Abstract
This study presents two experiments employing a naming task that test the modulation of stress assignment by syllable structure in Spanish. The first replicates the findings of a previous study in which words containing arguably heavy penultimate diphthongs provoke higher error rates than putatively light monophthong controls when marked for antepenultimate stress. This result is interpreted as support for quantity sensitivity in the language. This experiment also replicates a subtler finding of differential patterning between rising and falling diphthong in their interaction with Spanish stress, suggesting gradient sensitivity to patterns in the lexicon. The second experiment presents the results of an identical task with Spanish-English heritage speakers in which the general effect of syllable weight is replicated, while the effect of diphthong type does not emerge. An analysis of error types suggests that varying levels of reading proficiency among heritage speakers may have led to the lack of the latter result, while still revealing sensitivity to frequencies in the lexicon. The combined results are offered as further evidence of quantity sensitivity among both monolingual and bilingual speakers of Spanish and provide further data in the understudied subfield of heritage phonotactics.
Acknowledgements
We are indebted to Chip Gerfen and Nicolás Gutiérrez Palma for their work in the conceptualization and realization of the original study leading to the replication presented here. Special thanks also go to Wendy Schermerhorn and Gabriela Salerno for their generosity and help in data coding, and to Cristina Bayón for her gracious help in participant recruitment.
References
Alameda, José Ramón & Fernando Cuetos. 1995. Diccionario de frecuencias de las unidades lingüísticas del castellano. Oviedo: Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Oviedo.Search in Google Scholar
Álvarez, Carlos J., Manuel Carreiras & Manuel de Vega. 1992. Estudio estadístico de la ortografía castellana (2): Frecuencia de bigramas. Cognitiva 4(1). 107–125.Search in Google Scholar
Alvord, Scott. 2003. The psychological unreality of quantity sensitivity in Spanish: Experimental evidence. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 22(2). 1–12.Search in Google Scholar
Alvord, Scott M & Brandon M. A. Rogers. 2014. Miami-Cuban Spanish vowels in contact. Sociolinguistic Studies 8(1). 139–170.10.1558/sols.v8i1.139Search in Google Scholar
Amengual, Mark. 2016. Acoustic correlates of the Spanish tap-trill contrast: Heritage and L2 Spanish speakers. Heritage Language Journal 13(2). 88–112.10.46538/hlj.13.2.2Search in Google Scholar
Ardila, Alfredo, Krystal Garcia, Melissa Garcia, Joselyn Mejia & Grace Vado. 2017. Writing and reading knowledge of Spanish/English second-generation bilinguals. Reading and Writing 30.387–400.10.1007/s11145-016-9681-5Search in Google Scholar
Aske, Jon. 1990. Disembodied rules versus patterns in the lexicon: Testing the psychological reality of Spanish stress rules. Berkeley Linguistics Society 16. 30–45.10.3765/bls.v16i0.1685Search in Google Scholar
Baković, Eric. 2016. Exceptionality in Spanish stress. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 15.9–25.10.5565/rev/catjl.182Search in Google Scholar
Bárkányi, Zsuzsanna. 2002. The phonemicity of glides in Spanish: Cambia vs. rocía. Verbum 4(1). 91–104.10.1556/Verb.4.2002.1.6Search in Google Scholar
Benmamoun, Elabbas, Silvina Montrul & Maria Polinsky. 2010. White paper: Prolegomena to heritage linguistics. University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and Harvard University. Retrieved from http://scholar.harvard.edu/mpolinsky/publications/white-paper-prolegomena-heritage-linguisticsSearch in Google Scholar
Canfield, D. Lincoln. 1981. Spanish pronunciation in the Americas. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Search in Google Scholar
Carreira, María M. 2003. Profiles of SNS students in the twenty-first century: Pedagogical implications of the changing demographics and social status of U.S. Hispanics. In Ana Roca & M. Cecilia Colombi (eds.), Mi lengua: Spanish as a heritage language in the United States, 51–77. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Carreira, María M. 2011. The making and breaking of language ideology: Language ideologies in Spanish Departments. International Multilingual Research Journal 5(1). 60–76.10.1080/19313152.2011.541338Search in Google Scholar
Carreira, María M. 2012. Meeting the needs of heritage language learners. In Sara M Beaudrie & Marta Fairclough (eds.), Spanish as a heritage language in the United States, 223–240. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Chomsky, Noam & Morris Halle. 1968. The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row.Search in Google Scholar
Colantoni, Laura, Alejandro Cuza & Natalia Mazzaro. 2016. Task-related effects in the prosody of Spanish heritage speakers and long-term immigrants. In Meghan E. Armstrong, Nicholas Henriksen & María del Mar Vanrell (eds.), Intonational grammar in Ibero-Romance: Approaches across linguistic subfields, 3–23. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/ihll.6.01colSearch in Google Scholar
Colombi, María Cecilia. 2015. Academic and cultural literacy for heritage speakers of Spanish: A case study of Latin@ students in California. Linguistics and Education 32.5–15.10.1016/j.linged.2015.05.006Search in Google Scholar
Colombi, María Cecilia & Mary Schleppegrell. 2002. Developing advanced literacy in first and second language. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Search in Google Scholar
Cuetos, Fernando, Patrick Bonin, José Ramón Alameda & Alfonso Caramazza. 2010. The specific-word frequency effect in speech production: Evidence from Spanish and French. The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 63(4). 750–771.10.1080/17470210903121663Search in Google Scholar
Cuza, Alejandro. 2012. Crosslinguistic influence at the syntax proper: Interrogative subject–Verb inversion in heritage Spanish. International Journal of Bilingualism 17(1). 71–96.10.1177/1367006911432619Search in Google Scholar
Eddington, David. 2000. Spanish stress assignment within the analogical modeling of language. Language 76(1). 92–109.10.1353/lan.2000.0022Search in Google Scholar
Eddington, David. 2004. A computational approach to resolving certain issues in Spanish stress placement. In Timothy L Face (ed.), Laboratory approaches to Spanish phonology, 95–115. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar
Face, Timothy L. 2000. The role of syllable weight in the perception of Spanish stress. In Héctor Campos, Elena Herburger, Alfonso Morales-Front & Thomas J Walsh (eds.), Hispanic linguistics at the turn of the millennium, 1–13. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Search in Google Scholar
Face, Timothy L. 2004. Perceiving what isn’t there: Non-acoustic cues for perceiving Spanish stress. In Timothy L Face (ed.), Laboratory approaches to Spanish phonology, 117–141. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar
Face, Timothy L. 2005. Syllable weight and the perception of Spanish stress placement by second language learners. Journal of Language and Learning 3(1). 90–103.Search in Google Scholar
Face, Timothy L. 2006. Cognitive factors in the perception of Spanish stress placement: Implications for a model of speech perception. Linguistics 44(6). 1237–1267.10.1515/LING.2006.040Search in Google Scholar
Face, Timothy L & Scott M Alvord. 2005. Descriptive adequacy vs. psychological reality: The case of two restrictions on Spanish stress placement. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 32(2). 1–16.Search in Google Scholar
Garcia, Guilherme D. 2017. Weight gradience and stress in Portuguese. Phonology 34. 41–79.10.1017/S0952675717000033Search in Google Scholar
Guion, Susan G., J. J. Clark, Testuo Harada & Ratree P Wayland. 2003. Factors affecting stress placement for English nonwords include syllabic structure, lexical class, and stress patterns of phonologically similar words. Language and Speech 46(4). 403–427.10.1177/00238309030460040301Search in Google Scholar
Harris, James W. 1983. Syllable structure and stress in Spanish: A nonlinear analysis. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Search in Google Scholar
Harris, James W. 1992. Spanish stress: The extrametricality issue. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Linguistics Club.Search in Google Scholar
Harris, Michael J & Stefan Gries Th. 2011. Measures of speech rhythm and the role of corpus-based word frequency: A multifactorial comparison of Spanish(-English) speakers. International Journal of English Studies 11(2). 1–22.10.6018/ijes/2011/2/149621Search in Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce. 1982. Extrametricality and English stress. Linguistic Inquiry 13(2). 227–276.Search in Google Scholar
Henriksen, Nicholas. 2015. Acoustic analysis of the rhotic contrast in Chicagoland Spanish: An intergenerational study. Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism 5(3). 285–321.10.1075/lab.5.3.01henSearch in Google Scholar
Hualde, José Ignacio. 1999. Patterns in the lexicon: Hiatus with unstressed high vowels in Spanish. In Javier Gutiérrez-Rexach & Fernando Martínez-Gil (eds.), Advances in Hispanic linguistics: Papers from the 2nd Hispanic Linguistics Symposium, vol. 1, 182–197. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Press.Search in Google Scholar
Hualde, José Ignacio & Mónica Prieto. 2002. On the diphthong/hiatus contrast in Spanish: Some experimental results. Linguistics 40(2). 217–234.10.1515/ling.2002.010Search in Google Scholar
Jescheniak, Jörg D & Willem J. M Levelt. 1994. Word frequency effects in speech production: Retrieval of syntactic information and of phonological form. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition 20(4). 824–843.10.1037/0278-7393.20.4.824Search in Google Scholar
Kim, Ji-Young. 2015. Perception and production of Spanish lexical stress by Spanish heritage speakers and English L2 learners of Spanish. In Erik W Willis, Pedro Martín Butragueño & Esther Herrera Zendejas (eds.), Selected proceedings of the 6th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology, 106–128. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Search in Google Scholar
Liberman, Mark & Alan Prince. 1977. On stress and linguistic rhythm. Linguistic Inquiry 8(2). 249–336.Search in Google Scholar
Lipksi, John M. 1997. Spanish word stress: The interaction of moras and minimality. In Fernando Martínez-Gil & Alfonso Morales-Front (eds.), Issues in the phonology and morphology of the major Iberian languages, 559–593. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Lipski, John M. 1993. Creoloid phenomena in the Spanish of transitional bilingual. In Ana Roca & John Lipski (eds.), Spanish in the United States: Linguistic contact and diversity, 155–182. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110885590-011Search in Google Scholar
Lipski, John M. 1994. Latin American Spanish. New York: Longman.Search in Google Scholar
Lope Blanch, Juan M. 1990. Atlas lingüístico de México, vol. I. Mexico City: Colegio de México – Fondo de Cultura Económica.Search in Google Scholar
Lord, Gillian E. 2002. The second language acquisition of Spanish stress: Derivational, analogical or lexical? University Park. PA: The Pennsylvania State University dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Lord, Gillian E. 2007. The role of the lexicon in learning second language stress patterns. Applied Language Learning 17.1–14.Search in Google Scholar
Martínez-Paricio, Violeta. 2013. The intricate connection between diphthongs and stress in Spanish. Nordlyd 40(1). 166–195.10.7557/12.2505Search in Google Scholar
Mester, R. Armin. 1994. The quantitative trochee in Latin. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 12.1–61.10.1007/BF00992745Search in Google Scholar
Mikulski, Ariana & Idoia Elola. 2013. Heritage and foreign language learner use of the Spanish subjunctive in advice. Heritage Language Journal 10(1). 51–82.10.46538/hlj.10.1.4Search in Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina. 2004. Subject and object expression in Spanish heritage speakers: A case of morpho-syntactic convergence. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 7(2). 125–142.10.1017/S1366728904001464Search in Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina. 2009. Knowledge of tense-aspect and mood in Spanish heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism 13(2). 239–269.10.1177/1367006909339816Search in Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina. 2012a. The grammatical competence of Spanish heritage speakers. In Sara M Beaudrie & Marta Fairclough (eds.), Spanish as a heritage language in the United States, 101–120. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina. 2012b. Bilingual background questionnaire for Spanish/English speakers. Retrieved from http://www.nhlrc.ucla.edu/nhlrc/data/questionnaires.Search in Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina, Justin Davidson, Israel de La Fuente & Rebecca Foote. 2014. Early language experience facilitates the processing of gender agreement in Spanish heritage speakers. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition 17(1). 118–138.10.1017/S1366728913000114Search in Google Scholar
Montrul, Silvina & Rebecca Foote. 2012. Age of acquisition interactions in bilingual lexical access: A study of the weaker language of L2 learners and heritage speakers. International Journal of Bilingualism 18(3). 274–303.10.1177/1367006912443431Search in Google Scholar
Núñez Cedeño, Rafael A. 1986. La/s/ultracorrectiva en dominicano y la estructura silábica. Actas del II congreso internacional sobre el español de América. 337–347.Search in Google Scholar
Núñez Cedeño, Rafael A, Sonia Colina & Travis Bradley. 2014. Fonología generativa contemporánea de la lengua española , 2andedn. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Oldfield, R. C. & A. Wingfield. 1965. Response latencies in naming objects. Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology 17. 273–281.10.1080/17470216508416445Search in Google Scholar
Ortega-Llebaria, Marta, Hong Gu & Jieyu Fan. 2013. English speakers’ perception of Spanish lexical stress: Context-driven L2 stress perception. Journal of Phonetics 41. 186–197.10.1016/j.wocn.2013.01.006Search in Google Scholar
Otheguy, Ricardo, Ana Celia Zentella & David Livert. 2007. Language and dialect contact in Spanish in New York: Toward the formation of a speech community. Language 83. 770–802.10.1353/lan.2008.0019Search in Google Scholar
Pascual Y Cabo, Diego. 2013. Knowledge of gustar-like verbs in Spanish heritage speakers. In Jennifer Cabrelli Amaro, Tiffany Judy & Diego Pascual Y Cabo (eds.), Proceedings of the 12th generative approaches to second language acquisition conference (GASLA 2013), 162–169. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Search in Google Scholar
Penny, Ralph. 2000. Variation and change in Spanish. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781139164566Search in Google Scholar
Prada Pérez, Ana de & Diego Pascual Y Cabo. 2011. Invariable gusta in the Spanish of Heritage Speakers in the US. In Julia Herschensohn & Darren Tanner (eds.), Proceedings of the 11th generative approaches to second language acquisition conference (GASLA 2011), 110–120. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Search in Google Scholar
Rao, Rajiv. 2014. On the status of the phoneme/b/in heritage speakers of Spanish. Sintagma 26.37–54.Search in Google Scholar
Rao, Rajiv. 2015. Manifestations of/bdg/in heritage speakers of Spanish. Heritage Language Journal 12(1). 48–74.10.46538/hlj.12.1.3Search in Google Scholar
Rao, Rajiv. 2016. On the nuclear intonational phonology of heritage speakers of Spanish. In Diego Pascual Y Cabo (ed.), Advances in Spanish as a heritage language, 51–80. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/sibil.49.04raoSearch in Google Scholar
Rao, Rajiv & Rebecca Ronquest. 2015. The heritage Spanish phonetic/phonological system: Looking back and moving forward. Studies in Hispanic and Lusophone Linguistics 8(2). 403–414.10.1515/shll-2015-0016Search in Google Scholar
Roca, Iggy. 1991. Stress and syllables in Spanish. In Héctor Campos & Fernando Martínez-Gil (eds.), Current studies in Spanish linguistics, 599–635. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Roca, Iggy. 1997. On the role of accent in stress systems: Spanish evidence. In Fernando Martínez-Gil & Alfonso Morales-Front (eds.), Issues in the phonology and morphology of the major Iberian languages, 619–664. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Roca, Iggy. 2005. Saturation of parameter settings in Spanish stress. Phonology 22. 345–394.10.1017/S0952675705000655Search in Google Scholar
Roca, Iggy. 2016. Gliding ghosts or ghostly glides, and does it matter which? In Rafael A. Núñez Cedeño (ed.), The Syllable and stress: Studies in honor of James W. Harris, 51–104. Berlin: Mouton De Gruyter.10.1515/9781614515975-005Search in Google Scholar
Ronquest, Rebecca. 2016. Stylistic variation in heritage Spanish vowel production. Heritage Language Journal 13(2). 275–297.10.46538/hlj.13.2.9Search in Google Scholar
Ronquest, Rebecca E. 2012. An acoustic analysis of heritage Spanish vowels. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Ronquest, Rebecca E. 2013. An acoustic examination of unstressed vowel reduction in heritage Spanish. In Chad Howe, Sarah E. Blackwell & Margaret Lubbers Quesada (eds.), Selected proceedings of the 15th Hispanic linguistics symposium, 157–171. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Search in Google Scholar
Saalfeld, Anita K. 2012. Teaching L2 Spanish stress. Foreign Language Annals 45(2). 283–303.10.1111/j.1944-9720.2012.01191.xSearch in Google Scholar
Schneider, Walter, Amy Eschman & Anthony Zuccolotto. 2002. E-Prime user’s guide. Pittsburgh, PA: Psychology Software Tools.Search in Google Scholar
Shelton, Michael. 2013. Spanish rhotics: More evidence of gradience in the system. Hispania 96(1). 135–152.10.1353/hpn.2013.0003Search in Google Scholar
Shelton, Michael, David Counselman & Nicolás Gutiérrez Palma. 2017. Metalinguistic intuitions and dominant language transfer in heritage Spanish syllabification. Heritage Language Journal 14(3). 288–306.10.46538/hlj14.3.4Search in Google Scholar
Shelton, Michael, Chip Gerfen & Nicolás Gutiérrez Palma. 2009. Proscriptions…gaps…and something in between: An experimental examination of Spanish phonotactics. In Pascual José Masullo, Erin O’Rourke & Chia-Hui Huang (eds.), Romance Linguistics 2007, 261–275. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.10.1075/cilt.304.17sheSearch in Google Scholar
Shelton, Michael, Chip Gerfen & Nicolás Gutiérrez Palma. 2012. The interaction of subsyllabic encoding and stress assignment: A new examination of an old problem in Spanish. Language and Cognitive Processes 27(10). 1459–1478.10.1080/01690965.2011.610595Search in Google Scholar
Silva-Corvalán, Carmen. 1994. Language contact and change: Spanish in Los Angeles. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oso/9780198242871.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Valdés, Guadalupe. 2005. Bilingualism, heritage learners and SLA research: Opportunities lost or seized. Modern Language Journal 89(3). 410–426.10.1111/j.1540-4781.2005.00314.xSearch in Google Scholar
Valdés, Guadalupe, Joshua A Fishman, Rebecca Chávez & William Pérez. 2006. Developing minority resources: The case of Spanish in California. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.1007/s10993-007-9074-3Search in Google Scholar
Valdés, Guadalupe, Joshua A Fishman, Rebecca Chávez & William Pérez. 2008. Maintaining Spanish in the United States: Steps toward the effective practice of heritage language re-acquisition/development. Hispania 91(1). 4–24.Search in Google Scholar
Willis, Erik W. 2005. An initial examination of Southwest Spanish vowels. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 24(1&2). 185–198.Search in Google Scholar
Zamora Vicente, Alonso. 1960. Dialectología española. Madrid: Editorial Gredos.Search in Google Scholar
Zentella, Ana Celia. 1997. Growing up bilingual: Puerto Rican children in New York. Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar
© 2018 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Pronominal resumption in Spanish direct object relative clauses
- Subject pronoun expression and language mode in bilingual Spanish
- The politeness of você in European Portuguese
- Immediacy, counter-expectation, and grammatical marking: Intransitive constructions with an accusative clitic in Galician/Galego
- Syllable weight in monolingual and heritage Spanish
- Conditional morphology in New York heritage Spanish: General and variable usage patterns
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Research Articles
- Pronominal resumption in Spanish direct object relative clauses
- Subject pronoun expression and language mode in bilingual Spanish
- The politeness of você in European Portuguese
- Immediacy, counter-expectation, and grammatical marking: Intransitive constructions with an accusative clitic in Galician/Galego
- Syllable weight in monolingual and heritage Spanish
- Conditional morphology in New York heritage Spanish: General and variable usage patterns