Abstract
This article introduces a model to estimate the risk-neutral density of stock prices derived from option prices. To estimate a complete risk-neutral density, current estimation techniques use a single mathematical model to interpolate option prices on two dimensions: strike price and time-to-maturity. Instead, this model uses B-splines with at-the-money knots for the strike price interpolation and a mixed lognormal function that depends on the option expiration horizon for the time-to-maturity interpolation. The results of this “hybrid” methodology are significantly better than other risk-neutral density extrapolation methods when applied to the recovery theorem.
-
Author contribution: The author has accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The author declares no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
References
Aït-Sahalia, Y., and A. W. Lo. 1998. “Nonparametric Estimation of State-Price Densities Implicit in Financial Asset Prices.” The Journal of Finance 53: 499–547. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.215228.Search in Google Scholar
Bahra, B. 1997. “Implied Risk-Neutral Probability Density Functions from Option Prices: Theory and Application.” In Working Paper.10.2139/ssrn.77429Search in Google Scholar
Benaim, S., and P. Friz. 2009. “Regular Variation and Smile Asymptotics.” Mathematical Finance 19: 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9965.2008.00354.x.Search in Google Scholar
Birru, J., and S. Figlewski. 2012. “Anatomy of a Meltdown: The Risk Neutral Density for the S&P 500 in the Fall of 2008.” Journal of Financial Markets 15: 151–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.finmar.2011.09.001.Search in Google Scholar
Black, F., and M. Scholes. 1973. “The Pricing of Options and Corporate Liabilities.” Journal of Political Economy 81: 637–54. https://doi.org/10.1086/260062.Search in Google Scholar
Bliss, R. R., and N. Panigirtzoglou. 2004. “Option-implied Risk Aversion Estimates.” The Journal of Finance 59: 407–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.2004.00637.x.Search in Google Scholar
Bookstaber, R. M., and J. B. McDonald. 1987. “A General Distribution for Describing Security Price Returns.” Journal of Business: 401–24. https://doi.org/10.1086/296404.Search in Google Scholar
Breeden, D. T., and R. H. Litzenberger. 1978. “Prices of State-Contingent Claims Implicit in Option Prices.” Journal of Business 51: 621–51. https://doi.org/10.1086/296025.Search in Google Scholar
Brigo, D., and F. Mercurio. 2002. “Displaced and Mixture Diffusions for Analytically-Tractable Smile Models.” Mathematical Finance Bachelier Congress 2000: 151–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-12429-1_8.Search in Google Scholar
Brigo, D., and F. Mercurio. 2002. “Lognormal-mixture Dynamics and Calibration to Market Volatility Smiles.” International Journal of Theoretical and Applied Finance 5: 427–46. https://doi.org/10.1142/s0219024902001511.Search in Google Scholar
Brunner, B., and R. Hafner. 2003. “Arbitrage-free Estimation of the Risk-Neutral Density from the Implied Volatility Smile.” Journal of Computational Finance 7: 75–106. https://doi.org/10.21314/jcf.2003.098.Search in Google Scholar
Carr, P., H. Geman, D. B. Madan, and M. Yor. 2003. “Stochastic Volatility for Lévy Processes.” Mathematical Finance 13: 345–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9965.00020.Search in Google Scholar
Carr, P., and L. Wu. 2003. “What Type of Process Underlies Options? A Simple Robust Test.” The Journal of Finance 58: 2581–610. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1540-6261.2003.00616.x.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, T. 2011. Improve OVDV Long-Term Volatilities. New York: Bloomberg Research.Search in Google Scholar
Chernov, M., and E. Ghysels. 2000. “A Study towards a Unified Approach to the Joint Estimation of Objective and Risk Neutral Measures for the Purpose of Options Valuation.” Journal of Financial Economics 56: 407–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0304-405x(00)00046-5.Search in Google Scholar
Ching, W.-K., M. K. Ng, and E. S. Fung. 2008. “Higher-order Multivariate Markov Chains and Their Applications.” Linear Algebra and its Applications 428: 492–507. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.laa.2007.05.021.Search in Google Scholar
Cont, R., and J. Da Fonseca. 2002. “Dynamics of Implied Volatility Surfaces.” Quantitative Finance 2: 45–60. https://doi.org/10.1088/1469-7688/2/1/304.Search in Google Scholar
Coutant, S., E. Jondeau, and M. Rockinger. 2001. “Reading Pibor Futures Options Smiles: The 1997 Snap Election.” Journal of Banking & Finance 25: 1957–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0378-4266(00)00161-8.Search in Google Scholar
Diebold, F. X., and R. S. Mariano. 2002. “Comparing Predictive Accuracy.” Journal of Business & Economic Statistics 20: 134–44. https://doi.org/10.1198/073500102753410444.Search in Google Scholar
Dumas, B., J. Fleming, and R. E. Whaley. 1998. “Implied Volatility Functions: Empirical Tests.” The Journal of Finance 53: 2059–106. https://doi.org/10.1111/0022-1082.00083.Search in Google Scholar
Figlewski, S. 2008. “Estimating the Implied Risk Neutral Density.” In Volatility and Time Series Econometrics: Essays in Honor of Robert F. Engle, edited by T. Bollerslev, J. R. Russell, and M. Watson, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Giacomini, R., A. Gottschling, C. Haefke, and H. White. 2008. “Mixtures of T-Distributions for Finance and Forecasting.” Journal of Econometrics 144: 175–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeconom.2008.01.004.Search in Google Scholar
Harvey, D., S. Leybourne, and P. Newbold. 1997. “Testing the Equality of Prediction Mean Squared Errors.” International Journal of Forecasting 13: 281–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0169-2070(96)00719-4.Search in Google Scholar
Heston, S. L. 1993. “A Closed-form Solution for Options with Stochastic Volatility with Applications to Bond and Currency Options.” Review of Financial Studies 6: 327–43. https://doi.org/10.1093/rfs/6.2.327.Search in Google Scholar
Jarrow, R., and A. Rudd. 1982. “Approximate Option Valuation for Arbitrary Stochastic Processes.” Journal of Financial Economics 10: 347–69. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405x(82)90007-1.Search in Google Scholar
Jondeau, E., S.-H. Poon, and M. Rockinger. 2007. Financial Modeling under Non-Gaussian Distributions. New York: Springer Science & Business Media.Search in Google Scholar
Jones, C., and T. Wang. 2012. “The Term Structure of Equity Option Implied Volatility.” In University of Southern California Working Paper.Search in Google Scholar
Ludwig, M. 2015. “Robust Estimation of Shape-Constrained State Price Density Surfaces.” Journal of Derivatives 22: 56–72. https://doi.org/10.3905/jod.2015.22.3.056.Search in Google Scholar
Ross, S. 2015. “The Recovery Theorem.” The Journal of Finance 70: 615–48. https://doi.org/10.1111/jofi.12092.Search in Google Scholar
Rubinstein, M. 1998. “Edgeworth Binomial Trees.” Journal of Derivatives 5: 20–7. https://doi.org/10.3905/jod.1998.407994.Search in Google Scholar
Sanford, A. 2017. “Recovery Theorem with a Multivariate Markov Chain.” In Working Paper.10.2139/ssrn.3247294Search in Google Scholar
Shimko, D. 1993. “Bounds on Probability.” Risk 6: 33–47.Search in Google Scholar
Stoll, H. R. 1969. “The Relationship between Put and Call Option Prices.” The Journal of Finance 24: 801–24. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-6261.1969.tb01694.x.Search in Google Scholar
Supplementary Material
The online version of this article offers supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/snde-2018-0090).
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Estimation and forecasting of long memory stochastic volatility models
- Uncertainty and realized jumps in the pound-dollar exchange rate: evidence from over one century of data
- Bidirectional volatility transmission between stocks and bond in East Asia – The quantile estimates based on wavelets
- A threshold model for the spread
- A Gini estimator for regression with autocorrelated errors
- State price density estimation with an application to the recovery theorem
- Testing for random coefficient autoregressive and stochastic unit root models
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Estimation and forecasting of long memory stochastic volatility models
- Uncertainty and realized jumps in the pound-dollar exchange rate: evidence from over one century of data
- Bidirectional volatility transmission between stocks and bond in East Asia – The quantile estimates based on wavelets
- A threshold model for the spread
- A Gini estimator for regression with autocorrelated errors
- State price density estimation with an application to the recovery theorem
- Testing for random coefficient autoregressive and stochastic unit root models