Abstract
This study seeks to outline a neuro-evolutionary semiotic model for our perception and interpretation of moral ambiguities in the wake of neuroaesthetics. This model is actually an integration of the Saussurean network of differences and the recently discovered default mode network: it serves on the one hand to rectify automatic responses generated by the mirror system in real-life situations, and on the other, to expand the applicability of the sign system for our appreciation of eerie or scary details found in the arts. Such a framework functions not only to blur binary oppositions set between high and lowly arousal emotions, but also to enhance our skills and confidence in dealing with uncertainties and oddities found in the arts. As opposed to experimental schemes devised in neuroaesthetics, which quantify our instant ratings of specific audial and visual inputs, the neuro-evolutionary model allows us some freedom and flexibility to re-evaluate our perceptions of motives concealed in characters’ behaviors. This study therefore enlarges on a qualitative approach to conceptualizing spectatorship in the world of art. We as intelligent and self-governing spectators should manage to align with odd characters’ positions so as to regain meaning, understanding, and harmony from our dealings. By way of comparing and contrasting two film characters’ dealings with valuable paintings and endearing families, the author argues for the fruitful functioning of the neuro-evolutionary sign system in revising our biases against seemingly immoral characters. It is observed that the sign system is characterized with the capacity of multiplying meaningful connections between characters’ motives, choices, and actions. It enables us to sort out and to appreciate strings of actions that enlarge on characters’ persistence and consistence of achieving certain goals. All in all, our choice of engaging with the daunting and the disconcerting fosters not only our pleasure and intelligence of viewing, but also the survival of odd characters in our community.
Acknowledgements
The author is indebted to two film scholars Henry Bacon (Department of Philosophy, History, Culture and Art Studies, University of Helsinki) and Valentin Nussbaum (Institute of Art History, National Taiwan Normal University) for their sharing of thoughts concerning Virgil’s traits; MA assistant Eric Kao for his favor of putting together film reviews found on the worldwide web.
References
Arbib, Michael A. 2012. How the Brain Got Language: The Mirror System Hypothesis. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199896684.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Baas, Matthijs, Carsten de Dreu & Bernard A. Nijstad. 2012. Emotions that associate with uncertainty lead to structured ideation. Emotion 12(5). 1004–1014.10.1037/a0027358Search in Google Scholar
Brown, Steven & Ellen Dissanayake. 2009. The arts are more than aesthetics: Neuroaesthetics as narrow aesthetics. In M. Skov & O. Vartanian (eds.), Neuroaesthetics, 43–57. Amityville: Baywood.10.4324/9781315224091-4Search in Google Scholar
Burke, Edmund. 2008 [1990]. A philosophical inquiry into the origin of our ideas of the sublime and beautiful. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Daly-Peoples, John. 2013, August 24. Film review: The Best Offer, an obsession with love and art. National Business Review. http://www.nbr.co.nz/article/film-review-best-offer-obsession-love-and-art-144674 (accessed 12 December 2016).Search in Google Scholar
Donald, Merlin. 2001. A mind so rare: The evolution of human consciousness. New York: Norton.Search in Google Scholar
Duralde, Alonso. 2015, March 31. “Woman in Gold” review: Helen Mirren is all that glitters in this paint-by-numbers saga. The WRAP: Covering Hollywood. http://www.thewrap.com/woman-in-gold-review-helen-mirren-ryan-reynolds-tatiana-maslany/#.dpuf (accessed 12 December 2016).Search in Google Scholar
Eskine, Kendall J., Natalie A. Kacinik & Jesse J. Prinz. 2012. Stirring images: Fear, not happiness or arousal, makes art more sublime. Emotion 12(5). 1071–1074.10.1037/a0027200Search in Google Scholar
Gallagher, Shaun. 2006. The earliest senses of self and others: The interactive practice of mind. In How the body shapes the mind, 65–85; 206–248. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/0199271941.003.0004Search in Google Scholar
Gombrich, Ernst Hans. 1984 [1960]. Art and illusion: A study in the psychology of pictorial representation. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Greenspan, Patricia. 1988. Emotions and reasons: An inquiry into emotional justification. New York: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar
Hadley, Mark. 2013, September 4. Movie review: The Best Offer. Hope 103.2. http://hope1032.com.au/stories/culture/movie-reviews/2013/movie-review-the-best-offer/ (accessed 12 December 2016).Search in Google Scholar
Holton, Richard. 2011 [2009]. Willing, wanting, waiting. New York: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Ishai, Alumit. 2012. Art compositions elicit distributed activation in the human brain. In A. P. Shimamura & S. E. Palmer (eds.), Aesthetic science: Connecting minds, brains, and experience, 337–355. New York: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199732142.003.0074Search in Google Scholar
Kaag, John. 2009. The neurological dynamics of the imagination. Phenomenology and Cognitive Sciences 8. 183–204.10.1007/s11097-008-9106-2Search in Google Scholar
Kant, Immanuel. 2012. Groundwork of the metaphysics of morals, M. Gregor & J. Timmermann (trans.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511973741Search in Google Scholar
Kellert, Stephen R. 1997. Kinship to mastery: Biophilia in human evolution and development. Washington, DC: Island Press; Covelo, CA: Shearwater.Search in Google Scholar
Knipp, Chris. 2014. The Best Offer. CineScene. http://www.cinescene.com/knipp/bestoffer.html (accessed 12 December 2016).Search in Google Scholar
Kourbeti, Kat. 2015, May 9. Movie review – Woman in Gold (2015). Flickering Myth. http://www.flickeringmyth.com/2015/05/movie-review-woman-in-gold-2015.html (accessed 12 December 2016).Search in Google Scholar
Lenzi, D., C. Trentini, P. Pantano, E. Macaluso, M. Iacoboni, G. L. Lenzi & M. Ammaniti. 2009. Neural basis of maternal communication and emotional expression processing during infant preverbal stage. Cerebral Cortex 19. 1124–1133.10.1093/cercor/bhn153Search in Google Scholar
Molnar-Szakacs, Istvan & Lucina Q. Uddin. 2013. Self-processing and the default mode network: Interactions with the mirror neuron system. Frontiers in Neuroscience 7. 1–11.10.3389/fnhum.2013.00571Search in Google Scholar
O’Connor, K. P. & F. Aardema. 2005. The imagination: Cognitive, pre-cognitive, and meta-cognitive aspects. Consciousness and Cognition 14(2). 233–256.10.1016/j.concog.2004.07.005Search in Google Scholar
Panksepp, Jaak. 1998. Rough-and-tumble play: The brain sources of joy. In Affective neuroscience: The foundations of human and animal emotions, 280–299. New York: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Panksepp, J. 2012. What is an emotional feeling? Lessons about affective origins from cross-species neuroscience. Motivation and Emotion 36. 4–15.10.1007/s11031-011-9232-ySearch in Google Scholar
Ricœur, Paul. 1991. Narrative identity. Philosophy Today 35(1). 73–81.10.5840/philtoday199135136Search in Google Scholar
Saussure, Ferdinand de. 1993. Troisième cours de linguistique générale (1910 –1911) d’après les cahiers d’Émile Constantin / Saussure’s third course of lectures on general linguistics (1910 –1911) from the notebooks of Émile Constantin, E. Komatsu (ed.), R. Harris (trans.). Oxford: Pergamon.Search in Google Scholar
Saussure, Ferdinand de. 2006. Writings in general linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Smith, Murray. 1995. Engaging characters: Fiction, emotion, and the cinema. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Search in Google Scholar
Starr, Gabrielle G. 2013. Feeling beauty: The neuroscience of aesthetic experience. London, England; Cambridge, Mass.10.7551/mitpress/9780262019316.001.0001Search in Google Scholar
Thornhill, Randy. 2003. Darwinian aesthetics informs traditional aesthetics. In E. Voland & K. Grammer (eds.), Evolutionary Aesthetics, 9–35. Berlin: Springer.10.1007/978-3-662-07142-7_2Search in Google Scholar
Ulrich, Roger S.1993. Biophilia, biophobia, and natural landscapes. In S. R. Kellert & E. O. Wilson (eds.), The biophilia hypothesis, 73–137. Washington, DC: Island Press; Covelo, CA: Shearwater.Search in Google Scholar
Vartanian, Oshin. 2009. Conscious experience of pleasure in art. In M. Skov & O. Vartanian (eds.), Neuroaesthetics, 261–273. Amityville: Baywood.10.4324/9781315224091-13Search in Google Scholar
Velleman, J. David. 2006. Love as a moral emotion; Willing the law; Motivation by ideal. In Ronald Cohen (ed.), Self to self: Selected essays, 70–109; 284–311; 312–329. New York: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511498862.004Search in Google Scholar
Vessel, Edward A., Gabrielle G. Starr & Nava Rubin. 2013. Art reaches within: Aesthetic experience, the self, and the default mode network. Frontiers in Neuroscience 7. 1–9.10.3389/fnins.2013.00258Search in Google Scholar
Filmography
Tornatore, Giuseppe. 2013. The best offer. Italy.
Curtis, Simon. 2015. Woman in gold. UK.
©2017 by De Gruyter Mouton
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Passing-by “Ça va?” checks in clinic corridors
- Globalization and its determinative influence upon the humanities: A semiotic/hermeneutic diagnosis
- Gendering the nation: A case study on the postage stamps of Cyprus
- Clues as information, the semiotic gap, and inferential investigative processes, or making a (very small) contribution to the new discipline, Forensic Semiotics
- What we talk about when we talk about texts: Identity compressions and the ontology of the “work”
- We like to talk about smell: A worldly take on language, sensory experience, and the Internet
- Mapping our underlying cognitions and emotions about good environmental behavior: Why we fail to act despite the best of intentions
- Naive geography and geopolitical semiotics: The semiotic analysis of geomental maps of Russians
- The Transformations of Abduction: From the Inferential Model to the Logic of Relatives
- The “unknown voice” in Western history since Socrates
- Semiotic study for the analysis of communications within organizations: Theoretical approach from organizational semiotics
- Semiotics of ideocriticism: Four strategies of modeling
- Spectatorship as a play on moral ambiguities: Neuro-evolutionary semiotic approach to lowly arousal emotions
- Comparing the semiotic construction of attitudinal meanings in the multimodal manuscript, original published and adapted versions of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
- Semiotic modeling and education
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Passing-by “Ça va?” checks in clinic corridors
- Globalization and its determinative influence upon the humanities: A semiotic/hermeneutic diagnosis
- Gendering the nation: A case study on the postage stamps of Cyprus
- Clues as information, the semiotic gap, and inferential investigative processes, or making a (very small) contribution to the new discipline, Forensic Semiotics
- What we talk about when we talk about texts: Identity compressions and the ontology of the “work”
- We like to talk about smell: A worldly take on language, sensory experience, and the Internet
- Mapping our underlying cognitions and emotions about good environmental behavior: Why we fail to act despite the best of intentions
- Naive geography and geopolitical semiotics: The semiotic analysis of geomental maps of Russians
- The Transformations of Abduction: From the Inferential Model to the Logic of Relatives
- The “unknown voice” in Western history since Socrates
- Semiotic study for the analysis of communications within organizations: Theoretical approach from organizational semiotics
- Semiotics of ideocriticism: Four strategies of modeling
- Spectatorship as a play on moral ambiguities: Neuro-evolutionary semiotic approach to lowly arousal emotions
- Comparing the semiotic construction of attitudinal meanings in the multimodal manuscript, original published and adapted versions of Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland
- Semiotic modeling and education