Abstract
Brain tissue is bioenergetically expensive. In humans, it composes approximately 2% of body weight and accounts for approximately 20% of calorie consumption. The brain consumes energy mostly for ion and neurotransmitter transport, a process that occurs primarily in synapses. Therefore, synapses are expensive for any living creature who has brain. In many brain diseases, synapses are damaged earlier than neurons start dying. Synapses may be considered as vulnerable sites on a neuron. Ischemic stroke, an acute disturbance of blood flow in the brain, is an example of a metabolic disease that affects synapses. The associated excessive glutamate release, called excitotoxicity, is involved in neuronal death in brain ischemia. Another example of a metabolic disease is hypoglycemia, a complication of diabetes mellitus, which leads to neuronal death and brain dysfunction. However, synapse function can be corrected with “bioenergetic medicine”. In this review, a ketogenic diet is discussed as a curative option. In support of a ketogenic diet, whereby carbohydrates are replaced for fats in daily meals, epileptic seizures can be terminated. In this review, we discuss possible metabolic sensors in synapses. These may include molecules that perceive changes in composition of extracellular space, for instance, ketone body and lactate receptors, or molecules reacting to changes in cytosol, for instance, KATP channels or AMP kinase. Inhibition of endocytosis is believed to be a universal synaptic mechanism of adaptation to metabolic changes.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by the Bielorussian Republican Foundation of Basic Investigation (grant no. B17-006). We thank Ms. Polina Voronina for helping with figure design. Funding agencies were not involved in the study design, collection, analysis and interpretation of data, report preparation, and decision to submit the article for publication.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Roles of the exon junction complex components in the central nervous system: a mini review
- Metabolic regulation of synaptic activity
- CD200-, CX3CL1-, and TREM2-mediated neuron-microglia interactions and their involvements in Alzheimer’s disease
- Rab23 and developmental disorders
- When your face describes your memories: facial expressions during retrieval of autobiographical memories
- Balo’s concentric sclerosis: an update and comprehensive literature review
- How different priming stimulations affect the corticospinal excitability induced by noninvasive brain stimulation techniques: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Corrigendum
- Corrigendum to: The functional role of all postsynaptic potentials examined from a first-person frame of reference
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Roles of the exon junction complex components in the central nervous system: a mini review
- Metabolic regulation of synaptic activity
- CD200-, CX3CL1-, and TREM2-mediated neuron-microglia interactions and their involvements in Alzheimer’s disease
- Rab23 and developmental disorders
- When your face describes your memories: facial expressions during retrieval of autobiographical memories
- Balo’s concentric sclerosis: an update and comprehensive literature review
- How different priming stimulations affect the corticospinal excitability induced by noninvasive brain stimulation techniques: a systematic review and meta-analysis
- Corrigendum
- Corrigendum to: The functional role of all postsynaptic potentials examined from a first-person frame of reference