.077	TCD	0.942	0.750	0.534	0.385	0.851	–
IRQ	0.114	0.123	0.224	0.123	0.151	0.104	TGO	0.539	0.415	0.481	0.432	0.454	0.680
ISR	0.091	0.132	0.067	0.066	0.049	0.053	THA	0.053	0.068	0.051	0.105	0.046	0.067
JOR	0.205	0.122	0.121	0.111	0.155	0.212	TJK	–	–	–	–	–	–
JPN	0.049	0.094	0.058	0.072	0.098	0.055	TKM	–	–	–	–	–	–
KAZ	–	–	–	–	–	–	TUN	0.581	0.523	0.473	0.526	0.629	0.643
KEN	0.034	0.071	0.021	0.028	0.101	0.074	TUR	0.093	0.083	0.085	0.122	0.089	0.168
KGZ	–	–	–	–	–	–	TWN	0.029	0.016	0.016	0.023	0.016	0.022
KHM	0.237	0.123	0.112	0.080	0.109	0.099	TZA	0.037	0.067	0.085	0.066	0.083	0.123
KOR	0.053	0.049	0.024	0.029	0.029	0.026	UGA	0.076	0.084	0.075	0.085	0.106	0.126
KWT	0.323	0.118	0.103	0.113	0.134	0.150	UZB	–	–	–	–	–	–
LAO	–	0.055	0.042	0.017	0.151	–	VNM	0.120	0.176	0.114	0.183	0.120	0.087
LBN	0.457	0.428	0.388	0.288	0.307	0.539	YEM	0.190	0.244	0.233	0.171	0.154	0.113
LBR	0.050	0.049	0.038	0.072	0.028	0.055	ZAF	0.129	0.129	0.174	0.321	0.160	0.120
LBY	0.619	0.332	0.326	0.597	0.346	0.221	ZMB	0.060	0.131	0.043	0.043	0.042	0.103
LKA	0.059	0.051	0.038	0.057	0.059	0.035	ZWE	0.068	0.058	0.042	0.030	0.023	0.024

Table A.2:

The relative power measure of India (IND) in each country.

Country	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	Country	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
AFG	0.044	0.033	0.036	0.018	0.016	0.022	LSO	0.024	0.011	0.014	0.012	0.005	0.004
AGO	0.005	0.001	0.002	0.002	0.000	0.000	MAR	–	–	–	–	–	–
ARE	0.068	0.073	0.085	0.191	0.132	0.259	MDG	0.000	0.000	0.002	0.017	0.000	0.000
ARM	0.001	0.000	0.004	0.001	0.001	0.000	MDV	0.028	0.075	0.020	0.100	0.053	0.048
AZE	0.002	0.003	0.002	0.001	0.005	0.002	MLI	–	–	–	–	–	–
BDI	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.024	MMR	0.035	0.027	0.017	0.017	0.036	0.016
BEN	–	–	–	–	–	–	MNG	0.000	0.003	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.002
BFA	–	–	–	–	–	–	MOZ	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
BGD	0.315	0.166	0.235	0.260	0.238	0.242	MRT	–	–	–	–	–	–
BHR	0.032	0.025	0.035	0.080	0.034	0.069	MUS	0.018	0.033	0.069	0.068	0.077	0.037
BRN	0.023	0.035	0.008	0.006	0.003	0.007	MWI	0.002	0.004	0.003	0.039	0.004	0.006
BTN	0.267	0.462	0.556	0.551	0.543	0.671	MYS	0.011	0.027	0.023	0.013	0.016	0.037
BWA	0.006	0.003	0.010	0.008	0.000	0.014	NAM	0.003	0.002	0.000	0.000	0.004	0.000
CAF	–	–	–	–	–	–	NER	–	–	–	–	–	–
CMR	–	–	–	–	–	–	NGA	–	–	–	–	–	–
COD	–	–	–	–	–	–	NPL	0.208	0.193	0.131	0.166	0.102	0.088
COG	–	–	–	–	–	–	OMN	0.177	0.097	0.076	0.094	0.051	0.137
COM	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.010	0.071	0.000	PAK	0.116	0.127	0.082	0.086	0.142	0.126
CPV	–	–	–	–	–	–	PHL	0.001	0.002	0.002	0.025	0.002	0.001
CIV	–	–	–	–	–	–	QAT	0.072	0.067	0.014	0.036	0.023	0.037
DJI	0.000	0.004	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	RWA	0.008	0.003	0.031	0.006	0.008	0.002
DZA	–	–	–	–	–	–	SAU	0.032	0.035	0.006	0.008	0.032	0.017
EGY	–	–	–	–	–	–	SDN	0.025	0.001	0.002	0.002	0.005	0.010
ERI	0.000	0.005	0.000	0.000	0.016	0.000	SEN	–	–	–	–	–	–
ETH	0.002	0.000	0.010	0.011	0.004	0.015	SGP	0.039	0.121	0.030	0.025	0.026	0.014
GAB	–	–	–	–	–	–	SLE	–	–	–	–	–	–
GEO	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	SOM	0.003	0.017	0.010	0.005	0.001	0.000
GHA	–	–	–	–	–	–	SSD	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
GIN	–	–	–	–	–	–	STP	–	–	–	–	–	–
GMB	–	–	–	–	–	–	SWZ	0.000	0.000	0.008	0.000	0.000	0.000
GNQ	–	–	–	–	–	–	SYC	0.068	0.019	0.014	0.128	0.017	0.028
IDN	0.016	0.016	0.245	0.025	0.029	0.018	SYR	0.002	0.001	0.003	0.003	0.008	0.002
IRN	0.007	0.019	0.007	0.007	0.007	0.005	TCD	–	–	–	–	–	–
IRQ	0.004	0.007	0.006	0.003	0.006	0.002	TGO	–	–	–	–	–	–
ISR	0.005	0.034	0.007	0.005	0.002	0.002	THA	0.019	0.036	0.036	0.033	0.039	0.033
JOR	0.011	0.003	0.003	0.010	0.003	0.004	TJK	0.001	0.016	0.003	0.003	0.003	0.000
JPN	0.019	0.027	0.012	0.013	0.008	0.021	TKM	0.000	0.006	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000
KAZ	0.007	0.001	0.006	0.004	0.009	0.001	TUN	–	–	–	–	–	–
KEN	0.007	0.111	0.006	0.005	0.008	0.009	TUR	0.008	0.017	0.034	0.023	0.032	0.021
KGZ	0.005	0.012	0.008	0.007	0.002	0.003	TWN	0.008	0.028	0.032	0.002	0.002	0.004
KHM	0.019	0.018	0.008	0.002	0.006	0.004	TZA	0.011	0.045	0.024	0.009	0.028	0.024
KOR	0.001	0.001	0.001	0.004	0.002	0.001	UGA	0.009	0.006	0.005	0.011	0.008	0.008
KWT	0.006	0.039	0.021	0.026	0.018	0.032	UZB	0.002	0.000	0.027	0.016	0.036	0.050
LAO	–	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	–	VNM	0.003	0.007	0.008	0.016	0.003	0.004
LBN	0.002	0.003	0.004	0.002	0.006	0.002	YEM	0.003	0.004	0.008	0.009	0.000	0.000
LBR	–	–	–	–	–	–	ZAF	0.004	0.013	0.008	0.011	0.011	0.006
LBY	–	–	–	–	–	–	ZMB	0.000	0.005	0.013	0.003	0.025	0.013
LKA	0.136	0.134	0.118	0.091	0.095	0.086	ZWE	0.014	0.020	0.005	0.010	0.002	0.010

Table A.3:

The relative power measure of Russia (RUS) in each country.

Country	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020	Country	2015	2016	2017	2018	2019	2020
AFG	0.188	0.131	0.170	0.189	0.148	0.065	LSO	0.000	0.034	0.007	0.000	0.000	0.000
AGO	0.095	0.118	0.163	0.120	0.225	0.068	MAR	0.054	0.140	0.118	0.066	0.064	0.044
ARE	0.060	0.075	0.071	0.064	0.127	0.064	MDG	0.014	0.010	0.008	0.050	0.004	0.007
ARM	0.486	0.540	0.491	0.479	0.448	0.519	MDV	0.000	0.006	0.010	0.000	0.027	0.103
AZE	0.383	0.468	0.460	0.392	0.429	0.449	MLI	0.020	0.053	0.017	0.031	0.146	0.035
BDI	0.016	0.094	0.035	0.019	0.305	0.048	MMR	0.011	0.015	0.026	0.011	0.030	0.014
BEN	0.029	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	0.000	MNG	0.242	0.288	0.250	0.275	0.345	0.315
BFA	0.001	0.045	0.006	0.005	0.026	0.016	MOZ	0.056	0.061	0.103	0.222	0.138	0.000
BGD	0.040	0.026	0.085	0.045	0.027	0.033	MRT	0.021	0.013	0.037	0.016	0.011	0.031
BHR	0.148	0.260	0.211	0.151	0.164	0.048	MUS	0.064	0.055	0.056	0.066	0.034	0.022
BRN	0.061	0.040	0.068	0.057	0.065	0.000	MWI	0.002	0.005	0.006	0.000	0.044	0.012
BTN	0.000	0.010	0.000	0.000	0.037	0.000	MYS	0.033	0.058	0.025	0.018	0.038	0.042
BWA	0.051	0.016	0.073	0.086	0.017	0.079	NAM	0.044	0.027	0.123	0.041	0.069	0.052
CAF	–	0.012	0.009	0.046	0.338	0.154	NER	0.000	0.030	0.026	0.000	0.043	0.022
CMR	0.021	0.039	0.048	0.020	0.040	0.029	NGA	0.013	0.026	0.037	0.032	0.066	0.024
COD	0.013	0.035	0.014	0.036	0.070	0.006	NPL	0.023	0.021	0.015	0.008	0.022	0.017
COG	0.053	0.049	0.018	0.055	0.091	0.042	OMN	0.040	0.100	0.091	0.124	0.091	0.026
COM	0.000	0.036	0.011	0.010	0.030	0.000	PAK	0.055	0.064	0.058	0.073	0.050	0.039
CPV	0.037	0.014	0.073	0.011	0.143	0.000	PHL	0.024	0.023	0.080	0.028	0.054	0.031
CIV	0.003	0.006	0.015	0.007	0.056	0.014	QAT	0.080	0.154	0.127	0.083	0.099	0.058
DJI	0.368	0.011	0.047	0.053	0.000	0.148	RWA	0.025	0.005	0.007	0.041	0.023	0.022
DZA	0.028	0.094	0.111	0.097	0.126	0.082	SAU	0.142	0.091	0.223	0.097	0.147	0.156
EGY	0.350	0.252	0.210	0.262	0.137	0.112	SDN	0.147	0.093	0.127	0.103	0.094	0.011
ERI	0.111	0.066	0.160	0.248	0.098	0.016	SEN	0.057	0.024	0.023	0.022	0.043	0.025
ETH	0.000	0.000	0.052	0.080	0.018	0.069	SGP	0.015	0.036	0.017	0.032	0.015	0.006
GAB	0.031	0.008	0.029	0.024	0.033	0.000	SLE	0.000	0.009	0.012	0.009	0.067	0.006
GEO	0.183	0.284	0.598	0.631	0.538	0.325	SOM	0.006	0.024	0.010	0.010	0.027	0.023
GHA	0.051	0.025	0.022	0.016	0.040	0.024	SSD	0.018	0.022	0.009	0.028	0.069	0.000
GIN	0.144	0.225	0.101	0.158	0.084	0.014	STP	–	0.000	–	0.000	0.000	0.000
GMB	0.059	0.119	0.024	0.014	0.014	0.005	SWZ	0.005	0.023	0.016	0.000	0.044	0.036
GNQ	0.222	0.000	0.000	0.000	–	0.000	SYC	0.082	0.097	0.106	0.026	0.075	0.144
IDN	0.056	0.107	0.064	0.113	0.121	0.053	SYR	0.688	0.710	0.656	0.673	0.508	0.581
IRN	0.181	0.317	0.287	0.222	0.134	0.121	TCD	0.000	0.000	0.029	0.000	0.000	–
IRQ	0.257	0.159	0.182	0.237	0.112	0.089	TGO	0.000	0.006	0.007	0.018	0.005	0.016
ISR	0.071	0.089	0.086	0.167	0.139	0.113	THA	0.097	0.098	0.075	0.058	0.058	0.060
JOR	0.119	0.182	0.177	0.248	0.160	0.103	TJK	0.562	0.658	0.678	0.649	0.628	0.685
JPN	0.100	0.123	0.133	0.117	0.111	0.062	TKM	0.511	0.617	0.575	0.423	0.758	0.875
KAZ	0.647	0.520	0.496	0.484	0.563	0.603	TUN	0.056	0.126	0.084	0.108	0.065	0.027
KEN	0.009	0.031	0.016	0.013	0.026	0.014	TUR	0.426	0.431	0.353	0.301	0.370	0.396
KGZ	0.575	0.529	0.497	0.464	0.620	0.677	TWN	0.004	0.016	0.010	0.004	0.015	0.009
KHM	0.131	0.081	0.166	0.033	0.035	0.071	TZA	0.013	0.025	0.020	0.029	0.003	0.032
KOR	0.055	0.055	0.046	0.051	0.055	0.035	UGA	0.045	0.035	0.040	0.030	0.050	0.037
KWT	0.118	0.085	0.125	0.053	0.072	0.023	UZB	0.365	0.393	0.383	0.192	0.417	0.608
LAO	–	0.086	0.088	0.038	0.000	–	VNM	0.156	0.141	0.166	0.168	0.186	0.170
LBN	0.124	0.209	0.183	0.256	0.154	0.075	YEM	0.301	0.251	0.285	0.185	0.219	0.174
LBR	0.001	0.013	0.017	0.011	0.011	0.000	ZAF	0.076	0.051	0.082	0.046	0.053	0.029
LBY	0.123	0.244	0.357	0.162	0.202	0.381	ZMB	0.006	0.018	0.036	0.057	0.048	0.020
LKA	0.033	0.043	0.108	0.079	0.057	0.076	ZWE	0.060	0.049	0.056	0.071	0.098	0.036

Appendix B: Local Sources

Afghanistan Islamic Republic of – tolonews.com pajhwok.com outlookafghanistan.net thefrontierpost.com bakhtarnews.com.af khaama.com afghanistantimes.af ariananews.af

Algeria People’s Democratic Republic of – djazairess.com aps.dz lemaghrebdz.com elbilad.net echoroukonline.com elmoudjahid.com elwatan.com liberte-algerie.com maghrebemergent.info ennaharonline.com lexpressiondz.com lequotidien-oran.com tsa-algerie.com

Angola Republic of – allafrica.com angop.ao portalangop.co.ao jornaldeangola.sapo.ao angonoticias.com portaldeangola.com governo.gov.ao

Armenia Republic of – armenpress.am news.am panorama.am panarmenian.net hraparak.am tert.am aysor.am nt.am oratert.com azatutyun.am armradio.am aravot.am lragir.am en.a1plus.am times.am hetq.am nyut.am yerkir.am armenianow.com armtimes.com golosarmenii.am arminfo.info nv.am

Azerbaijan Republic of – azertag.az azernews.az en.trend.az today.az yeniazerbaycan.com news.az abc.az 525.az news.day.az interfax.az en.apa.az trend.az haqqin.az 1news.az azerbaijannews.net azerbaijan-news.az kaspi.az br.az az.trend.az apa.az en.president.az

Bahrain Kingdom of – bna.bh newsofbahrain.com tradearabia.com akhbar-alkhaleej.com alayam.com albiladpress.com alwatannews.net ttnworldwide.com gdnonline.com gulf-daily-news.com alwasatnews.com startupmgzn.com shafaqna.com

Bangladesh People’s Republic of – thedailystar.net dhakatoday.com dhakatribune.com newstoday.com.bd bdnews24.com daily-sun.com bssnews.net clickittefaq.com bangladeshsun.com banglanews24.com thedailynewnation.com thefinancialexpress-bd.com thebangladeshtoday.com prothom-alo.com albd.org firstpost.com vnewsbd.com theindependentbd.com businessnews-bd.com dhakacourier.com.bd bangladeshchronicle.net sylhettimes.com

Benin Republic of – acotonou.com allafrica.com

Bhutan Kingdom of – kuenselonline.com

Botswana Republic of – mmegi.bw allafrica.com sundaystandard.info weekendpost.co.bw thepatriot.co.bw bulawayo24.com

Brunei Darussalam – borneobulletin.com.bn bruneinews.net brudirect.com

Burkina Faso – fasopresse.net allafrica.com aouaga.com sidwaya.bf lefaso.net aib.bf fasozine.com lepays.bf burkina24.com

Burundi Republic of – arib.info allafrica.com iwacu-burundi.org presidence.gov.bi burundi-agnews.org

Cambodia Kingdom of – akp.gov.kh khmertimeskh.com phnompenhpost.com cambodiantimes.com cnv.org.kh cambodiadaily.com

Cameroon Republic of – cameroon-tribune.cm allafrica.com camer.be cameroon-info.net cameroun24.net cameroononline.org journalducameroun.com 237online.com crtv.cm cameroon-one.com investiraucameroun.com businessincameroon.com cameroon-concord.com camerpost.com cameroun-online.com cameroonjournal.com

Cape Verde Republic of – inforpress.publ.cv expressodasilhas.cv anacao.cv governo.cv allafrica.com expressodasilhas.sapo.cv asemana.publ.cv rtc.cv

Central African Republic – centrafrique-presse.info

Chad Republic of – alwihdainfo.com tchadactuel.com

Comoros Union of the – alwatwan.net mayottehebdo.com

Congo Democratic Republic of the – allafrica.com mediacongo.net radiookapi.net lephareonline.net kongotimes.info digitalcongo.net laprosperiteonline.net lecongolais.cd adiac-congo.com

Congo Republic of the – allafrica.com adiac-congo.com digitalcongo.net mediacongo.net demainlenouveaucongobrazzaville.org laprosperiteonline.net groupelavenir.org kongotimes.info lephareonline.net congopage.com

Djibouti Republic of – geeskaafrika.com djiboutination.com presidence.dj alqarn.dj

Egypt Arab Republic of – albawabhnews.com ahram.org.eg vetogate.com elbalad.news el-balad.com dostor.org almasryalyoum.com shorouknews.com elbashayeronline.com egynews.net egypttoday.com soutalomma.com dailynewsegypt.com elmethaq.net hamrinnews.net almalnews.com elfagr.com nile.eg akhbarelyom.com elwatannews.com

Equatorial Guinea Republic of – guineaecuatorialpress.com

Eritrea State of – shabait.com tesfanews.net asmarino.com

Ethiopia Federal Democratic Republic of – waltainfo.com newbusinessethiopia.com

Gabon Republic of – agpgabon.ga infosplusgabon.com allafrica.com alibreville.com

Gambia – thepoint.gm allafrica.com

Georgia – agenda.ge georgiatoday.ge civil.ge finchannel.com dfwatch.net georgianjournal.ge

Ghana Republic of – ghanaweb.com modernghana.com ghanavisions.com myjoyonline.com businessghana.com graphic.com.gh ghananewsagency.org citifmonline.com peacefmonline.com newsghana.com.gh pulse.com.gh ghanastar.com gbcghana.com ghanamma.com ghanaiantimes.com.gh yen.com.gh spyghana.com primenewsghana.com theheraldghana.com allghananews.com ghana.gov.gh businessdayghana.com dailyguideghana.com

Guinea Republic of – guineematin.com kaloumpresse.com kababachir.com africaguinee.com guinee7.com lexpressguinee.com aminata.com tamtamguinee.com

Guinea-Bissau Republic of – bissaudigital.com

India Republic of – indiatimes.com aninews.in india.com firstpost.com idrw.org indianexpress.com dnaindia.com thehindu.com thewire.in hindustantimes.com btvi.in indiatoday.intoday.in ndtv.com indiatvnews.com asianage.com deccanchronicle.com ptinews.com sify.com deccanherald.com livemint.com tribuneindia.com dailypioneer.com oneindia.com outlookindia.com indiagazette.com newindianexpress.com prokerala.com webindia123.com thestatesman.com thehindubusinessline.com newkerala.com freepressjournal.in ianslive.in jagran.com defencenews.in siasat.com

Indonesia Republic of – thejakartapost.com antaranews.com tribunnews.com republika.co.id beritasatu.com metrotvnews.com liputan6.com inilah.com jakartaglobe.id kompas.com bisnis.com okezone.com viva.co.id

Iran Islamic Republic of – theiranproject.com irna.ir presstv.com iranherald.com presstv.ir tasnimnews.com

Iraq Republic of – iraqakhbar.com alsabaah.iq almadapaper.net akhbaar.org newsabah.com sotaliraq.com

Israel State of – timesofisrael.com jpost.com globes.co.il israelherald.com ynetnews.com algemeiner.com themarker.com haaretz.com israelnationalnews.com

Ivory Coast – abidjan.net koaci.com allafrica.com cote-d-ivoire.net gouv.ci rti.ci

Japan – japantimes.co.jp nikkei.com the-japan-news.com japanherald.com mainichi.jp

Jordan Hashemite Kingdom of – petra.gov.jo jordantimes.com ammonnews.net alrai.com alghad.com alanbatnews.net albawaba.com sarayanews.com addustour.com khaberni.com

Kazakhstan Republic of – inform.kz kazakh-tv.kz forbes.kz astanatimes.com kt.kz kazpravda.kz kursiv.kz bnews.kz

Kenya Republic of – standardmedia.co.ke nation.co.ke the-star.co.ke capitalfm.co.ke kenyastar.com citizentv.co.ke tuko.co.ke kbc.co.ke sde.co.ke

Korea Democratic People’s Republic of – none

Korea Republic of – yonhapnews.co.kr kbs.co.kr koreaherald.com koreatimes.co.kr donga.com joins.com chosun.com diodeo.com hani.co.kr heraldcorp.com ohmynews.com koreaobserver.com hankookilbo.com news1.kr arirang.co.kr

Kuwait State of – kuna.net.kw aljarida.com kuwaittimes.net arabtimesonline.com alraimedia.com al-seyassah.com alufuqnews.com alanba.com.kw alqabas.com.kw alkhabarkw.com e.gov.kw

Kyrgyz Republic – kabar.kg akipress.com eng.24.kg akipress.org azattyk.org vb.kg 24.kg tazabek.kg knews.kg

Lao People’s Democratic Republic – vientianetimes.la

Lebanon – nna-leb.gov.lb almanar.com.lb lebanon24.com aljoumhouria.com lebanondebate.com aliwaa.com lebanese-forces.com almarkazia.net al-binaa.com

Lesotho – lestimes.com thepost.co.ls sundayexpress.co.ls allafrica.com

Liberia Republic of – thenewdawnliberia.com liberianobserver.com gnnliberia.com emansion.gov.lr tlcafrica.com heritageliberia.net thenewrepublicliberia.com liberianewsagency.org theperspective.org

Libyan Arab Jamahiriya – libyaakhbar.com alwasat.ly lana-news.ly

Madagascar Republic of – midi-madagasikara.mg newsmada.com lexpressmada.com presidence.gov.mg madagate.org madagascar-tribune.com

Malawi Republic of – nyasatimes.com mwnation.com malawivoice.com manaonline.gov.mw maravipost.com faceofmalawi.com malawi24.com zodiakmalawi.com capitalradiomalawi.com

Malaysia – thestar.com.my themalaymailonline.com malaysia-chronicle.com freemalaysiatoday.com malaysiakini.com theborneopost.com malaysiandigest.com thesundaily.my nst.com.my bernama.com malaysiasun.com dailyexpress.com.my themalaysianinsider.com malaysia-today.net mysinchew.com malaymail.com astroawani.com therakyatpost.com

Maldives Republic of – haveeru.com.mv maldivesindependent.com raajje.mv miadhu.com avas.mv maldiveshighcommission.org sun.mv

Mali Republic of – koulouba.com bamada.net mali-web.org maliweb.net malijet.com abamako.com maliactu.net essor.ml

Mauritania Islamic Republic of – aqlame.com ami.mr fr.ami.mr journaltahalil.com lecalame.info saharamedias.net

Mauritius Republic of – defimedia.info lemauricien.com lexpress.mu govmu.org mbcradio.tv maurice-info.mu orange.mu business.mega.mu mauritiustimes.com

Mongolia – sonin.mn news.mn olloo.mn montsame.mn ubpost.mongolnews.mn

Morocco Kingdom of – hespress.com akhbarona.com cawalisse.com lematin.ma ahdath.info medias24.com maroc.ma moroccoworldnews.com marocpress.com northafricapost.com alyaoum24.com leseco.ma infomaroc.net leconomiste.com hibapress.com maghress.com aujourdhui.ma fr.le360.ma lnt.ma telquel.ma assabah.press.ma

Mozambique Republic of – jornalnoticias.co.mz verdade.co.mz

Myanmar Union of – irrawaddy.com dvb.no irrawaddy.org mmtimes.com mizzima.com burmanet.org bnionline.net elevenmyanmar.com themalaymailonline.com thestar.com.my frontiermyanmar.net

Namibia Republic of – gov.na namibian.com.na namibiansun.com neweralive.na observer.com.na informante.web.na thevillager.com.na republikein.com.na az.com.na nbc.na insight.com.na

Nepal State of – ekantipur.com thehimalayantimes.com myrepublica.com peoplesreview.com.np onlinekhabar.com spotlightnepal.com nagariknetwork.com annapurnapost.com nepalitimes.com ratopati.com gorkhapatraonline.com nepalireporter.com

Niger Republic of – lesahel.org actuniger.com nigerdiaspora.net presidence.ne tamtaminfo.com

Nigeria Federal Republic of – onlinenigeria.com punchng.com sunnewsonline.com thisdaylive.com thenationonlineng.net leadership.ng today.ng nairaland.com dailytrust.com.ng vanguardngr.com premiumtimesng.com nigeriatoday.ng pulse.ng omojuwa.com nigerianeye.com naija247news.com guardian.ng naij.com dailypost.ng thenewsnigeria.com.ng businessdayonline.com pmnewsnigeria.com theeagleonline.com.ng tribuneonlineng.com peoplesdailyng.com nigerianpilot.com thecable.ng informationng.com promptnewsonline.com thetidenewsonline.com channelstv.com ngrguardiannews.com blueprint.ng

Oman Sultanate of – timesofoman.com omandaily.om omanobserver.om alwatan.com shabiba.com muscatdaily.com omantribune.com

Pakistan Islamic Republic of – thenews.com.pk dawn.com nation.com.pk tribune.com.pk dailytimes.com.pk app.com.pk dunyanews.tv thefrontierpost.com pakistantoday.com.pk dailypakistan.com.pk dnd.com.pk customstoday.com.pk radio.gov.pk

Philippines Republic of the – philstar.com inquirer.net mb.com.ph abs-cbn.com manilatimes.net rappler.com sunstar.com.ph tribune.net.ph interaksyon.com thestandard.com.ph gmanetwork.com radyonatin.com malaya.com.ph abs-cbnnews.com manilastandard.net

Qatar State of – gulf-times.com thepeninsulaqatar.com qatar-tribune.com raya.com al-watan.com dohanews.co al-sharq.com alarab.qa marhaba.qa

Russian Federation – sputniknews.com rt.com themoscowtimes.com ria.ru tass.ru rbth.com regnum.ru

Rwanda Republic of – newtimes.co.rw rnanews.com ktpress.rw taarifa.rw rwandaises.com igihe.com

Sao tome and Principe – allafrica.com

Saudi Arabia Kingdom of – elghad.co arabnews.com

Senegal Republic of – adakar.com seneweb.com allafrica.com sen360.com aps.sn senenews.com lequotidien.sn senego.com sudonline.sn dakaractu.com

Seychelles Republic of – seychellesnewsagency.com allafrica.com nation.sc statehouse.gov.sc virtualseychelles.sc partilepep.com

Sierra Leone Republic of – thesierraleonetelegraph.com awoko.org slconcordtimes.com allafrica.com sierraexpressmedia.com expotimesonline.net globaltimes-sl.com news.sl politicosl.com statehouse.gov.sl

Singapore Republic of – asiaone.com straitstimes.com channelnewsasia.com businesstimes.com.sg singaporestar.com todayonline.com tnp.sg sglinks.com theindependent.sg

Somalia Somali Republic – hillaac.net radiomuqdisho.net somalilandsun.com qaranimo.com radioshabelle.com shabellenews.com midnimo.com garoweonline.com

South Africa Republic of – news24.com sharenet.co.za engineeringnews.co.za fin24.com polity.org.za citizen.co.za timeslive.co.za dailymaverick.co.za 702.co.za ewn.co.za itweb.co.za mg.co.za bdlive.co.za moneyweb.co.za iafrica.com

South Sudan – allafrica.com

Sri Lanka Democratic Socialist Republic of – dailymirror.lk ft.lk lankaweb.com sundaytimes.lk dailynews.lk thesundayleader.lk island.lk slguardian.org adaderana.lk news.lk lankabusinessonline.com srilankamirror.com lankanewspapers.com

Sudan Republic of – allafrica.com sudanvisiondaily.com hurriyatsudan.com

Swaziland Kingdom of – observer.org.sz times.co.sz allafrica.com

Syrian Arab Republic – sana.sy jpnews-sy.com syrianow.sy

Tajikistan Republic of – news.tj khovar.tj avesta.tj asiaplus.tj

Tanzania United Republic of – allafrica.com tanzaniatoday.co.tz dailynews.co.tz 24tanzania.com tanzanianewsreports.com thecitizen.co.tz exchange.co.tz

Thailand Kingdom of – bangkokpost.com nationmultimedia.com thaivisa.com chiangraitimes.com ttrweekly.com thephuketnews.com thailandnews.net pattayamail.com khaosodenglish.com phuketgazette.net Timor Leste – none

Togo Togolese Republic – icilome.com republicoftogo.com alome.com allafrica.com togofirst.com savoirnews.net togosite.com togodiplomatie.info telegramme228.com editogo.tg manationtogo.com

Taiwan – taipeitimes.com taiwansun.com focustaiwan.tw taiwannews.com.tw ltn.com.tw

Tunisia Tunisian Republic – tap.info.tn businessnews.com.tn tuniscope.com lapresse.tn leconomistemaghrebin.com webdo.tn letemps.com.tn leaders.com.tn shemsfm.net realites.com.tn

Turkey Republic of – dailysabah.com haberler.com hurriyetdailynews.com todayszaman.com yenisafak.com memleket.com.tr turkishweekly.net milliyet.com.tr cihan.com.tr yeniakit.com.tr

Turkmenistan – turkmenistan.gov.tm tdh.gov.tm chrono-tm.org

Uganda Republic of – allafrica.com newvision.co.ug monitor.co.ug chimpreports.com observer.ug independent.co.ug redpepper.co.ug mediacentre.go.ug kampalapost.com theinsider.ug softpower.ug oilinuganda.org pmldaily.com

United Arab Emirates – gulfnews.com zawya.com wam.ae thenational.ae khaleejtimes.com arabianbusiness.com albayan.ae emirates247.com dubaicityguide.com alittihad.ae abudhabicityguide.com uaeinteract.com cpifinancial.net alkhaleej.ae gulftoday.ae gulfbusiness.com emaratalyoum.com middleeastevents.com

Uzbekistan Republic of – uza.uz uzdaily.com jahonnews.uz

Vietnam Socialist Republic of – english.vietnamnet.vn en.vietnamplus.vn tuoitrenews.vn fr.vietnamplus.vn vietnam.vnanet.vn lecourrier.vn es.vietnamplus.vn vnexpress.net english.vov.vn vietnamnews.vn hanoitimes.com.vn nhandan.org.vn vir.com.vn

Yemen – yemenakhbar.com barakish.net alsahwa-yemen.net

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Received: 2023-11-08

Accepted: 2024-10-04

Published Online: 2024-10-25

Published in Print: 2024-11-26

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Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/spp-2023-0048

Keywords for this article

global politics; national security; influence; China; Russia; United States