Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder is a pervasive and heterogeneous neurodevelopmental condition characterized by social communication difficulties and rigid, repetitive behaviors. Owing to the complex pathogenesis of autism, effective drugs for treating its core features are lacking. Nonpharmacological approaches, including education, social-communication, behavioral and psychological methods, and exercise interventions, play important roles in supporting the needs of autistic individuals. The advantages of exercise intervention, such as its low cost, easy implementation, and high acceptance, have garnered increasing attention. Exercise interventions can effectively improve the core features and co-occurring conditions of autism, but the underlying neurobiological mechanisms are unclear. Abnormal changes in the gut microbiome, neuroinflammation, neurogenesis, and synaptic plasticity may individually or interactively be responsible for atypical brain structure and connectivity, leading to specific autistic experiences and characteristics. Interestingly, exercise can affect these biological processes and reshape brain network connections, which may explain how exercise alleviates core features and co-occurring conditions in autistic individuals. In this review, we describe the definition, diagnostic approach, epidemiology, and current support strategies for autism; highlight the benefits of exercise interventions; and call for individualized programs for different subtypes of autistic individuals. Finally, the possible neurobiological mechanisms by which exercise improves autistic features are comprehensively summarized to inform the development of optimal exercise interventions and specific targets to meet the needs of autistic individuals.
Funding source: Municipal Basic Research Program Basic and Applied Basic Research Projects of Guangzhou City
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2023A04J0151
Funding source: National Natural Science Foundation of China
Award Identifier / Grant number: 32000837
Funding source: Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2021B1212040014
Funding source: Projects of Guangdong Provincial Department of Education
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2022WCXTD017
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2022ZDJS004
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: T.G., J.N., C.W., and L.L. collected the literature and drafted the work. L.B. and H.M. revised the manuscript. The authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.
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Competing interests: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant number 32000837), Municipal Basic Research Program Basic and Applied Basic Research Projects of Guangzhou City (grant number 2023A04J0151), Projects of Guangdong Provincial Department of Education (grant numbers 2022WCXTD017, 2022ZDJS004), and the Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Physical Activity and Health Promotion (grant number 2021B1212040014).
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Data availability: Not applicable.
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© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- A review of the application of exercise intervention on improving cognition in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: mechanisms and clinical studies
- The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise interventions in autistic individuals
- Unraveling mitochondrial dysfunction: comprehensive perspectives on its impact on neurodegenerative diseases
- Exploring neuroglial signaling: diversity of molecules implicated in microglia-to-astrocyte neuroimmune communication
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- A review of the application of exercise intervention on improving cognition in patients with Alzheimer’s disease: mechanisms and clinical studies
- The neurobiological mechanisms underlying the effects of exercise interventions in autistic individuals
- Unraveling mitochondrial dysfunction: comprehensive perspectives on its impact on neurodegenerative diseases
- Exploring neuroglial signaling: diversity of molecules implicated in microglia-to-astrocyte neuroimmune communication