Home A review in analytical progress for house dust mite allergens
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

A review in analytical progress for house dust mite allergens

  • Qiling Zhu , Shiwei Jin ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Daniel D. Gang and Fangxing Yang
Published/Copyright: March 14, 2025
Reviews on Environmental Health
From the journal Reviews on Environmental Health Volume 40 Issue 3

Abstract

House dust mite (HDM) allergens are one of the most important causes of allergenic diseases in the indoor environment. The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined risk thresholds for Group I HDM allergens as a concentration of 2 and 10 μg/mL in dust for producing asthma risk and polar asthma attacks, respectively. Continuing exposure to high concentrations of HDM allergens greatly increases the risk of developing allergic diseases. Therefore, it’s necessary to determine the exposure levels of HDM allergens to estimate the risk. So, various approaches have been developed to directly or indirectly detect HDM allergens in the environment. This paper overviews the developmental progress of HDM allergen detection and introduces the principle of HDM allergen detection methods, including semi-quantitative radioallergosorbent test (RAST), ACAREX test, dot immunobinding assay (DIBA), radioimmunoassay (RIA) which combines the high sensitivity and accuracy, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with high accuracy, fluorescent multiple arrays which can simultaneously detect multiple HDM allergens, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and liquid chromatograph-mass spectrometer (LC-MS) with high sensitivity and accuracy. The paper provides an overall understanding of the development of HDM allergen detection methods and guidance for choosing an appropriate method to detect HDM allergens.

Keywords: allergic disease; house dust mite; allergen; detection; antibody
Corresponding author: Shiwei Jin, Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Energy Materials Chemistry of Ministry of Education & Hubei Key Laboratory of Catalysis and Materials Science, South-Central Minzu University, Wuhan 430074, China, E-mail:

Funding source: Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities

Award Identifier / Grant number: 226-2024-00052

Acknowledgments

Here, I would like to express my deepest respect and gratitude to my supervisor, Professor Shiwei Jin. During the whole research process, Professor Shiwei Jin, Daniel D. Gang and Fangxing Yang gave me valuable guidance and support with his profound academic vision, rigorous academic attitude and selfless dedication. Professor Kingsway not only gave me careful guidance academically, but also gave me care and help in life, so that I can continue to move forward on the road of academic exploration. I would also like to thank the National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities for the project funding. The National Natural Science Foundation of China and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities not only promotes the progress of the academic world, but also provides important support for the growth of young scholars.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors contributed to the study conception and design. QZ was responsible for literature retrieval and manuscript writing. SJ, DDG and FY reviewed and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors have no relevant financial or non-financial interests to disclose.

  6. Research funding: The work was financially supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (226-2024-00052).

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

1. Averbeck, M, Gebhardt, C, Emmrich, F, Treudler, R, Simon, JC. Immunologic principles of allergic disease. JDDG J der Deutschen Dermatol Gesellschaft 2007;5:1015–27. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1610-0387.2007.06538.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Han, XR, Krempski, JW, Nadeau, K. Advances and novel developments in mechanisms of allergic inflammation. Allergy 2020;75:3100–11. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14632.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

3. Pali-Schöll, I, Jensen-Jarolim, E. Basic aspects of allergy and hypersensitivity reactions. In: Pawankar, R, Holgate, ST, Rosenwasser, LJ, editors. Allergy Frontiers: classification and pathomechanisms, Allergy Frontiers. Tokyo: Springer; 2009, vol 2. https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-4-431-88315-9_1.Search in Google Scholar

4. Demir, E, Akmeşe, ÖF, Erbay, H, Taylan-Özkan, A, Mumcuoğlu, KY. Bibliometric analysis of publications on house dust mites during 1980–2018. Allergol Immunopathol 2020;48:374–83. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aller.2020.01.001.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

5. Pawankar, R. Allergic diseases and asthma: a global public health concern and a call to action. World Allergy Organ J 2014;7:12. http://doi.rog/10.1186/1939-4551-7-12.10.1186/1939-4551-7-12Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

6. Weinberg, EG. The WAO white book on allergy 2011–2012. Curr Allergy Clin Immunol 2011;24:156–7. https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/EJC21722.Search in Google Scholar

7. Brozek, JL, Bousquet, J, Agache, I, Agarwal, A, Bachert, C, Bosnic-Anticevich, S, et al.. Allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma (ARIA) guidelines-2016 revision. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;140:950–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.03.050.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

8. Masoli, M, Fabian, D, Holt, S, Beasley, R, Program, G. The global burden of asthma: executive summary of the GINA dissemination committee report. Allergy 2004;59:469–78. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00526.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

9. Custovic, A, Murray, C, Simpson, A. Allergy and infection: understanding their relationship. Allergy 2005;60:10–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00851.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Zar, HJ, Ferkol, TW. The global burden of respiratory disease-impact on child health. Pediatr Pulmonol 2014;49:430–4. https://doi.org/10.1002/ppul.23030.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

11. Leech, JA, Nelson, WC, Burnett, RT, Aaron, S, Raizenne, ME. It’s about time: a comparison of Canadian and American time–activity patterns. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 2002;12:427–32. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.jea.7500244.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Caraballo, L, Valenta, R, Puerta, L, Pomés, A, Zakzuk, J, Fernandez-Caldas, E, et al.. The allergenic activity and clinical impact of individual IgE-antibody binding molecules from indoor allergen sources. World Allergy Organ J 2020;13:100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.waojou.2020.100118.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Miller, JD. The role of dust mites in allergy. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2019;57:312–29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12016-018-8693-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

14. Tham, EH, Lee, AJ, Bever, HV. Aeroallergen sensitization and allergic disease phenotypes in Asia. Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2016;34:181–9. https://doi.org/10.12932/ap0770.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Liccardi, G, D’Amato, G, Russo, M, Canonica, GW, D’Amato, L, De Martino, M, et al.. Focus on cat allergen (Fel d 1): immunological and aerodynamic characteristics, modality of airway sensitization and avoidance strategies. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2003;132:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1159/000073259.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Smallwood, J, Ownby, D. Exposure to dog allergens and subsequent allergic sensitization: an updated review. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2012;12:424–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11882-012-0277-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Múnera, M, Sanchez, A, Sánchez, J, Nordmann, M, Perez, M, Aparicio, D. Allergy to Mus m 1: allergy to Mus m 1: a review of structural, and immunological features. Immunol Lett 2019;209:1–3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imlet.2019.03.012.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

18. Lee, MF, Chen, YH, Chiang, CH, Lin, SJ, Song, PP. Analysis of 10 environmental allergen components of the American cockroach in Taiwan. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016;117:535–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anai.2016.09.432.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

19. Zhang, C, Gjesing, B, Lai, X, Li, J, Spangfort, MD, Zhong, N. Indoor allergen levels in Guangzhou city, southern China. Allergy 2011;66:186–91. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02465.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Sharpe, RA, Bearman, N, Thornton, CR, Husk, K, Osborne, NJ. Indoor fungal diversity and asthma: a meta-analysis and systematic review of risk factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;135:110–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.07.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Sharpe, R, Thornton, CR, Osborne, NJ. Modifiable factors governing indoor fungal diversity and risk of asthma. Clin Exp Allergy 2014;44:631–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/cea.12281.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Carrer, P, Maroni, M, Alcini, D, Cavallo, D. Allergens in indoor air: environmental assessment and health effects. Sci Total Environ 2001;270:33–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0048-9697(00)00791-9.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Dallongeville, A, Le Cann, P, Zmirou-Navier, D, Chevrier, C, Costet, N, Annesi-Maesano, I, et al.. Concentration and determinants of molds and allergens in indoor air and house dust of French dwellings. Sci Total Environ 2015;536:964–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.039.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

24. Moore, T, Plunkett, GA. Detection of dust mite allergens in homes throughout the US. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018;141:Ab126. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2017.12.403.Search in Google Scholar

25. Bousquet, PJ, Chinn, S, Janson, C, Kogevinas, M, Burney, P, Jarvis, D. Geographical variation in the prevalence of positive skin tests to environmental aeroallergens in the European Community Respiratory Health Survey I. Allergy 2007;62:301–9. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2006.01293.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

26. Smith, JM, Disney, ME, Williams, JD, Goels, ZA. Clinical significance of skin reactions to mite extracts in children with asthma. Br Med J 1969;2:723–6. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.2.5659.723.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

27. Spieksma, FTM, Dieges, PH. The history of the finding of the house dust mite. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2004;113:573–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2003.10.064.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

28. Voorhorst, R, Spieksma, FTM, Varekamp, H, Leupen, MJ, Lyklema, AW. The house-dust mite (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus) and the allergens it produces. Identity with the house-dust allergen. J Allergy 1967;39:325–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8707(67)90045-7.Search in Google Scholar

29. Miyamoto, T, Oshima, S, Ishizaki, T, Sato, S. Allergenic identity between the common floor mite (Dermatophagoides farinae Hughes, 1961) and house dust as a causative antigen in bronchial asthma. J Allergy 1968;42:14–28. https://doi.org/10.1016/0021-8707(68)90128-7.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

30. Tovey, ER, Chapman, MD, Platts-Mills, TAE. Mite faeces are a major source of house dust allergens. Nature 1981;289:592–3. https://doi.org/10.1038/289592a0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

31. Calderón, MA, Linneberg, A, Kleine-Tebbe, J, De Blay, F, Hernandez Fernandez de Rojas, D, Virchow, JC, et al.. Respiratory allergy caused by house dust mites: what do we really know? J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;136:38–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2014.10.012.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Thomas, WR. Hierarchy and molecular properties of house dust mite allergens. Allergol Int 2015;64:304–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alit.2015.05.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

33. Gehring, U, Brunekreef, B, Fahlbusch, B, Wichmann, HE, Heinrich, J, Group, IS. Are house dust mite allergen levels influenced by cold winter weather? Allergy 2005;60:1079–82. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2005.00872.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

34. Sharma, K, Ravindra, K, Mor, S, Kaur-Sidhu, M, Sehgal, R. Detection and identification of dust mite allergens in the air conditioning filters in Chandigarh, India. Environ Sci Pollut Control Ser 2019;26:24262–71. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05574-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

35. Lin, WW, Brunekreef, B, Gehring, U. Meta-analysis of the effects of indoor nitrogen dioxide and gas cooking on asthma and wheeze in children. Int J Epidemiol 2013;42:1724–37. https://doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyt150.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

36. Schatz, M, Rosenwasser, L. The allergic asthma phenotype. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2014;2:645–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2014.09.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Cao, H, Liu, Z. Clinical significance of dust mite allergens. Mol Biol Rep 2020;47:6239–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-020-05613-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

38. Platts-Mills, TAE, Vervloet, D, Thomas, WR, Aalberse, RC, Chapman, MD. Indoor allergens and asthma: report of the third international workshop. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100:S2–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(97)70292-6.Search in Google Scholar

39. Zheng, M, Wang, X, Wang, M, She, W, Cheng, L, Lu, M, et al.. Clinical characteristics of allergic rhinitis patients in 13 metropolitan cities of China. Allergy 2020;76:577–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.14561.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Goodman, RE, Breiteneder, H. The WHO/IUIS allergen nomenclature. Allergy 2019;74:429–31. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13693.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

41. Resch, Y, Michel, S, Kabesch, M, Lupinek, C, Valenta, R, Vrtala, S. Different IgE recognition of mite allergen components in asthmatic and nonasthmatic children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015;136:1083–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2015.03.024.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

42. Pittner, G, Vrtala, S, Thomas, WR, Weghofer, M, Kundi, M, Horak, F, et al.. Component-resolved diagnosis of house-dust mite allergy with purified natural and recombinant mite allergens. Clin Exp Allergy 2004;34:597–603. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.2004.1930.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

43. Yasueda, H, Mita, H, Yui, Y, Shida, T. Omparative analysis of physicochemical and immunochemical properties of the two major allergens from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and the corresponding allergens from Dermatophagoides faritiae. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1989;88:402–7. https://doi.org/10.1159/000234724.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

44. Zhao, B-B, Diao, J-D, Liu, Z-M, Li, C-P, Jiang, Y-X. Generation of a chimeric dust mite hypoallergen using DNA shuffling for application in allergen-specific immunotherapy. Int J Clin Exp Pathol 2014;7:3608–19.Search in Google Scholar

45. Wang, HY, Gao, ZS, Zhou, X, Dai, Y, Yao, W, Zhang, XF, et al.. Evaluation of the role of IgE responses to der p 1 and der p 2 in Chinese house dust mite-allergic patients. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2015;167:203–10. https://doi.org/10.1159/000438724.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

46. Lynch, NR, Thomas, WR, Garcia, NM, DiPrisco, MC, Puccio, FA, Lopez, RI, et al.. Biological activity of recombinant Der p 2, Der p 5 and Der p 7 allergens of the house-dust mite Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1997;114:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1159/000237644.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

47. Chruszcz, M, Chapman, MD, Vailes, LD, Stura, EA, Saint-Remy, J-M, Minor, W, et al.. Crystal structures of mite allergens der f 1 and der p 1 reveal differences in surface-exposed residues that may influence antibody binding. J Mol Biol 2009;386:520–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmb.2008.12.049.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

48. Jeong, KY, Lee, JY, Son, M, Yi, MH, Yong, TS, Shin, JU, et al.. Profiles of IgE sensitization to der f 1, der f 2, der f 6, der f 8, der f 10, and der f 20 in Korean house dust mite allergy patients. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2015;7:483–8. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2015.7.5.483.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

49. Yang, L, Hirose, S, Suzuki, K, Hiroi, T, Takaiwa, F. Expression of hypoallergenic Der f 2 derivatives with altered intramolecular disulphide bonds induces the formation of novel ER-derived protein bodies in transgenic rice seeds. J Exp Bot 2012;63:2947–59. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ers006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

50. Haida, M, Okudaira, H, Ogita, T, Ito, K, Miyamoto, T, Nakajima, T, et al.. Allergens of the house dust mite – immunochemical studies of four allergenic fractions. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1985;75:686–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(85)90094-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

51. Platts-Mills, TAE, Chapman, MD. Dust mites: immunology, allergic disease, and environmental control. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1987;80:755–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0091-6749(87)80261-0.Search in Google Scholar

52. Park, BS, Lee, NR, Kim, MJ, Kim, SY, Kim, IS. Interaction of der p 2 with toll-like receptor 4 and its effect on cytokine secretion. Biomed Sci Lett 2015;21:152–9. https://doi.org/10.15616/BSL.2015.21.3.152.Search in Google Scholar

53. Reginald, K, Tan, CL, Chen, S, Yuen, L, Goh, SY, Chew, FT. Characterization of Der f 22 – a paralogue of the major allergen Der f 2. Sci Rep 2018;8:11743. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-30224-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

54. Banerjee, S, Resch, Y, Chen, KW, Swoboda, I, Focke-Tejkl, M, Blatt, K, et al.. Der p 11 is a major allergen for house dust mite-allergic patients suffering from atopic dermatitis. J Invest Dermatol 2015;135:102–9. https://doi.org/10.1038/jid.2014.271.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

55. Weghofer, M, Grote, M, Resch, Y, Casset, A, Kneidinger, M, Kopec, J, et al.. Identification of Der p 23, a peritrophin-like protein, as a new major Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergen associated with the peritrophic matrix of mite fecal pellets. J Immunol 2013;190:3059–67. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.1202288.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

56. He, YS, Dou, CR, Su, YM, Chen, JL, Zhang, Z, Zhao, ZF, et al.. Identification of Der f 23 as a new major allergen of Dermatophagoides farinae. Mol Med Rep 2019;20:1270–8. https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2019.10305.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

57. Brehler, R, Klimek, L. Allergen characteristics, quality, major allergen content and galenics for mite allergen-specific immunotherapy preparations. Allergo J Int 2022;32:5–9. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40629-022-00233-6.Search in Google Scholar

58. Fujimura, T, Aki, T, Isobe, T, Matsuoka, A, Hayashi, T, Ono, K, et al.. Der f 35: an MD-2-like house dust mite allergen that cross-reacts with Der f 2 and Pso o 2. Allergy 2017;72:1728–36. https://doi.org/10.1111/all.13192.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

59. Hong, MH, Kashif, A, Kim, G, Park, BS, Lee, NR, Yang, EJ, et al.. Der p 38 is a bidirectional regulator of eosinophils and neutrophils in allergy. J Immunol 2021;207:1735–46. https://doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.2001144.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

60. Wilson, JM, Platts-Mills, TAE. Home environmental interventions for house dust mite. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2018;6:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaip.2017.10.003.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

61. Inal, A, Kendirli, SG, Yilmaz, M, Altintas, DU, Karakoc, GB, Erdogan, S. Indices of lower airway inflammation in children monosensitized to house dust mite after nasal allergen challenge. Allergy 2008;63:1345–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01694.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

62. Plattsmills, T, Deweck, A, Aalberse, R, Bessot, J, Bjorksten, B, Bischoff, E, et al.. Dust mite allergens and asthma – a worldwide problem. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;83:416–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(89)90128-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

63. Plattsmills, T. Dust mite allergens and asthma: report of a second international workshop. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1992;89:1046–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(92)90228-t.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

64. De Alba, J, Raemdonck, K, Dekkak, A, Collins, M, Wong, S, Nials, AT, et al.. House dust mite induces direct airway inflammation in vivo: implications for future disease therapy? Eur Respir J 2010;35:1377–87. https://doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00022908.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

65. Nishimuta, T. Clinical studies of radioallergosorbent test (RAST) conducted on children with bronchial asthma. Pediatr Int 2007;19:25–6. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1442-200X.1977.tb00084.x.Search in Google Scholar

66. Price, JA, Reiser, J, Longbottom, JL, Warner, JO. Inhalant allergy in asthmatic children: skin prick test, radioallergosorbent test and chemiluminescent assay compared with allergen levels in their mattress dusts. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol 1989;88:183–4. https://doi.org/10.1159/000234779.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

67. Euan, T, Vandenberg, R. Mite allergen content in commercial extracts and in bed dust determined by radioallergosorbent tests. Clin Allergy 1979;9:253–62. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1979.tb01551.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

68. Caraballo, L, Mercado, D, Jiménez, S, Moreno, L, Puerta, L, Chua, KY. Analysis of the cross-reactivity between BtM and Der p 5, two group 5 recombinant allergens from Blomia tropicalis and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1998;117:38–45. https://doi.org/10.1159/000023988.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

69. Tovey, ER, Vandenberg, RA. Effect of reagins and allergen extracts on radioallergosorbent assays for mite allergen. Clin Exp Allergy 1978;8:329–39. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1978.tb00468.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

70. Delespesse, G, Debisschop, MJ, Flament, J. Measurement of IgG antibodies to house dust mite and grass pollen by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Clin Allergy 1979;9:503–14. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1979.tb02515.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

71. Platts-Mills, TA, Heymann, PW, Chapman, MD, Hayden, ML, Wilkins, SR. Cross-reacting and species-specific determinants on a major allergen from Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus and D. farinae: development of a radioimmunoassay for antigen P1 equivalent in house dust and dust mite extracts. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1986;78:398–407. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(86)90024-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

72. Sakaguchi, M, Inouye, S, Yasueda, H, Shida, T. Concentration of airborne mite allergens (Der I and Der II) during sleep. Allergy 2007;47:55–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1992.tb02250.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

73. De Boer, R. Allergens, Der p 1, Der f 1, Fel d 1 and Can f 1, in newly bought mattresses for infants. Clin Exp Allergy 2002;32:1602–5. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01522.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

74. van Bronswijk, JE, Bischoff, E, Schirmacher, W, Berrens, L, Schober, G. A rapid house-dust allergen test: preliminary results. J Med Entomol 1986;23:217–8. https://doi.org/10.1093/jmedent/23.2.217.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

75. Le Mao, J, Pauli, G, Tekaia, F, Hoyet, C, Bischoff, E, David, B. Guanine content and Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus allergens in house dust samples. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989;83:926–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(89)90107-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

76. van der Brempt, X, Haddi, E, Michel-Nguyen, A, Fayon, JP, Soler, M, Charpin, D, et al.. Comparison of the ACAREX test with monoclonal antibodies for the quantification of mite allergens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991;87:130–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(91)90225-d.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

77. Ransom, JH, Leonard, J, Wasserstein, RL. Acarex test correlates with monoclonal antibody test for dust mites. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1991;87:886–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0091-6749(91)90138-e.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

78. Haouichat, H, Pauli, G, Ott, M, Hedelin, G, de Blay, F, Vérot, A, et al.. Controlling indoor mite exposure: the relevance of the Acarex test. Indoor Built Environ 2001;10:109–15. https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326x0101000207.Search in Google Scholar

79. Engvall, E, Jonsson, K, Perlmann, P. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. II. Quantitative assay of protein antigen, immunoglobulin G, by means of enzyme-labelled antigen and antibody-coated tubes. Biochim Biophys Acta Protein Struct 1971;251:427–34. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-2795(71)90132-2.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

80. Horn, N, Lind, P. Selection and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against a major allergen in Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1987;83:404–9. https://doi.org/10.1159/000234376.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

81. Luczynska, CM, Arruda, LK, Platts-Mills, TA, Miller, JD, Lopez, M, Chapman, MD. A two-site monoclonal antibody ELISA for the quantification of the major Dermatophagoides spp. allergens, Der p I and Der f I. J Immunol Methods 1989;118:227–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1759(89)90010-0.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

82. Kim, JT, Lee, J, Yuk, JE, Song, H, Kim, H, Kim, SH, et al.. Novel sensitive, two-site ELISA for the quantification of der f 1 using monoclonal antibodies. Allergy Asthma Immunol Res 2021;13:665–7. https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2021.13.4.665.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

83. Yasueda, H, Saito, A, Yanagihara, Y, Akiyama, K, Takaoka, M. Species-specific measurement of the second group of Dermatophagoides mite allergens, Der p 2 and Der f 2, using a monoclonal antibody-based ELISA. Clin Exp Allergy 1996;26:171–7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2222.1996.tb00076.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

84. Yi, FC, Lee, BW, Cheong, N, Chua, KY. Quantification of Blo t 5 in mite and dust extracts by two-site ELISA. Allergy 2005;60:108–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.2004.00597.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

85. Kimura, JY, Matsuoka, H, Ishii, A. ELISA inhibition method in detection of mite and chironomid antigens in environmental samples of dust, soil and air. Allergy 1990;45:167–73. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1990.tb00479.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

86. Vidal-Quist, JC, Ortego, F, Hernández-Crespo, P. Contribution of cysteine and serine proteases to proteolytic digestion in an allergy-eliciting house dust mite. J Insect Physiol 2021;133:104285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinsphys.2021.104285.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

87. Duan, S, Zhao, L, Zhang, Y, Zhang, N, Zheng, M, Wang, Q, et al.. Tropomyosin in mugwort cross-reacts to house dust mite, eliciting non-Th2 response in allergic rhinitis patients sensitized to house dust mite. Clin Mol Allergy 2021;19:2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12948-021-00142-z.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

88. Yu, C, Ding, X, Gao, X, Lin, H, Ullah Khan, M, Lin, H, et al.. Immunological cross-reactivity involving mollusc species and mite-mollusc and cross-reactive allergen PM are risk factors of mollusc allergy. J Agric Food Chem 2022;70:360–72. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.1c05421.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

89. Towbin, H, Staehelin, T, Gordon, J. Electrophoretic transfer of proteins from polyacrylamide gels to nitrocellulose sheets: procedure and some applications. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1979;76:4350–4. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.76.9.4350.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

90. Lau, S, Schulz, G, Sommerfeld, C, Wahn, U. Comparison of quantitative ELISA and semiquantitative Dustscreen™ for determination of Der p 1, Der f 1, and Fel d 1 in domestic dust samples. Allergy 2001;56:993–5. https://doi.org/10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.00117.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

91. Yoshida, M, Mizukami, K, Kurata, K, Nasukawa, T, Uchiyama, J, Sakaguchi, M. New dot-blot method for evaluating the effect of inactivators on mite and Japanese cedar pollen allergens. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021;85:2089–92. https://doi.org/10.1093/bbb/zbab146.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

92. Earle, CD, King, EM, Tsay, A, Pittman, K, Saric, B, Vailes, L, et al.. High-throughput fluorescent multiplex array for indoor allergen exposure assessment. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:428–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.11.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

93. Earle, CD, Tsay, A, Pittman, K, Vailes, L, Godbout, R, Oliver, KG, et al.. A quantitative exposure assessment for eight indoor allergens by fluorescent multiplex array. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007;119:S185–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.091.Search in Google Scholar

94. King, EM, Filep, S, Smith, B, Platts-Mills, T, Hamilton, RG, Schmechel, D, et al.. A multi-center ring trial of allergen analysis using fluorescent multiplex array technology. J Immunol Methods 2013;387:89–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jim.2012.09.015.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

95. Lind, P. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for determination of major excrement allergens of house dust mite species D. pteronyssinus, D. farinae and D. microceras. Allergy 2007;41:442–51. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1398-9995.1986.tb00325.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

96. Wong, SF, Chong, AL, Mak, JW, Tan, J, Ling, SJ, Ho, TM. Molecular identification of house dust mites and storage mites. Exp Appl Acarol 2011;55:123–33. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10493-011-9460-6.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

97. Thet-Em, T, Tungtrongchitr, A, Tiewcharoen, S, Malainual, N. Multiplex PCR for identifying common dust mites species (Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoides farinae and Blomia tropicalis). Asian Pac J Allergy Immunol 2012;30:224–30.Search in Google Scholar

98. Roussel, S, Reboux, G, Naegele, A, Martinez, J, Vacheyrou, M, Scherer, E, et al.. Detecting and quantifying mites in domestic dust: a novel application for real-time PCR. Environ Int 2013;55:20–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2013.02.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

99. Spiric, J, Mindaye, ST, David, NA, Slater, JE, Rabin, RL. Species- and sequence-specific quantification of house dust mite allergens by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mass spectrometry (MS). J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017;139:AB118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaci.2016.12.379.Search in Google Scholar

100. Fan, X, FangxingY. Identification of house dust mite allergens and their nitrated products. Environ Chem 2021;40:1969–77. https://doi.org/10.7524/j.issn.0254-6108.2020030202.Search in Google Scholar

101. Xu, F, Tian, J, Yang, F. House dust mite allergens and nitrated products: identification and risk assessment in indoor dust. J Environ Sci (China) 2023;124:198–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jes.2021.11.004.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

102. Karaboue, M, Berritto, D, Lacasella, GV. Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom of 5 December 2013 laying down basic safety standards for protection against the dangers arising from exposure to ionising radiation: medico-legal and legal-comparative study. Clin Ter 2024;175:259–61. https://doi.org/10.7417/ct.2024.5127.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

103. Heinitz, S, Kajan, I, Schumann, D. How accurate are half-life data of long-lived radionuclides? Radiochim Acta 2022;110:589–608. https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2021-1135.Search in Google Scholar

104. Tsay, A, Williams, L, Mitchell, EB, Chapman, MD. A rapid test for detection of mite allergens in homes. Clin Exp Allergy 2002;32:1596–601. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2222.2002.01533.x.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

105. Genthe, B, Kfir, R. Advantages and disadvantages of the use of immunodetection techniques for the enumeration of microorganisms and toxins in water. Water Sci Technol 1993;27:243–52. https://doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0353.Search in Google Scholar

106. Li, ZQ, Tian, JY, Yang, FX. Tyrosine nitration enhances the allergenic potential of house dust mite allergen Der p 2. Environ Res 2024;252:118826. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118826.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Received: 2024-12-15
Accepted: 2025-02-21
Published Online: 2025-03-14
Published in Print: 2025-09-25

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. The association of particulate matter PM2.5 and nitrogen oxides from ambient air pollution and mental health of children and young adults- a systematic review
  4. Plant endophytic bacteria reduce phthalates accumulation in soil-crop-body system: a review
  5. A review in analytical progress for house dust mite allergens
  6. Global research trends and emerging hotspots in acute high altitude illness: a bibliometric analysis and review (1937–2024)
  7. Sustainable materials and energy from pine needle waste – a review
  8. Interrelation between prenatal mercury-selenium exposure and glutathione gene polymorphism: impact on growth and development in children
  9. Connecting the dots: environmental pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorder
  10. Phthalates, bisphenols and per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances migration from food packaging into food: a systematic review
  11. Dietary intake of dioxins and cancer – where do we stand?
  12. Unfinished business: formaldehyde exposure from uniforms and the case for U.S. textile regulation
  13. A mini-review on the health risks associated with sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate exposure
  14. Maternal exposure to particulate matter and nitrogen oxides during pregnancy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis
https://doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2024-0177
Keywords for this article
allergic disease; house dust mite; allergen; detection; antibody

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. The association of particulate matter PM2.5 and nitrogen oxides from ambient air pollution and mental health of children and young adults- a systematic review
  4. Plant endophytic bacteria reduce phthalates accumulation in soil-crop-body system: a review
  5. A review in analytical progress for house dust mite allergens
  6. Global research trends and emerging hotspots in acute high altitude illness: a bibliometric analysis and review (1937–2024)
  7. Sustainable materials and energy from pine needle waste – a review
  8. Interrelation between prenatal mercury-selenium exposure and glutathione gene polymorphism: impact on growth and development in children
  9. Connecting the dots: environmental pollution and Autism Spectrum Disorder
  10. Phthalates, bisphenols and per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances migration from food packaging into food: a systematic review
  11. Dietary intake of dioxins and cancer – where do we stand?
  12. Unfinished business: formaldehyde exposure from uniforms and the case for U.S. textile regulation
  13. A mini-review on the health risks associated with sodium p-perfluorous nonenoxybenzene sulfonate exposure
  14. Maternal exposure to particulate matter and nitrogen oxides during pregnancy and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 22.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/reveh-2024-0177/html
Scroll to top button