Abstract
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) is an acute inflammatory polyradiculoneuropathy; a disease involving the peripheral nervous system which is the most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis worldwide. So far, it is still lack of a comprehensive overview and understanding of the national epidemiological, clinical characteristics, and the risk factors of GBS in China, as well as differences between China and other countries and regions in these respects. With the global outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), an epidemiological or phenotypic association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and GBS has attracted great attention. In this review, we outlined the current clinical data of GBS in China by retrieving literature, extracting and synthesizing the data of GBS in China from 2010 to 2021. Besides, we compared the characteristics of epidemiology, preceding events and clinical profiles of GBS between China and other countries and regions. Furthermore, in addition to conventional intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) and plasma exchange (PE) therapy, the potential therapeutic effects with novel medications in GBS, such as complement inhibitors, etc., have become the research focus in treatments. We found that epidemiological and clinical findings of GBS in China are approximately consistent with those in the International GBS Outcome Study (IGOS) cohort. We provided an overall picture of the present clinical status of GBS in China and summarized the global research progress of GBS, aiming to further understand the characteristics of GBS and improve the future work of GBS worldwide, especially in countries with the middle and low incomes.
Acknowledgment
This work was supported by the project of The First hospital of Jilin University, Changchun city, Jilin Province, China.
-
Author contribution: YS and XZ contributed equally to this work. YS and XW conceived the idea, revised all the literature, and wrote the manuscript. XZ, YF, KL, SL, and YS collected the clinical data. XW and YS analysis these data. XW and JZ contributed to the revision of the manuscript and read and approved the submitted version. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
-
Research funding: This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.
References
Al-Saffar, A. and Al-Fatly, B. (2018). Acute motor axonal neuropathy in association with hepatitis E. Front. Neurol. 9: 62, https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2018.00062.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Albertí, M.A., Alentorn, A., Martínez-Yelamos, S., Martínez-Matos, J.A., Povedano, M., Montero, J., and Casasnovas, C. (2011). Very early electrodiagnostic findings in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 16: 136–142, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8027.2011.00338.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Alboudi, A.M., Sarathchandran, P., Geblawi, S.S., Kayed, D.M., Inshasi, J., Purayil, S.P., Almadani, A.B., and Katirji, B. (2019). Rescue treatment in patients with poorly responsive Guillain-Barre syndrome. SAGE Open Med. 7: 2050312119840195, https://doi.org/10.1177/2050312119840195.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Al-Hakem, H., Sindrup, S. H., Andersen, H., de la Cour, C. D., Lassen, L. L., van den Berg, B., Jacobs, B. C., and Harbo, T. (2019). Guillain-Barre syndrome in Denmark: a population-based study on epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical severity. J. Neurol. 266: 440–449, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-018-9151-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Allen, C.M., Ramsamy, S., Tarr, A.W., Tighe, P.J., Irving, W.L., Tanasescu, R., and Evans, J.R. (2021). Guillain-Barré syndrome variant occurring after SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Ann. Neurol. 90: 315–318, https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26144.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Alshekhlee, A., Hussain, Z., Sultan, B., and Katirji, B. (2008). Guillain-Barré syndrome: incidence and mortality rates in US hospitals. Neurology 70: 1608–1613, https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000310983.38724.d4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Arami, M. A., Yazdchi, M., and Khandaghi, R. (2006). Epidemiology and characteristics of Guillain-Barre syndrome in the northwest of Iran. Ann. Saudi Med. 26: 22–27, https://doi.org/10.5144/0256-4947.2006.22.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Araújo, N.M., Ferreira, L.C., Dantas, D.P., Silva, D.S., Dos Santos, C.A., Cipolotti, R., and Martins-Filho, P.R. (2021). First report of SARS-CoV-2 detection in cerebrospinal fluid in a child with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 40: e274–e276, https://doi.org/10.1097/inf.0000000000003146.Search in Google Scholar
Asthana, P., Vong, J.S., Kumar, G., Chang, R.C., Zhang, G., Sheikh, K.A., and Ma, C.H. (2016). Dissecting the role of anti-ganglioside antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome: an animal model approach. Mol. Neurobiol. 53: 4981–4991, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12035-015-9430-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Bae, J.S., Yuki, N., Kuwabara, S., Kim, J.K., Vucic, S., Lin, C.S., and Kiernan, M.C. (2014). Guillain-Barré syndrome in Asia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 85: 907–913, https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2013-306212.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Baker, M.G., Kvalsvig, A., Zhang, J., Lake, R., Sears, A., and Wilson, N. (2012). Declining Guillain-Barre syndrome after campylobacteriosis control, New Zealand, 1988–2010. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18: 226–233, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid1802.111126.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Bamberger, P.D. and Thys, D.M. (2005). Guillain-Barré syndrome in a patient with pancreatic cancer after an epidural-general anesthetic. Anesth. Analg. 100: 1197–1199, https://doi.org/10.1213/01.ane.0000144826.77316.ed.Search in Google Scholar
Bao, L., Chen, X., Li, Q., Zhang, R., Shi, H., and Cui, G. (2020). Surgery and Guillain-Barré syndrome: a single-center retrospective study focused on clinical and electrophysiological subtypes. Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat. 16: 969–974, https://doi.org/10.2147/ndt.s241128.Search in Google Scholar
Benedetti, M.D., Pugliatti, M., D’Alessandro, R., Beghi, E., Chiò, A., Logroscino, G., Filippini, G., Galeotti, F., Massari, M., Santuccio, C., et al.. (2015). A multicentric prospective incidence study of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Italy. The ITANG Study. Neuroepidemiology 45: 90–99, https://doi.org/10.1159/000438752.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Black, S., Eskola, J., Siegrist, C.A., Halsey, N., MacDonald, N., Law, B., Miller, E., Andrews, N., Stowe, J., Salmon, D., et al.. (2009). Importance of background rates of disease in assessment of vaccine safety during mass immunisation with pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccines. Lancet 374: 2115–2122, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(09)61877-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Burwen, D.R., Sandhu, S.K., MaCurdy, T.E., Kelman, J.A., Gibbs, J.M., Garcia, B., Markatou, M., Forshee, R.A., Izurieta, H.S., and Ball, R. (2012). Surveillance for Guillain-Barré syndrome after influenza vaccination among the Medicare population, 2009–2010. Am. J. Publ. Health 102: 1921–1927, https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2011.300510.Search in Google Scholar
Cao-Lormeau, V.M., Blake, A., Mons, S., Lastère, S., Roche, C., Vanhomwegen, J., Dub, T., Baudouin, L., Teissier, A., Larre, P., et al.. (2016). Guillain-Barré Syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. Lancet 387: 1531–1539, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00562-6.Search in Google Scholar
Capasso, A., Ompad, D. C., Vieira, D. L., Wilder-Smith, A., and Tozan, Y. (2019). Incidence of Guillain-Barre Syndrome (GBS) in Latin America and the Caribbean before and during the 2015-2016 zika virus epidemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS Negl. Trop. Dis. 13: e0007622.10.1371/journal.pntd.0007622Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Capodivento, G., De Michelis, C., Carpo, M., Fancellu, R., Schirinzi, E., Severi, D., Visigalli, D., Franciotta, D., Manganelli, F., Siciliano, G., et al.. (2021). CSF sphingomyelin: a new biomarker of demyelination in the diagnosis and management of CIDP and GBS. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 92: 303–310, https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-324445.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Caress, J.B., Castoro, R.J., Simmons, Z., Scelsa, S.N., Lewis, R.A., Ahlawat, A., and Narayanaswami, P. (2020). COVID-19-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome: the early pandemic experience. Muscle Nerve 62: 485–491, https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.27024.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Chen, Y., Ma, F., Zhang, J., Chu, X., and Xu, Y. (2014). Population incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome in parts of China: three large populations in Jiangsu province, 2008–2010. Eur. J. Neurol. 21: 124–129.10.1111/ene.12265Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Chen, E.Y., Stratton, C., Mercer, B., Hohler, A., Tannoury, T.Y., and Tannoury, C. (2017). Guillain-Barré syndrome after elective spinal surgery. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 25: 587–593, https://doi.org/10.5435/jaaos-d-16-00572.Search in Google Scholar
Chen, Y., Zhang, J., Chu, X., Xu, Y., and Ma, F. (2020). Vaccines and the risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Eur. J. Epidemiol. 35: 363–370, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10654-019-00596-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Cheng, Q., Jiang, G. X., Fredrikson, S., Link, H., and De Pedro-Cuesta, J. (2000). Incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Sweden 1996. Eur. J. Neurol. 7: 11–16.10.1046/j.1468-1331.2000.00006.xSearch in Google Scholar
Cheng, Q., Wang, D.S., Jiang, G.X., Han, H., Zhang, Y., Wang, W.Z., and Fredrikson, S. (2002). Distinct pattern of age-specific incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Harbin, China. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 249: 25–32, https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1529-8027.2002.02026_13.x.Search in Google Scholar
Chevret, S., Hughes, R.A., and Annane, D. (2017). Plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2: Cd001798, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd001798.pub3.Search in Google Scholar
Chiba, A., Kusunoki, S., Obata, H., Machinami, R., and Kanazawa, I. (1993). Serum anti-GQ1b IgG antibody is associated with ophthalmoplegia in Miller Fisher syndrome and Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical and immunohistochemical studies. Neurology 43: 1911–1917, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.43.10.1911.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Chiesa, M., Decima, R., Bertinat, A., Poggi, L., Hackembruch, H., Montenegro, C., Chiparelli, H., and Vazquez, C. (2021). Incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome in an Uruguayan population. A prospective cohort study. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 26: 209–215, https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12450.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Chmiela, T., Rzepka, M., Krzystanek, E., and Gorzkowska, A. (2021). A 50-year-old patient with Guillain-Barre syndrome after COVID-19: a case report. Medicina 57: 775, https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina57080775.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Chouillard, E. and Fingerhut, A. (2004). Guillain-Barré syndrome following oesophagectomy. ANZ J. Surg. 74: 915–916, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-1433.2004.03198.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Chroni, E., Papapetropoulos, S., Gioldasis, G., Ellul, J., Diamadopoulos, N., and Papapetropoulos, T. (2004). Guillain-Barre syndrome in Greece: seasonality and other clinico-epidemiological features. Eur. J. Neurol. 11: 383–388, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2004.00799.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Civardi, C., Collini, A., Geda, D.J., and Geda, C. (2020). Antiganglioside antibodies in Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 91: 1361–1362, https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-324279.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Créange, A., Shahrizaila, N., Salhi, H., Lefaucheur, J.P., and Yuki, N. (2014). Association of antibodies to ganglioside complexes and conduction blocks in axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome presenting as acute motor conduction block neuropathy. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 19: 115–120, https://doi.org/10.1111/jns5.12060.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Cuadrado, J. I., de Pedro-Cuesta, J., Ara, J. R., Cemillan, C. A., Diaz, M., Duarte, J., Fernandez, M. D., Fernandez, O., Garcia-Lopez, F., Garcia-Merino, A., et al.. (2004). Public health surveillance and incidence of adulthood Guillain-Barre syndrome in Spain, 1998–1999: the view from a sentinel network of neurologists. Neurol. Sci. 25: 57–65, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10072-004-0231-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Dalton, H.R., Kamar, N., van Eijk, J.J., McLean, B.N., Cintas, P., Bendall, R.P., and Jacobs, B.C. (2016). Hepatitis E virus and neurological injury. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 12: 77–85, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2015.234.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
De la, O. Peña D., Robles-Figueroa, M., Chávez-Peña, Q., and Bedolla-Barajas, M. (2015). Features of Guillain-Barre syndrome in adults: results of a university hospital. Rev. Med. Inst. Mex. Seguro Soc. 53: 678–685.Search in Google Scholar
Delannoy, A., Rudant, J., Chaignot, C., Bolgert, F., Mikaeloff, Y., and Weill, A. (2017). Guillain-Barré syndrome in France: a nationwide epidemiological analysis based on hospital discharge data (2008–2013). J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 22: 51–58, https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12202.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Diez-Porras, L., Vergés, E., Gil, F., Vidal, M.J., Massons, J., and Arboix, A. (2020). Guillain-Barré-Strohl syndrome and COVID-19: case report and literature review. Neuromuscul. Disord. 30: 859–861, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nmd.2020.08.354.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Dimachkie, M.M. and Barohn, R.J. (2013). Guillain-Barré syndrome and variants. Neurol. Clin. 31: 491–510, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ncl.2013.01.005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Dirlikov, E., Kniss, K., Major, C., Thomas, D., Virgen, C.A., Mayshack, M., Asher, J., Mier, Y., Teran-Romero, L., Salinas, J.L., et al.. (2017). Guillain-Barré syndrome and healthcare needs during Zika virus transmission, Puerto Rico, 2016. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 23: 134–136, https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2301.161290.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Dirlikov, E., Major, C. G., Medina, N. A., Lugo-Robles, R., Matos, D., Munoz-Jordan, J. L., Colon-Sanchez, C., Garcia, M., Olivero-Segarra, M., Malave, G., et al.. (2018). Clinical features of Guillain-Barre syndrome with vs without Zika virus infection, Puerto Rico, 2016. JAMA Neurol. 75: 1089–1097, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1058.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Doets, A.Y., Jacobs, B.C., and van Doorn, P.A. (2018a). Advances in management of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Curr. Opin. Neurol. 31: 541–550, https://doi.org/10.1097/wco.0000000000000602.Search in Google Scholar
Doets, A.Y., Verboon, C., van den Berg, B., Harbo, T., Cornblath, D.R., Willison, H.J., Islam, Z., Attarian, S., Barroso, F.A., Bateman, K., et al.. (2018b). Regional variation of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Brain 141: 2866–2877, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awy232.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Dourado, M.E., Felix, R.H., da Silva, W.K., Queiroz, J.W., and Jeronimo, S.M. (2012). Clinical characteristics of Guillain-Barre syndrome in a tropical country: a Brazilian experience. Acta Neurol. Scand. 125: 47–53, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.2011.01503.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Dourado Júnior, M.E.T., Fernandes, U.T., Ramos, E.S., Vital, A.L.F., Urbano, J.C.C., Queiroz, J.W., and Jeronimo, S.M.B. (2018). Egos has a reduced capacity to predicts GBS prognosis in Northeast Brazil. Acta Neurol. Scand. 138: 459–462, https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.12995.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Durand, M.C., Porcher, R., Orlikowski, D., Aboab, J., Devaux, C., Clair, B., Annane, D., Gaillard, J.L., Lofaso, F., Raphael, J.C., et al.. (2006). Clinical and electrophysiological predictors of respiratory failure in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a prospective study. Lancet Neurol. 5: 1021–1028, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(06)70603-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Esposito, S. and Longo, M.R. (2017). Guillain-Barré syndrome. Autoimmun. Rev. 16: 96–101, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2016.09.022.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Fan, Q., Hu, Y., Wang, X., and Zhao, B. (2021). Guillain-Barré syndrome in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 268: 2169–2174, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-021-10404-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Fantini, J., Di Scala, C., Chahinian, H., and Yahi, N. (2020). Structural and molecular modelling studies reveal a new mechanism of action of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine against SARS-CoV-2 infection. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 55: 105960, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2020.105960.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Farbu, E., Rudolph, T., and Stefansdottir, S. (2016). Guillain Barré syndrome--incidence and clinical course in southern Rogaland, Norway. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 141: 33–37, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clineuro.2015.12.008.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Figueras, A., Morales-Olivas, F.J., Capellà, D., Palop, V., and Laporte, J.R. (1992). Bovine gangliosides and acute motor polyneuropathy. BMJ 305: 1330–1331, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.305.6865.1330.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Fokke, C., van den Berg, B., Drenthen, J., Walgaard, C., van Doorn, P.A., and Jacobs, B.C. (2014). Diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome and validation of Brighton criteria. Brain 137: 33–43, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awt285.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Fokkink, W.R., Walgaard, C., Kuitwaard, K., Tio-Gillen, A.P., van Doorn, P.A., and Jacobs, B.C. (2017). Association of albumin levels with outcome in intravenous immunoglobulin-treated guillain-barré syndrome. JAMA Neurol. 74: 189–196, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaneurol.2016.4480.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Forsberg, A., Press, R., and Holmqvist, L.W. (2012). Residual disability 10 years after falling ill in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a prospective follow-up study. J. Neurol. Sci. 317: 74–79, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2012.02.026.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Foubert-Samier, A., Penchet, G., Yekhlef, F., Lemasson, G., and Sibon, I. (2005). Guillain-Barré syndrome secondary to cranial surgery: direct or fortuitous relationship? Neurochirurgie 51: 604–606, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0028-3770(05)83637-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Funes, S.C., Chiari, M.E., Comín, R., Irazoqui, F.J., and Nores, G.A. (2017). Experimental Guillain-Barre syndrome induced by immunization with gangliosides: keyhole limpet hemocyanin is required for disease triggering. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Basis Dis. 1863: 1473–1478, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.02.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
García-Grimshaw, M., Michel-Chávez, A., Vera-Zertuche, J.M., Galnares-Olalde, J.A., Hernández-Vanegas, L.E., Figueroa-Cucurachi, M., Paredes-Ceballos, O., Reyes-Terán, G., Carbajal-Sandoval, G., Ceballos-Liceaga, S.E., et al.. (2021). Guillain-Barré syndrome is infrequent among recipients of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Clin. Immunol. 230: 108818, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clim.2021.108818.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Gensicke, H., Datta, A.N., Dill, P., Schindler, C., and Fischer, D. (2012). Increased incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome after surgery. Eur. J. Neurol. 19: 1239–1244, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-1331.2012.03730.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Godschalk, P.C., Heikema, A.P., Gilbert, M., Komagamine, T., Ang, C.W., Glerum, J., Brochu, D., Li, J., Yuki, N., Jacobs, B.C., et al.. (2004). The crucial role of Campylobacter jejuni genes in anti-ganglioside antibody induction in Guillain-Barre syndrome. J. Clin. Invest. 114: 1659–1665, https://doi.org/10.1172/jci200415707.Search in Google Scholar
Gong, Q., Liu, S., Liu, Y., Yao, J., Fu, X., Xiao, Z., and Lu, Z. (2021). Guillain-Barré syndrome triggered by surgery in a Chinese population: a multicenter retrospective study. BMC Neurol. 21: 40, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12883-021-02067-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Goodfellow, J.A. and Willison, H.J. (2016). Guillain-Barré syndrome: a century of progress. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 12: 723–731, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2016.172.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Govoni, V., Granieri, E., Manconi, M., Capone, J., and Casetta, I. (2003). Is there a decrease in Guillain-Barré syndrome incidence after bovine ganglioside withdrawal in Italy? A population-based study in the Local Health District of Ferrara, Italy. J. Neurol. Sci. 216: 99–103, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-510x(03)00215-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Green, C., Baker, T., and Subramaniam, A. (2018). Predictors of respiratory failure in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Med. J. Aust. 208: 181–188, https://doi.org/10.5694/mja17.00552.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Greene, S.K., Rett, M.D., Vellozzi, C., Li, L., Kulldorff, M., Marcy, S.M., Daley, M.F., Belongia, E.A., Baxter, R., Fireman, B.H., et al.. (2013). Guillain-Barré syndrome, influenza vaccination, and antecedent respiratory and gastrointestinal infections: a case-centered analysis in the vaccine safety datalink, 2009–2011. PLoS One 8: e67185, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067185.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Gu, B.M., Ko, H.H., Lee, H.K., Ra, Y.J., Lee, H.S., and Kim, H.S. (2021). Guillain-Barré syndrome after lung transplantation in the immediate postoperative period. J. Chest Surg. 54: 396–399, https://doi.org/10.5090/kjtcs.20.074.Search in Google Scholar
Haber, P., Sejvar, J., Mikaeloff, Y., and DeStefano, F. (2009). Vaccines and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Drug Saf. 32: 309–323, https://doi.org/10.2165/00002018-200932040-00005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hadden, R.D., Cornblath, D.R., Hughes, R.A., Zielasek, J., Hartung, H.P., Toyka, K.V., and Swan, A.V. (1998). Electrophysiological classification of Guillain-Barré syndrome: clinical associations and outcome. Plasma Exchange/Sandoglobulin Guillain-Barré Syndrome Trial Group. Ann. Neurol. 44: 780–788, https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410440512.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hafer-Macko, C., Hsieh, S.T., Li, C.Y., Ho, T.W., Sheikh, K., Cornblath, D.R., McKhann, G.M., Asbury, A.K., and Griffin, J.W. (1996). Acute motor axonal neuropathy: an antibody-mediated attack on axolemma. Ann. Neurol. 40: 635–644, https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410400414.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hafsteinsdottir, B., Olafsson, E., and Jakobsson, F. (2018). Incidence and outcome of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Iceland: a population-based study. Acta Neurol. Scand. 138: 454–458, https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.13000.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Halstead, S.K., Zitman, F.M., Humphreys, P.D., Greenshields, K., Verschuuren, J.J., Jacobs, B.C., Rother, R.P., Plomp, J.J., and Willison, H.J. (2008). Eculizumab prevents anti-ganglioside antibody-mediated neuropathy in a murine model. Brain 131: 1197–1208, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awm316.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hao, Y., Wang, W., Jacobs, B.C., Qiao, B., Chen, M., Liu, D., Feng, X., and Wang, Y. (2019). Antecedent infections in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a single-center, prospective study. Ann. Clin. Transl. Neurol. 6: 2510–2517, https://doi.org/10.1002/acn3.50946.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Hauck, L. J., White, C., Feasby, T. E., Zochodne, D. W., Svenson, L. W., and Hill, M. D. (2008). Incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Alberta, Canada: an administrative data study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 79: 318–320, https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.2007.118810.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hekmat, M., Ghaderi, H., Foroughi, M., and Mirjafari, S.A. (2016). Guillain-Barré syndrome after coronary artery bypass graft surgery: a case report. Acta Med. Iran. 54: 76–78.Search in Google Scholar
Hense, S., Schink, T., Kreisel, S. H., Marcelon, L., Simondon, F., Tahden, M., and Garbe, E. (2014). Estimation of background incidence rates of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Germany - a retrospective cohort study with electronic healthcare data. Neuroepidemiology 43: 244–252, https://doi.org/10.1159/000369344.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ho, T.W., Mishu, B., Li, C.Y., Gao, C.Y., Cornblath, D.R., Griffin, J.W., Asbury, A.K., Blaser, M.J., and McKhann, G.M. (1995). Guillain-Barré syndrome in northern China. Relationship to Campylobacter jejuni infection and anti-glycolipid antibodies. Brain 118(Pt 3): 597–605, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/118.3.597.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hocker, S., Nagarajan, E., Rubin, M., and Wijdicks, E.F.M. (2018). Clinical factors associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome following surgery. Neurol. Clin. Pract. 8: 201–206, https://doi.org/10.1212/cpj.0000000000000451.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Houliston, R.S., Koga, M., Li, J., Jarrell, H.C., Richards, J.C., Vitiazeva, V., Schweda, E.K., Yuki, N., and Gilbert, M. (2007). A Haemophilus influenzae strain associated with Fisher syndrome expresses a novel disialylated ganglioside mimic. Biochemistry 46: 8164–8171, https://doi.org/10.1021/bi700685s.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Howlett, W. P., Vedeler, C. A., Nyland, H., and Aarli, J. A. (1996). Guillain-Barre syndrome in northern Tanzania: a comparison of epidemiological and clinical findings with western Norway. Acta Neurol. Scand. 93: 44–49, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1996.tb00169.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Huang, S.L., Qi, H.G., Liu, J.J., Huang, Y.J., and Xiang, L. (2015). A rare complication of spine surgery: Guillain-Barré syndrome. World Neurosurg. 84: 697–701, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2015.04.045.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hughes, R.A. and Cornblath, D.R. (2005). Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet 366: 1653–1666, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)67665-9.Search in Google Scholar
Hughes, R.A., Swan, A.V., Raphaël, J.C., Annane, D., van Koningsveld, R., and van Doorn, P.A. (2007). Immunotherapy for Guillain-Barré syndrome: a systematic review. Brain 130: 2245–2257.10.1093/brain/awm004Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Hughes, R.A., Brassington, R., Gunn, A.A., and van Doorn, P.A. (2016). Corticosteroids for guillain-barré syndrome. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 10: Cd001446, https://doi.org/10.1002/14651858.cd001446.pub5.Search in Google Scholar
Hui, A.C., Chow, K.M., Tang, A.S., Fu, M., Kay, R., and Wong, K.S. (2005). Electrophysiological, clinical and epidemiological study of Guillain-Barre Syndrome in Hong Kong Chinese. J. Clin. Neurosci. 12: 134–136.10.1016/j.jocn.2003.10.018Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Illa, I., Ortiz, N., Gallard, E., Juarez, C., Grau, J.M., and Dalakas, M.C. (1995). Acute axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome with IgG antibodies against motor axons following parenteral gangliosides. Ann. Neurol. 38: 218–224, https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.410380214.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ishaque, T., Islam, M.B., Ara, G., Endtz, H.P., Mohammad, Q.D., Jacobs, B.C., and Islam, Z. (2017). High mortality from Guillain-Barré syndrome in Bangladesh. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 22: 121–126, https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12215.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Islam, Z., Jacobs, B.C., van Belkum, A., Mohammad, Q.D., Islam, M.B., Herbrink, P., Diorditsa, S., Luby, S.P., Talukder, K.A., and Endtz, H.P. (2010). Axonal variant of Guillain-Barre syndrome associated with Campylobacter infection in Bangladesh. Neurology 74: 581–587, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181cff735.Search in Google Scholar
Islam, Z., Jacobs, B.C., Islam, M.B., Mohammad, Q.D., Diorditsa, S., and Endtz, H.P. (2011). High incidence of Guillain-Barre syndrome in children, Bangladesh. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 17: 1317–1318.10.3201/eid1707.101999Search in Google Scholar
Islam, M.B., Islam, Z., Rahman, S., Endtz, H.P., Vos, M.C., van der Jagt, M., van Doorn, P.A., Jacobs, B.C., and Mohammad, Q.D. (2017). Small volume plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome in resource poor settings: a safety and feasibility study. Pilot Feasibility Stud. 3: 40, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40814-017-0185-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Islam, B., Islam, Z., Rahman, S., Endtz, H.P., Vos, M.C., van der Jagt, M., van Doorn, P.A., Jacobs, B.C., and Mohammad, Q.D. (2018). Small volume plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome in resource-limited settings: a phase II safety and feasibility study. BMJ Open 8: e022862, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2018-022862.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Israeli, E., Agmon-Levin, N., Blank, M., Chapman, J., and Shoenfeld, Y. (2012). Guillain-Barré syndrome--a classical autoimmune disease triggered by infection or vaccination. Clin. Rev. Allergy Immunol. 42: 121–130.10.1007/s12016-010-8213-3Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Jackson, B.R., Zegarra, J.A., López-Gatell, H., Sejvar, J., Arzate, F., Waterman, S., Núñez, A.S., López, B., Weiss, J., Cruz, R.Q., et al.. (2014). Binational outbreak of Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection, Mexico and USA, 2011. Epidemiol. Infect. 142: 1089–1099, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0950268813001908.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Jasti, A.K., Selmi, C., Sarmiento-Monroy, J.C., Vega, D.A., Anaya, J.M., and Gershwin, M.E. (2016). Guillain-Barré syndrome: causes, immunopathogenic mechanisms and treatment. Expet Rev. Clin. Immunol. 12: 1175–1189, https://doi.org/10.1080/1744666x.2016.1193006.Search in Google Scholar
Johnson, D.B., Manouchehri, A., Haugh, A.M., Quach, H.T., Balko, J.M., Lebrun-Vignes, B., Mammen, A., Moslehi, J.J., and Salem, J.E. (2019). Neurologic toxicity associated with immune checkpoint inhibitors: a pharmacovigilance study. J. Immunother. Cancer 7: 134, https://doi.org/10.1186/s40425-019-0617-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kaida, K. (2019). Guillain-Barré syndrome. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 1190: 323–331, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-32-9636-7_20.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kannan Kanikannan, M.A., Durga, P., Venigalla, N.K., Kandadai, R.M., Jabeen, S.A., and Borgohain, R. (2014). Simple bedside predictors of mechanical ventilation in patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome. J. Crit. Care 29: 219–223, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrc.2013.10.026.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kao, J.C., Brickshawana, A., and Liewluck, T. (2018). Neuromuscular complications of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) inhibitors. Curr. Neurol. Neurosci. Rep. 18: 63, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11910-018-0878-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kasemsap, N., Vorasoot, N., Kongbunkiat, K., Tiamkao, S., Chotmongkol, V., Sawanyawisuth, K., and Panitchote, A. (2021). The epidemiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Thailand over 13 years (2005–2017): a nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 26: 202–208, https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12453.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Keddie, S., Pakpoor, J., Mousele, C., Pipis, M., Machado, P.M., Foster, M., Record, C.J., Keh, R.Y.S., Fehmi, J., Paterson, R.W., et al.. (2021). Epidemiological and cohort study finds no association between COVID-19 and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Brain 144: 682–693, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awaa433.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Keh, R.Y.S., Scanlon, S., Datta-Nemdharry, P., Donegan, K., Cavanagh, S., Foster, M., Skelland, D., Palmer, J., Machado, P.M., Keddie, S., et al.. (2023). COVID-19 vaccination and Guillain-Barré syndrome: analyses using the National Immunoglobulin Database. Brain 146: 739–748, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awac067.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Khan, F., Sharma, P., Pandey, S., Sharma, D., Vijayavarman, V., Kumar, N., Shukla, S., Dandu, H., Jain, A., Garg, R.K., et al.. (2021). COVID-19-associated Guillain-Barre syndrome: postinfectious alone or neuroinvasive too? J. Med. Virol. 93: 6045–6049, https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.27159.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kieseier, B.C., Kiefer, R., Gold, R., Hemmer, B., Willison, H.J., and Hartung, H.P. (2004). Advances in understanding and treatment of immune-mediated disorders of the peripheral nervous system. Muscle Nerve 30: 131–156, https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.20076.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kim, J.K., Bae, J.S., Kim, D.S., Kusunoki, S., Kim, J.E., Kim, J.S., Park, Y.E., Park, K.J., Song, H.S., Kim, S.Y., et al.. (2014). Prevalence of anti-ganglioside antibodies and their clinical correlates with Guillain-Barré syndrome in Korea: a nationwide multicenter study. J. Clin. Neurol. 10: 94–100, https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2014.10.2.94.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Koike, H., Fukami, Y., Nishi, R., Kawagashira, Y., Iijima, M., Katsuno, M., and Sobue, G. (2020). Ultrastructural mechanisms of macrophage-induced demyelination in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 91: 650–659.10.1136/jnnp-2019-322479Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kim, A. Y., Lee, H., and Kang, H. Y. (2021). Epidemiological features and economic burden of Guillain-Barre syndrome in South Korea: a nationwide population-based study. J. Clin. Neurol. 17: 257–264, https://doi.org/10.3988/jcn.2021.17.2.257.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Koike, H., Chiba, A., and Katsuno, M. (2021). Emerging infection, vaccination, and Guillain-Barre syndrome: a review. Neurol. Ther. 10: 523–537, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40120-021-00261-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kopscik, M.R., Giourgas, B.K., and Presley, B.C. (2020). A case report of acute motor and sensory polyneuropathy as the presenting symptom of SARS-CoV-2. Clin. Pract. Cases Emerg. Med. 4: 352–354, https://doi.org/10.5811/cpcem.2020.6.48683.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kuitwaard, K., Bos-Eyssen, M.E., Blomkwist-Markens, P.H., and van Doorn, P.A. (2009). Recurrences, vaccinations and long-term symptoms in GBS and CIDP. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 14: 310–315, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1529-8027.2009.00243.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Kutlesa, M., Santini, M., Krajinović, V., Raffanelli, D., and Barsić, B. (2010). Acute motor axonal neuropathy associated with pandemic H1N1 influenza A infection. Neurocrit. Care 13: 98–100, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-010-9365-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Kuwabara, S. and Yuki, N. (2013). Axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome: concepts and controversies. Lancet Neurol. 12: 1180–1188, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(13)70215-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Landi, G., D’Alessandro, R., Dossi, B.C., Ricci, S., Simone, I.L., and Ciccone, A. (1993). Guillain-Barré syndrome after exogenous gangliosides in Italy. BMJ 307: 1463–1464, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.307.6917.1463.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Larrosa-Haro, A., Macias-Rosales, R., Sánchez-Ramírez, C.A., Cortés-López, M.C., and Aguilar-Benavides, S. (2010). Seasonal variation of enteropathogens in infants and preschoolers with acute diarrhea in western Mexico. J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr. 51: 534–536, https://doi.org/10.1097/mpg.0b013e3181df5b66.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
LatovKoski, N.C., Walicke, P., and Schönhöfer, P. (1991). Guillain-Barré syndrome and parenteral gangliosides. Lancet 338: 757, https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(91)91475-a.Search in Google Scholar
Lehmann, H.C., Hartung, H.P., Kieseier, B.C., and Hughes, R.A. (2010). Guillain-Barré syndrome after exposure to influenza virus. Lancet Infect. Dis. 10: 643–651, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(10)70140-7.Search in Google Scholar
Leonhard, S.E., Mandarakas, M.R., Gondim, F.A.A., Bateman, K., Ferreira, M.L.B., Cornblath, D.R., van Doorn, P.A., Dourado, M.E., Hughes, R.A.C., Islam, B., et al.. (2019). Diagnosis and management of Guillain-Barré syndrome in ten steps. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 15: 671–683, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-019-0250-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Liou, L.S., Chung, C.H., Wu, Y.T., Tsao, C.H., Wu, Y.F., Chien, W.C., and Chang, C.Y. (2016). Epidemiology and prognostic factors of inpatient mortality of Guillain-Barré syndrome: a nationwide population study over 14years in Asian country. J. Neurol. Sci. 369: 159–164, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2016.08.014.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Liu, S., Xiao, Z., Lou, M., Ji, F., Shao, B., Dai, H., Luo, C., Hu, B., Zhou, R., Zou, Z., et al.. (2018). Guillain-Barré syndrome in southern China: retrospective analysis of hospitalised patients from 14 provinces in the area south of the Huaihe River. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 89: 618–626, https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2017-316930.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Lucchese, G. and Flöel, A. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 and Guillain-Barré syndrome: molecular mimicry with human heat shock proteins as potential pathogenic mechanism. Cell Stress Chaperones 25: 731–735, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12192-020-01145-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Lucchese, G. and Kanduc, D. (2016). Zika virus and autoimmunity: from microcephaly to Guillain-Barré syndrome, and beyond. Autoimmun. Rev. 15: 801–808, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.autrev.2016.03.020.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Machado-Alba, J. E., Machado-Duque, M. E., Gaviria-Mendoza, A., and Orozco-Giraldo, V. (2016). Diagnosis of neurological disorders and the Zika virus epidemic in Colombia 2014 -2016. Int. J. Infect. Dis. 51: 133–134, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2016.09.010.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Malaga, M., Rodriguez-Calienes, A., Marquez-Nakamatsu, A., Recuay, K., Merzthal, L., Bustamante-Paytan, D., Sifuentes, J.M., Castillo-Kohatsu, G., and Alva-Diaz, C. (2021). Predicting mechanical ventilation using the EGRIS in Guillain-Barré syndrome in a Latin American country. Neurocrit. Care 35: 775–782, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12028-021-01218-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Malek, E. and Salameh, J. (2019). Guillain-Barre syndrome. Semin. Neurol. 39: 589–595, https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0039-1693005.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Maramattom, B.V., Krishnan, P., Paul, R., Padmanabhan, S., Cherukudal Vishnu Nampoothiri, S., Syed, A.A., and Mangat, H.S. (2021). Guillain-Barré syndrome following ChAdOx1-S/nCoV-19 vaccine. Ann. Neurol. 90: 312–314, https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.26143.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Márquez Loza, A.M., Holroyd, K.B., Johnson, S.A., Pilgrim, D.M., and Amato, A.A. (2021). Guillain-Barré syndrome in the placebo and active arms of a COVID-19 vaccine clinical trial: temporal associations do not imply causality. Neurology 96: 1052–1054, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000011881.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Martín-Aguilar, L., Camps-Renom, P., Lleixà, C., Pascual-Goñi, E., Díaz-Manera, J., Rojas-García, R., De Luna, N., Gallardo, E., Cortés-Vicente, E., Muñoz, L., et al.. (2020). Serum neurofilament light chain predicts long-term prognosis in Guillain-Barré syndrome patients. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 92: 70–77, https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2020-323899.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Martín-Merino, E., Castillo-Cano, B., Martín-Perez, M., Llorente-García, A., and Montero-Corominas, D. (2021). Papillomavirus vaccination and Guillain-Barre Syndrome among girls: a cohort study in Spain. Vaccine 39: 4306–4313, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vaccine.2021.06.029.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Matsui, N., Nodera, H., Kuzume, D., Iwasa, N., Unai, Y., Sakai, W., Miyazaki, Y., Yamazaki, H., Osaki, Y., Mori, A., et al.. (2018). Guillain-Barre syndrome in a local area in Japan, 2006–2015: an epidemiological and clinical study of 108 patients. Eur. J. Neurol. 25: 718–724, https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.13569.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
McGrogan, A., Madle, G.C., Seaman, H.E., and de Vries, C.S. (2009). The epidemiology of Guillain-Barre syndrome worldwide. A systematic literature review. Neuroepidemiology 32: 150–163, https://doi.org/10.1159/000184748.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Merkies, I.S. and Kieseier, B.C. (2016). Fatigue, pain, anxiety and depression in guillain-barré syndrome and chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy. Eur. Neurol. 75: 199–206, https://doi.org/10.1159/000445347.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Meyer Sauteur, P.M., Huizinga, R., Tio-Gillen, A.P., Roodbol, J., Hoogenboezem, T., Jacobs, E., van Rijn, M., van der Eijk, A.A., Vink, C., de Wit, M.C., et al.. (2016). Mycoplasma pneumoniae triggering the Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case-control study. Ann. Neurol. 80: 566–580, https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.24755.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Mikami, T., Liaw, B., Asada, M., Niimura, T., Zamami, Y., Green-LaRoche, D., Pai, L., Levy, M., and Jeyapalan, S. (2021). Neuroimmunological adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibitor: a retrospective, pharmacovigilance study using FAERS database. J. Neurooncol. 152: 135–144, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11060-020-03687-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Milner, P., Lovelidge, C.A., Taylor, W.A., and Hughes, R.A. (1987). P0 myelin protein produces experimental allergic neuritis in Lewis rats. J. Neurol. Sci. 79: 275–285, https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-510x(87)90235-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Misawa, S., Kuwabara, S., Sato, Y., Yamaguchi, N., Nagashima, K., Katayama, K., Sekiguchi, Y., Iwai, Y., Amino, H., Suichi, T., et al.. (2018). Safety and efficacy of eculizumab in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a multicentre, double-blind, randomised phase 2 trial. Lancet Neurol. 17: 519–529, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(18)30114-5.Search in Google Scholar
Mitsui, Y., Kusunoki, S., Arimura, K., Kaji, R., Kanda, T., Kuwabara, S., Sonoo, M., and Takada, K. (2015). A multicentre prospective study of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Japan: a focus on the incidence of subtypes. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 86: 110–114, https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2013-306509.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Molinero, M. R., Varon, D., Holden, K. R., Sladky, J. T., Molina, I. B., and Cleaves, F. (2003). Epidemiology of childhood Guillain-Barre syndrome as a cause of acute flaccid paralysis in Honduras: 1989-1999. J. Child Neurol. 18: 741–747, https://doi.org/10.1177/08830738030180110801.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Munayco, C. V., Soto Cabezas, M. G., Reyes, M. F., Arica Gutierrez, J. A., and Napanga Saldana, O. (2019). Epidemiology of guillain-barre syndrome in Peru. Rev. Peru. Med. Exp. Salud. Publica. 36: 10–16, https://doi.org/10.17843/rpmesp.2019.361.3729.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Myers, T.R., McCarthy, N.L., Panagiotakopoulos, L., and Omer, S.B. (2019). Estimation of the incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome during pregnancy in the United States. Open Forum Infect. Dis. 6: ofz071, https://doi.org/10.1093/ofid/ofz071.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Nachamkin, I., Arzarte Barbosa, P., Ung, H., Lobato, C., Gonzalez Rivera, A., Rodriguez, P., Garcia Briseno, A., Cordero, L.M., Garcia Perea, L., Perez, J.C., et al.. (2007). Patterns of Guillain-Barre syndrome in children: results from a Mexican population. Neurology 69: 1665–1671, https://doi.org/10.1212/01.wnl.0000265396.87983.bd.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ng, Y.S., Lo, Y.L., and Lim, P.A. (2004). Characteristics and acute rehabilitation of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Singapore. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 33: 314–319.10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.V33N3p314Search in Google Scholar
Ning, P., Yang, B., Yang, X., Zhao, Q., Huang, H., Shen, Q., Lu, H., Tian, S., and Xu, Y. (2020). A nomogram to predict mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barré syndrome patients. Acta Neurol. Scand. 142: 466–474, https://doi.org/10.1111/ane.13294.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ning, P., Yang, B., Yang, X., Huang, H., Shen, Q., Zhao, Q., Xie, D., Lu, H., and Xu, Y. (2021). Lymphocyte-based ratios for predicting respiratory failure in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J. Neuroimmunol. 353: 577504, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577504.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ogawara, K., Kuwabara, S., Mori, M., Hattori, T., Koga, M., and Yuki, N. (2000). Axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome: relation to anti-ganglioside antibodies and Campylobacter jejuni infection in Japan. Ann. Neurol. 48: 624–631.10.1002/1531-8249(200010)48:4<624::AID-ANA9>3.0.CO;2-OSearch in Google Scholar
Palaiodimou, L., Stefanou, M.I., Katsanos, A.H., Fragkou, P.C., Papadopoulou, M., Moschovos, C., Michopoulos, I., Kokotis, P., Bakirtzis, C., Naska, A., et al.. (2021). Prevalence, clinical characteristics and outcomes of Guillain-Barré syndrome spectrum associated with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. J. Neurol. 28: 3517–3529, https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14860.Search in Google Scholar
Pan, P.C. and Haggiagi, A. (2019). Neurologic immune-related adverse events associated with immune checkpoint inhibition. Curr. Oncol. Rep. 21: 108, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-019-0859-2.Search in Google Scholar
Papantoni, E., Sakorafas, G.H., Zouros, E., and Peros, G. (2010). Guillain-Barrē syndrome following total gastrectomy/esophagectomy: a very rare and dramatic post-operative complication with a favourable outcome. ANZ J. Surg. 80: 858, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1445-2197.2010.05516.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Papri, N., Islam, Z., Leonhard, S.E., Mohammad, Q.D., Endtz, H.P., and Jacobs, B.C. (2021). Guillain-Barré syndrome in low-income and middle-income countries: challenges and prospects. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 17: 285–296, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41582-021-00467-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Parra, B., Lizarazo, J., Jiménez-Arango, J.A., Zea-Vera, A.F., González-Manrique, G., Vargas, J., Angarita, J.A., Zuñiga, G., Lopez-Gonzalez, R., Beltran, C.L., et al.. (2016). Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Zika virus infection in Colombia. N. Engl. J. Med. 375: 1513–1523, https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmoa1605564.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Pelea, T., Reuter, U., Schmidt, C., Laubinger, R., Siegmund, R., and Walther, B.W. (2021). SARS-CoV-2 associated Guillain-Barré syndrome. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 268: 1191–1194, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-10133-w.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Puertas-Muñoz, I., Miranda-Lloret, P., Lagares, A., and Ramos-González, A. (2004). Guillain-Barre syndrome following resection of glioblastoma multiforme. Rev. Neurol. 39: 1137–1139, https://doi.org/10.33588/rn.3912.2004294.Search in Google Scholar
Radhakrishnan, K., el-Mangoush, M.A., and Gerryo, S.E. (1987). Descriptive epidemiology of selected neuromuscular disorders in Benghazi, Libya. Acta Neurol. Scand. 75: 95–100, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1987.tb07901.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Rajabally, Y.A., Durand, M.C., Mitchell, J., Orlikowski, D., and Nicolas, G. (2015). Electrophysiological diagnosis of Guillain-Barré syndrome subtype: could a single study suffice? J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 86: 115–119, https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-307815.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ramos, A.P., Leonhard, S.E., Halstead, S.K., Cuba, M.A., Castañeda, C.C., Dioses, J.A., Tipismana, M.A., Abanto, J.T., Llanos, A., Gourlay, D., et al.. (2021). Guillain-Barré syndrome outbreak in Peru 2019 associated with Campylobacter jejuni infection. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 8: e952, https://doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000952.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Raschetti, R., Maggini, M., Popoli, P., Caffari, B., Da Cas, R., Menniti-Ippolito, F., Spila-Alegiani, S., and Traversa, G. (1995). Gangliosides and Guillain-Barré syndrome. J. Clin. Epidemiol. 48: 1399–1405, https://doi.org/10.1016/0895-4356(95)00557-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Raut, M.S., Hanjoora, V.M., Chishti, M.A., and Tewari, R. (2019). Guillain-Barré syndrome after cardiac surgery: diagnostic dilemma. Gen. Thorac. Cardiovasc. Surg. 67: 1087–1088, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11748-018-1002-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ravi, V., Taly, A.B., Shankar, S.K., Shenoy, P.K., Desai, A., Nagaraja, D., Gourie-Devi, M., and Chandramuki, A. (1994). Association of Japanese encephalitis virus infection with Guillain-Barré syndrome in endemic areas of south India. Acta Neurol. Scand. 90: 67–72, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0404.1994.tb02681.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Rees, J. H., Thompson, R. D., Smeeton, N. C., and Hughes, R. A. (1998). Epidemiological study of Guillain-Barre syndrome in south east England. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 64: 74–77, https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp.64.1.74.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Restrepo-Jiménez, P., Rodríguez, Y., González, P., Chang, C., Gershwin, M.E., and Anaya, J.M. (2018). The immunotherapy of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Expet Opin. Biol. Ther. 18: 619–631, https://doi.org/10.1080/14712598.2018.1468885.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Rivera-Lillo, G., Torres-Castro, R., Burgos, P.I., Varas-Díaz, G., Vera-Uribe, R., Puppo, H., and Hernández, M. (2016). Incidence of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Chile: a population-based study. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 21: 339–344, https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12182.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Rodríguez, Y., Novelli, L., Rojas, M., De Santis, M., Acosta-Ampudia, Y., Monsalve, D.M., Ramírez-Santana, C., Costanzo, A., Ridgway, W.M., Ansari, A.A., et al.. (2020). Autoinflammatory and autoimmune conditions at the crossroad of COVID-19. J. Autoimmun. 114: 102506, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102506.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Romio, S., Weibel, D., Dieleman, J.P., Olberg, H.K., de Vries, C.S., Sammon, C., Andrews, N., Svanström, H., Mølgaard-Nielsen, D., Hviid, A., et al.. (2014). Guillain-Barré syndrome and adjuvanted pandemic influenza A (H1N1) 2009 vaccines: a multinational self-controlled case series in Europe. PLoS One 9: e82222, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082222.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Roodbol, J., de Wit, M.C., Aarsen, F.K., Catsman-Berrevoets, C.E., and Jacobs, B.C. (2014). Long-term outcome of Guillain-Barré syndrome in children. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 19: 121–126, https://doi.org/10.1111/jns5.12068.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Rosenblum, H.G., Hadler, S.C., Moulia, D., Shimabukuro, T.T., Su, J.R., Tepper, N.K., Ess, K.C., Woo, E.J., Mba-Jonas, A., Alimchandani, M., et al.. (2021). Use of COVID-19 vaccines after reports of adverse events among adult recipients of Janssen (Johnson & Johnson) and mRNA COVID-19 vaccines (Pfizer-BioNTech and moderna): update from the advisory committee on immunization practices – United States, July 2021. MMWR Morb. Mortal. Wkly. Rep. 70: 1094–1099, https://doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.mm7032e4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Rudant, J., Dupont, A., Mikaeloff, Y., Bolgert, F., Coste, J., and Weill, A. (2018). Surgery and risk of Guillain-Barré syndrome: a French nationwide epidemiologic study. Neurology 91: e1220–e1227, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000006246.Search in Google Scholar
Ruts, L., Drenthen, J., Jongen, J.L., Hop, W.C., Visser, G.H., Jacobs, B.C., and van Doorn, P.A. (2010). Pain in Guillain-Barre syndrome: a long-term follow-up study. Neurology 75: 1439–1447, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3181f88345.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sahai, N., Hwang, K.S., and Emami, A. (2017). Guillain-Barré syndrome following elective spine surgery. Eur. Spine J. 26: 6–8, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00586-016-4577-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Salinas, J.L., Major, C.G., Pastula, D.M., Dirlikov, E., Styczynski, A., Luciano, C.A., Wojna, V., Sharp, T.M., Sejvar, J.J., and Rivera-Garcia, B. (2017). Incidence and clinical characteristics of Guillain-Barré syndrome before the introduction of Zika virus in Puerto Rico. J. Neurol. Sci. 377: 102–106, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jns.2017.04.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Salmon, D.A., Proschan, M., Forshee, R., Gargiullo, P., Bleser, W., Burwen, D.R., Cunningham, F., Garman, P., Greene, S.K., Lee, G.M., et al.. (2013). Association between Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza A (H1N1) 2009 monovalent inactivated vaccines in the USA: a meta-analysis. Lancet 381: 1461–1468, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62189-8.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Schonberger, L.B., Bregman, D.J., Sullivan-Bolyai, J.Z., Keenlyside, R.A., Ziegler, D.W., Retailliau, H.F., Eddins, D.L., and Bryan, J.A. (1979). Guillain-barre syndrome following vaccination in the national influenza immunization program, United States, 1976–1977. Am. J. Epidemiol. 110: 105–123, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a112795.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sekiguchi, Y., Mori, M., Misawa, S., Sawai, S., Yuki, N., Beppu, M., and Kuwabara, S. (2016). How often and when Fisher syndrome is overlapped by Guillain-Barré syndrome or Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis? Eur. J. Neurol. 23: 1058–1063, https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12983.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shahrizaila, N., Lehmann, H.C., and Kuwabara, S. (2021). Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet 397: 1214–1228, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(21)00517-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Shakuri-Rad, J., Gavin, P.W., Todd, S.P., Tran, T.T., Christensen, C.R., Shockley, K.F., and Maatman, T.J. (2015). Guillain-Barre syndrome after robotically assisted laparoscopic prostatectomy: first case report. Urol. Case Rep. 3: 44–46, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eucr.2015.01.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Shang, P., Zhu, M., Wang, Y., Zheng, X., Wu, X., Zhu, J., Feng, J., and Zhang, H.L. (2021). Axonal variants of Guillain-Barré syndrome: an update. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 268: 2402–2419, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00415-020-09742-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Sheikh, A.B., Chourasia, P.K., Javed, N., Chourasia, M.K., Suriya, S.S., Upadhyay, S., Ijaz, F., Pal, S., Moghimi, N., and Shekhar, R. (2021). Association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with COVID-19 infection: an updated systematic review. J. Neuroimmunol. 355: 577577, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577577.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Shi, M., Zhu, J., and Deng, H. (2019). Clinical characteristics of intravenous injection of monosialotetrahexosyl ganglioside sodium-related guillain-Barre syndrome. Front. Neurol. 10: 225, https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00225.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Sipilä, J.O. and Soilu-Hänninen, M. (2015). The incidence and triggers of adult-onset Guillain-Barré syndrome in southwestern Finland 2004-2013. Eur. J. Neurol. 22: 292–298, https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.12565.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Yuki, N., Wakerley, B.R., Liu, C., Song, J., Wang, M., Feng, X., Hao, Y., and Wang, Y. (2021). Guillain-Barré syndrome in Eastern China: a study of 595 patients. Eur. J. Neurol. 28: 2727–2735, https://doi.org/10.1111/ene.14898.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Staff, N.P., Engelstad, J., Klein, C.J., Amrami, K.K., Spinner, R.J., Dyck, P.J., Warner, M.A., Warner, M.E., and Dyck, P.J. (2010). Post-surgical inflammatory neuropathy. Brain 133: 2866–2880, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awq252.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Stojanov, A., Berisavac, I., Bozovic, I., Arsenijevic, M., Lukic-Rajic, S., Petrovic, M., Stojiljkovic-Tamas, O., Jovin, Z., Djordjevic, G., Jovanovic, D., et al.. (2020). Incidence and mortality rates of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Serbia. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 25: 350–355, https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12412.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Styczynski, A.R., Malta, JMAS, Krow-Lucal, E.R., Percio, J., Nóbrega, M.E., Vargas, A., Lanzieri, T.M., Leite, P.L., Staples, J.E., Fischer, M.X., et al.. (2017). Increased rates of Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Zika virus outbreak in the Salvador metropolitan area, Brazil. PLoS Neglected Trop. Dis. 11: e0005869, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0005869.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Suryapranata, F.S., Ang, C.W., Chong, L.L., Murk, J.L., Falconi, J., and Huits, R.M. (2016). Epidemiology of guillain-Barre syndrome in Aruba. Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg. 94: 1380–1384, https://doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.15-0070.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Tan, C.Y., Razali, S.N.O., Goh, K.J., and Shahrizaila, N. (2019). The utility of Guillain-Barré syndrome prognostic models in Malaysian patients. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 24: 168–173, https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12320.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Tang, J., Dai, Y., Li, M., Cheng, M., Hong, S., Jiang, L., Cai, F., and Zhong, M. (2011). Guillain-Barré syndrome in Chinese children: a retrospective analysis. Pediatr. Neurol. 45: 233–237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2011.06.007.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Tian, J., Cao, C., Li, T., Zhang, K., Li, P., Liu, Y., and Liu, X. (2019). Electrophysiological subtypes and prognostic factors of Guillain-Barre syndrome in northern China. Front. Neurol. 10: 714, https://doi.org/10.3389/fneur.2019.00714.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Tomljenovic, L. and Shoenfeld, Y. (2013). Association between vaccination and Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet Infect. Dis. 13: 730–731, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(13)70142-7.Search in Google Scholar
Tsuchida, T., Saxton, R.E., Morton, D.L., and Irie, R.F. (1987). Gangliosides of human melanoma. J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 78: 45–54, https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/78.1.45.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Ubogu, E.E., Zaidat, O.O., and Suarez, J.I. (2001). Acute motor-sensory axonal neuropathy associated with active systemic lupus erythematosus and anticardiolipin antibodies. J. Clin. Rheumatol. 7: 326–331, https://doi.org/10.1097/00124743-200110000-00014.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Uncini, A., Ippoliti, L., Shahrizaila, N., Sekiguchi, Y., and Kuwabara, S. (2017). Optimizing the electrodiagnostic accuracy in Guillain-Barré syndrome subtypes: criteria sets and sparse linear discriminant analysis. Clin. Neurophysiol. 128: 1176–1183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2017.03.048.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
van den Berg, B., Bunschoten, C., van Doorn, P.A., and Jacobs, B.C. (2013). Mortality in guillain-Barre syndrome. Neurology 80: 1650–1654, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182904fcc.Search in Google Scholar
van den Berg, B., Fokke, C., Drenthen, J., van Doorn, P.A., and Jacobs, B.C. (2014a). Paraparetic Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology 82: 1984–1989, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000000481.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
van den Berg, B., Walgaard, C., Drenthen, J., Fokke, C., Jacobs, B.C., and van Doorn, P.A. (2014b). Guillain-Barré syndrome: pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 10: 469–482, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.121.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
van Doorn, P.A., Ruts, L., and Jacobs, B.C. (2008). Clinical features, pathogenesis, and treatment of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet Neurol. 7: 939–950, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(08)70215-1.Search in Google Scholar
van Koningsveld, R., Rico, R., Gerstenbluth, I., Schmitz, P.I., Ang, C.W., Merkies, I.S., Jacobs, B.C., Halabi, Y., Endtz, H.P., van der Meché, F.G., et al.. (2001). Gastroenteritis-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome on the caribbean island Curaçao. Neurology 56: 1467–1472, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.56.11.1467.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Verboon, C., van Doorn, P.A., and Jacobs, B.C. (2017). Treatment dilemmas in Guillain-Barré syndrome. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 88: 346–352.10.1136/jnnp-2016-314862Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Van Koningsveld, R., Van Doorn, P. A., Schmitz, P. I., Ang, C. W., and Van der Meche, F. G. (2000). Mild forms of Guillain-Barre syndrome in an epidemiologic survey in the Netherlands. Neurology 54: 620–625, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.54.3.620.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Verboon, C., Doets, A.Y., Galassi, G., Davidson, A., Waheed, W., Péréon, Y., Shahrizaila, N., Kusunoki, S., Lehmann, H.C., Harbo, T., et al.. (2019). Current treatment practice of Guillain-Barré syndrome. Neurology 93: e59–e76, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000007719.Search in Google Scholar
Wakerley, B.R. and Yuki, N. (2013). Infectious and noninfectious triggers in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Expet Rev. Clin. Immunol. 9: 627–639, https://doi.org/10.1586/1744666x.2013.811119.Search in Google Scholar
Wakerley, B.R., Uncini, A., and Yuki, N. (2014). Guillain-Barré and Miller Fisher syndromes--new diagnostic classification. Nat. Rev. Neurol. 10: 537–544, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrneurol.2014.138.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Walgaard, C., Lingsma, H.F., Ruts, L., Drenthen, J., van Koningsveld, R., Garssen, M.J., van Doorn, P.A., Steyerberg, E.W., and Jacobs, B.C. (2010). Prediction of respiratory insufficiency in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 67: 781–787, https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.21976.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Walgaard, C., Lingsma, H.F., Ruts, L., van Doorn, P.A., Steyerberg, E.W., and Jacobs, B.C. (2011). Early recognition of poor prognosis in Guillain-Barre syndrome. Neurology 76: 968–975, https://doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0b013e3182104407.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Walgaard, C., Jacobs, B.C., Lingsma, H.F., Steyerberg, E.W., van den Berg, B., Doets, A.Y., Leonhard, S.E., Verboon, C., Huizinga, R., Drenthen, J., et al.. (2021). Second intravenous immunoglobulin dose in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome with poor prognosis (SID-GBS): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 20: 275–283, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30494-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wang, H., Zou, L., and Wu, H. (2011). Study on the clinical characteristics and treatment follow-up of different types of children with Guillain-Barré syndrome, China. J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg. 49: 583–588.Search in Google Scholar
Wang, Y.Z., Lv, H., Shi, Q.G., Fan, X.T., Li, L., Yi Wong, A.H., Hao, Y.L., Si, C.P., Li, C.L., and Yuki, N. (2015). Action mechanism of corticosteroids to aggravate Guillain-Barré syndrome. Sci. Rep. 5: 13931, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep13931.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Wang, G., Li, H., Yang, X., Guo, T., Wang, L., Zhao, Z., Sun, H., Hou, X., Ding, X., Dou, C., et al.. (2020). Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with JEV infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 383: 1188–1190, https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmc1916977.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wanschitz, J., Maier, H., Lassmann, H., Budka, H., and Berger, T. (2003). Distinct time pattern of complement activation and cytotoxic T cell response in Guillain-Barré syndrome. Brain 126: 2034–2042, https://doi.org/10.1093/brain/awg207.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Watts, P.M., Taylor, W.A., and Hughes, R.A. (1989). High-dose methylprednisolone suppresses experimental allergic neuritis in the Lewis rat. Exp. Neurol. 103: 101–104, https://doi.org/10.1016/0014-4886(89)90191-x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Webb, A.J., Brain, S.A., Wood, R., Rinaldi, S., and Turner, M.R. (2015). Seasonal variation in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a systematic review, meta-analysis and Oxfordshire cohort study. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 86: 1196–1201, https://doi.org/10.1136/jnnp-2014-309056.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wen, P., Wang, L., Liu, H., Gong, L., Ji, H., Wu, H., and Chu, W. (2021). Risk factors for the severity of Guillain-Barré syndrome and predictors of short-term prognosis of severe Guillain-Barré syndrome. Sci. Rep. 11: 11578, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-91132-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Whitfield, K. and Kelly, H. (2002). Using the two-source capture-recapture method to estimate the incidence of acute flaccid paralysis in Victoria, Australia. Bull. World Health Organ. 80: 846–851.Search in Google Scholar
Wilgenhof, S. and Neyns, B. (2011). Anti-CTLA-4 antibody-induced Guillain-Barré syndrome in a melanoma patient. Ann. Oncol. 22: 991–993, https://doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdr028.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Willison, H.J., Jacobs, B.C., and van Doorn, P.A. (2016). Guillain-Barré syndrome. Lancet 388: 717–727, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(16)00339-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Wu, X., Wu, W., Wang, Z., Shen, D., Pan, W., Wang, Y., Wu, L., Wu, X., Feng, J., Liu, K., et al.. (2014). More severe manifestations and poorer short-term prognosis of ganglioside-associated Guillain-Barré syndrome in Northeast China. PLoS One 9: e104074, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.08.130.Search in Google Scholar
Wu, X., Li, C., Zhang, B., Shen, D., Li, T., Liu, K., and Zhang, H.L. (2015). Predictors for mechanical ventilation and short-term prognosis in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome. Crit. Care 19: 310, https://doi.org/10.1186/s13054-015-1037-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Wu, X., Shen, D., Li, T., Zhang, B., Li, C., Mao, M., Zhao, J., Liu, K., and Zhang, H.L. (2016). Distinct clinical characteristics of pediatric guillain-barré syndrome: a comparative study between children and adults in Northeast China. PLoS One 11: e0151611, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151611.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Xiang, J.Y., Zhang, Y.H., Tan, Z.R., Huang, J., and Zhao, Y.W. (2014). Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Japanese encephalitis virus infection in China. Viral Immunol. 27: 418–420.10.1089/vim.2014.0049Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Yamagishi, Y., Suzuki, H., Sonoo, M., Kuwabara, S., Yokota, T., Nomura, K., Chiba, A., Kaji, R., Kanda, T., Kaida, K., et al.. (2017). Markers for Guillain-Barré syndrome with poor prognosis: a multi-center study. J. Peripher. Nerv. Syst. 22: 433–439, https://doi.org/10.1111/jns.12234.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Yoshikawa, K., Kuwahara, M., Morikawa, M., Fukumoto, Y., Yamana, M., Yamagishi, Y., and Kusunoki, S. (2018). Varied antibody reactivities and clinical relevance in anti-GQ1b antibody-related diseases. Neurol. Neuroimmunol. Neuroinflamm. 5: e501, https://doi.org/10.1212/nxi.0000000000000501.Search in Google Scholar
Yuki, N. and Hartung, H.P. (2012). Guillain-Barré syndrome. N. Engl. J. Med. 366: 2294–2304, https://doi.org/10.1056/nejmra1114525.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Yuki, N., Taki, T., Takahashi, M., Saito, K., Yoshino, H., Tai, T., Handa, S., and Miyatake, T. (1994). Molecular mimicry between GQ1b ganglioside and lipopolysaccharides of Campylobacter jejuni isolated from patients with Fisher’s syndrome. Ann. Neurol. 36: 791–793.10.1002/ana.410360517Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Yuki, N., Yamada, M., Koga, M., Odaka, M., Susuki, K., Tagawa, Y., Ueda, S., Kasama, T., Ohnishi, A., Hayashi, S., et al.. (2001). Animal model of axonal Guillain-Barré syndrome induced by sensitization with GM1 ganglioside. Ann. Neurol. 49: 712–720, https://doi.org/10.1002/ana.1012.Search in Google Scholar
Yuki, N., Susuki, K., Koga, M., Nishimoto, Y., Odaka, M., Hirata, K., Taguchi, K., Miyatake, T., Furukawa, K., Kobata, T., et al.. (2004). Carbohydrate mimicry between human ganglioside GM1 and Campylobacter jejuni lipooligosaccharide causes Guillain-Barre syndrome. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 101: 11404–11409, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0402391101.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Zhang, M., Li, Q., He, L., Meng, F., Gu, Y., Zheng, M., Gong, Y., Wang, P., Ruan, F., Zhou, L., et al.. (2010). Association study between an outbreak of Guillain-Barre syndrome in Jilin, China, and preceding Campylobacter jejuni infection. Foodborne Pathog. Dis. 7: 913–919.10.1089/fpd.2009.0493Search in Google Scholar PubMed
Zhang, G., Li, Q., Zhang, R., Wei, X., Wang, J., and Qin, X. (2015). Subtypes and prognosis of guillain-barré syndrome in southwest China. PLoS One 10: e0133520, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133520.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Zhang, Y., Zhao, Y., and Wang, Y. (2018). Prognostic factors of Guillain-Barré syndrome: a 111-case retrospective review. Chin. Neurosurg. J. 4: 14, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41016-018-0122-y.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central
Zhao, H., Shen, D., Zhou, H., Liu, J., and Chen, S. (2020). Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection: causality or coincidence? Lancet Neurol. 19: 383–384, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1474-4422(20)30109-5.Search in Google Scholar
Zhen, X. and Wang, X. (2012). Epidemiology analysis on reported guillain-Barrè syndrome cases among children under 15 between 2004 and 2010 in Gansu province. Chin. Prim. Health Care 26: 66–67.Search in Google Scholar
Zhong, Y.X., Lu, G.F., Chen, X.L., and Cao, F. (2019). Postoperative Guillain-Barré syndrome, a neurologic complication that must not Be overlooked: a literature review. World Neurosurg. 128: 347–353, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wneu.2019.04.239.Search in Google Scholar PubMed
© 2023 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Efficient, continual, and generalized learning in the brain – neural mechanism of Mental Schema 2.0 –
- Current status of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) in China: a 10-year comprehensive overview
- The role of pain modulation pathway and related brain regions in pain
- Transsulfuration pathway: a targeting neuromodulator in Parkinson’s disease
- Involvement of microglia in chronic neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury – a systematic review
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Efficient, continual, and generalized learning in the brain – neural mechanism of Mental Schema 2.0 –
- Current status of Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS) in China: a 10-year comprehensive overview
- The role of pain modulation pathway and related brain regions in pain
- Transsulfuration pathway: a targeting neuromodulator in Parkinson’s disease
- Involvement of microglia in chronic neuropathic pain associated with spinal cord injury – a systematic review