Abstract
The purpose of this article is identify and explain gender differences in eight important socioeconomic attitudes and political priorities among randomized samples of both males and females in 21 countries of the broadly defined Middle East. The attitudes and political priorities examined include the low status of women, lack of democracy, absence of a competitive private sector, income inequality and reliance on the military. In each case decomposition methods are used to divide these differences into those due to differences in the underlying characteristics of males and females and those due to differences in the effect of those characteristics
Appendix
Logit Estimates (Marginal Effects): Economic Growth, Defense Forces, More Say and Beautiful by Gender.
| Economic Growth | Defense Forces | More Say | Beautiful | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| VARIABLES | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female | Male | Female |
| Age | 0.00560*** | 0.00235 | −0.00245 | −3.70e-05 | −0.000500 | −0.000474 | −0.00167*** | −0.00136* |
| (0.00178) | (0.00151) | (0.00150) | (0.00123) | (0.000997) | (0.00109) | (0.000598) | (0.000777) | |
| Age Squared | −5.42e-05** | −1.37e-05 | 2.56e-05 | −2.23e-06 | 2.98e-07 | −2.01e-06 | 1.80e-05** | 1.33e-05 |
| (2.12e-05) | (1.66e-05) | (1.60e-05) | (1.42e-05) | (1.08e-05) | (1.26e-05) | (7.05e-06) | (8.38e-06) | |
| Religion Christian | 0.0340 | 0.0334 | 0.00500 | −0.0361* | −0.0146 | 0.0263 | −0.0122 | −0.0364** |
| (0.0492) | (0.0462) | (0.0233) | (0.0186) | (0.0158) | (0.0253) | (0.0110) | (0.0152) | |
| Religion Orthodox | −0.0484 | −0.0713** | 0.0488*** | 0.0441** | −0.00926 | 0.0203* | 0.00108 | −0.00135 |
| (0.0359) | (0.0312) | (0.0114) | (0.0221) | (0.0127) | (0.0114) | (0.0138) | (0.00820) | |
| Religion Muslim*Shia Majority | −0.0735 | −0.0738*** | 0.0989** | 0.103*** | −0.00788 | −0.00506 | −0.00198 | −0.00247 |
| (0.0483) | (0.0277) | (0.0447) | (0.0222) | (0.0292) | (0.0149) | (0.0107) | (0.0187) | |
| Religion Muslim*Sunni Majority | 0.0354 | 0.0342 | 0.0173 | −0.00686 | −0.0301* | −0.0193 | −0.0120 | −0.00850 |
| (0.0323) | (0.0242) | (0.0158) | (0.0165) | (0.0175) | (0.0174) | (0.00841) | (0.00639) | |
| Importance of Religion | 0.00693 | −0.0113 | 0.00475 | 0.00808 | −0.0104** | −0.00340 | 0.00147 | 0.00518 |
| (0.00739) | (0.0118) | (0.00495) | (0.00648) | (0.00436) | (0.00900) | (0.00234) | (0.00357) | |
| Income Quartile 2 | 0.0235** | 0.0129 | −0.00875 | −0.00762 | −0.00919 | 0.00414 | −0.00360 | −0.00720* |
| (0.0118) | (0.0102) | (0.00921) | (0.00788) | (0.00662) | (0.00565) | (0.00348) | (0.00413) | |
| Income Quartile 3 | 0.0241* | 0.00938 | −0.0141 | −0.00214 | 0.000144 | −0.00131 | −0.00836** | −0.00407 |
| (0.0126) | (0.0127) | (0.0115) | (0.00924) | (0.00916) | (0.00782) | (0.00329) | (0.00648) | |
| Income Quartile 4 | −0.000446 | −0.0123 | −0.00681 | 0.00832 | 0.00310 | 0.00945 | 0.00330 | −0.00559 |
| (0.0152) | (0.0164) | (0.0115) | (0.0108) | (0.00841) | (0.00888) | (0.00452) | (0.00675) | |
| Separated Divorced or Widowed | −0.00269 | 0.0127 | 0.00164 | −0.00814 | −0.00612 | 0.00236 | 0.00636 | −0.00481 |
| (0.0219) | (0.0124) | (0.0135) | (0.00739) | (0.0121) | (0.00604) | (0.00968) | (0.00465) | |
| Single | 0.00316 | 0.00822 | −0.0236*** | −0.00537 | 0.00698 | 0.00210 | 0.0102*** | −0.00332 |
| (0.0133) | (0.0120) | (0.00826) | (0.00908) | (0.00687) | (0.00704) | (0.00356) | (0.00419) | |
| Part-time | 0.00715 | −0.0229 | −0.0153 | 0.0131 | 0.00765 | 0.000433 | −0.00154 | 0.00821 |
| (0.0164) | (0.0143) | (0.0140) | (0.0140) | (0.00934) | (0.00921) | (0.00630) | (0.00609) | |
| Self-employed | −0.0219 | −0.0422** | 0.0151 | 0.0282** | −0.00135 | 0.000300 | 0.00597 | 0.0105 |
| (0.0182) | (0.0176) | (0.0122) | (0.0141) | (0.00781) | (0.0127) | (0.00418) | (0.00723) | |
| Retired | −0.00494 | −0.0709*** | 0.0223 | 0.0561*** | 0.00190 | 0.0161 | −0.0191* | −0.00442 |
| (0.0197) | (0.0271) | (0.0138) | (0.0193) | (0.0102) | (0.0164) | (0.0107) | (0.0123) | |
| Homemaker | −0.0139 | −0.0507*** | 0.0316 | 0.0272*** | −0.0519** | 0.00992 | 0.0205 | 0.0105 |
| (0.0475) | (0.0139) | (0.0356) | (0.00850) | (0.0221) | (0.0105) | (0.0139) | (0.00691) | |
| Student | −0.000458 | −0.0494** | 0.0133 | 0.0161 | −0.00797 | 0.0194 | −0.000782 | 0.00932 |
| (0.0140) | (0.0202) | (0.0165) | (0.0120) | (0.00899) | (0.0123) | (0.00695) | (0.00705) | |
| Unemployed | 0.00624 | −0.0476*** | −0.00345 | 0.0357*** | −0.00424 | 0.000828 | 0.00107 | 0.00799 |
| (0.0159) | (0.0178) | (0.00897) | (0.0104) | (0.00854) | (0.00958) | (0.00621) | (0.0108) | |
| Other | 0.00316 | −0.0570* | 9.94e-05 | 0.0462* | −0.00407 | −0.00540 | −0.000423 | 0.0133 |
| (0.0463) | (0.0302) | (0.0273) | (0.0261) | (0.0216) | (0.0171) | (0.0100) | (0.0135) | |
| Education | 0.0169** | 0.00883 | −0.0108* | 0.00172 | 0.00855* | 0.0154*** | −0.0133*** | −0.0243*** |
| (0.00692) | (0.0110) | (0.00579) | (0.00656) | (0.00479) | (0.00500) | (0.00364) | (0.00473) | |
| GDP Change | 0.0116*** | 0.00272 | −0.00171 | 0.00150 | −0.00420** | −0.00340 | −0.00365*** | −0.000198 |
| (0.00335) | (0.00557) | (0.00219) | (0.00357) | (0.00179) | (0.00218) | (0.000416) | (0.00120) | |
| Legal Equality | −0.196*** | −0.180*** | 0.0888*** | 0.0879*** | 0.0630*** | 0.0553*** | 0.0472*** | 0.0412*** |
| (0.0222) | (0.0390) | (0.0150) | (0.0211) | (0.00979) | (0.0135) | (0.00227) | (0.00723) | |
| Gini | −0.0205*** | −0.0183*** | 0.0125*** | 0.00656* | 0.00886*** | 0.0155*** | 0.00169*** | 0.000201 |
| (0.00398) | (0.00708) | (0.00251) | (0.00336) | (0.00272) | (0.00327) | (0.000603) | (0.00143) | |
| Military Share | 0.00212 | −0.0798*** | −0.0234*** | 0.00665 | 0.0294*** | 0.0504*** | 0.00120 | 0.0316*** |
| (0.0113) | (0.0176) | (0.00804) | (0.0127) | (0.0100) | (0.00754) | (0.00182) | (0.00302) | |
| Arab | −0.931*** | −0.994*** | 0.452*** | 0.533*** | 0.203*** | 0.340*** | 0.221*** | 0.160*** |
| (0.134) | (0.265) | (0.0923) | (0.127) | (0.0610) | (0.104) | (0.0221) | (0.0569) | |
| Arab*Wave6 | 0.350*** | 0.292*** | −0.143*** | −0.143*** | −0.109*** | −0.134*** | −0.0461*** | −4.98e-05 |
| (0.0664) | (0.108) | (0.0339) | (0.0409) | (0.0297) | (0.0424) | (0.0111) | (0.0272) | |
| Soviet | 0.511*** | 0.307** | −0.265*** | −0.288*** | −0.0739 | 0.0911** | −0.146*** | −0.0849*** |
| (0.0835) | (0.132) | (0.0478) | (0.0776) | (0.0480) | (0.0447) | (0.00843) | (0.0269) | |
| Soviet*Wave6 | 0.0348 | 0.208* | 0.0110 | −0.00385 | −0.0378 | −0.135*** | 0.0143*** | −0.0728*** |
| (0.0627) | (0.106) | (0.0350) | (0.0568) | (0.0302) | (0.0336) | (0.00497) | (0.0238) | |
| Country-Fixed Effects | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Wave-Fixed Effects | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES | YES |
| Observations | 22,820 | 23,330 | 22,820 | 23,330 | 22,820 | 23,330 | 22,820 | 23,330 |
Robust standard errors clustered at country*wave level in parentheses
Note: Stars indicate significance levels of the coefficients to which they are attached *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.1
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Articles in the same Issue
- Research Article
- Explaining Gender Differences in Socioeconomic and Political Objectives in the Middle East
- Exports and Financing Constraints Evidence from Turkey
- Long-run and Short-run Monetary Policy Transmission Channels in Lebanon
- Import Determinants and Potential Markets: A Panel Data Gravity Modelling Analysis for Bahrain
Articles in the same Issue
- Research Article
- Explaining Gender Differences in Socioeconomic and Political Objectives in the Middle East
- Exports and Financing Constraints Evidence from Turkey
- Long-run and Short-run Monetary Policy Transmission Channels in Lebanon
- Import Determinants and Potential Markets: A Panel Data Gravity Modelling Analysis for Bahrain