Solid biomass chain from production to utilization in UK

References

https://publications.naturalengland.org.uk/publication/5419124441481216.Search in Google Scholar

https://status22.globalccsinstitute.com/2022-status-report/global-status-of-ccs.Search in Google Scholar

https://www.globalccsinstitute.com/wp-content/uploads/2022/06/MythBusters-Flyer_FINAL-5.pdf Biomass Strategy |Search in Google Scholar

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/net-zero-strategy.Search in Google Scholar

https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/emissions-of-air-pollutants/emissions-of-air-pollutants-inthe-uk-particulate-matter-pm10-and-pm25.Search in Google Scholar

https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2023/96/contents/made.Search in Google Scholar

2017a 2017a. IEA Bioenergy, Task 40 report, Global wood pellet industry and trade study, report.Search in Google Scholar

2017b 2017b. IEA, International Energy Agency, technology roadmap: delivering sustainable bioenergy. OECD/IEA, Paris.Search in Google Scholar

2017c 2017c. REN21, Renewables global status report, REN21 Secretariat, Paris.Search in Google Scholar

https://www.statista.com/statistics/243906/global-wood-pellet production outlook.Search in Google Scholar

https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/energy-chapter-1-digest-of-united-kingdomenergy-statistics-dukes.Search in Google Scholar

https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/renewablesources-of-energy-chapter-6.Search in Google Scholar

Adams, P.W., Hammond, G.P., Mcmanus, M.C., and Mezzullo, W.G. (2011). Barriers to and drivers for UK bioenergy development. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15: 1217–1227, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2010.09.039.Search in Google Scholar

Adapa, P., Tabil, L., and Schoenau, G. (2011). Grinding performance and physical properties of non-treated and steam exploded barley, canola, oat and wheat straw. Biomass Bioenergy 35: 549–561, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.10.004.Search in Google Scholar

Agar, D.A., Rudolfsson, M., Kalen, G., Campargue, M., Da Silva Perez, D., and Larsson, S.H. (2018). A systematic study of ring-die pellet production from forest and agricultural biomass. Fuel Process. Technol. 180: 47–55, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.08.006.Search in Google Scholar

Balat, M., Balat, H., and Öz, C. (2008). Progress in bioethanol processing. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 34: 551–573, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2007.11.001.Search in Google Scholar

Beagle, E. and Belmont, E. (2019). Comparative life cycle assessment of biomass utilization for electricity generation in the European Union and the United States. Energy Policy 128: 267–275, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2019.01.006.Search in Google Scholar

Beis (2022). Hydrogen production costs 2021, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/hydrogen-production-costs-2021.Search in Google Scholar

Beland Lindahl, K., Söderberg, C., Lukina, N., Tebenkova, D., Pecrul, M., Pulzl, H., Sotirov, M., and Widmark, C. (2023). Clash or concert in European forests? Integration and coherence of forest ecosystem service–related national policies. Land Use Policy 129: 106617, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106617.Search in Google Scholar

Bergstrom, D., Israelsson, S., Öhman, M., Dahliqvist, S.-A., Gref, R., Boman, C., and Wästerlund, I. (2008). Effects of raw material particle size distribution on the characteristics of Scots pine sawdust fuel pellets. Fuel Process. Technol. 89: 1324–1329, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.06.001.Search in Google Scholar

Biomass Strategy (2023). Energy Security & Net Zero.Search in Google Scholar

Booth, A. and Wentworth, J. (2023). Biomass for UK Energy, UK Parliment.Search in Google Scholar

Boukherroub, T., Lebel, L., and Lemieux, S. (2017). An integrated wood pellet supply chain development: selecting among feedstock sources and a range of operating scales. Appl. Energy 198: 385–400, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.12.013.Search in Google Scholar

Brack, D. (2017). Woody biomass for power and heat: impacts on the global climate, Environment, Energy and Resources Department.Search in Google Scholar

Canam, T., Town, J.R., Tsang, A., Mcallister, T.A., and Dumonceaux, T.J. (2011). Biological pretreatment with a cellobiose dehydrogenase-deficient strain of Trametes versicolor enhances the biofuel potential of canola straw. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 10020–10027, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.08.045.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Carone, M.T., Pantaleo, A., and Pellerano, A. (2011). Influence of process parameters and biomass characteristics on the durability of pellets from the pruning residues of Olea europaea L. Biomass Bioenergy 35: 402–410, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2010.08.052.Search in Google Scholar

Castellano, J.M., Gómez, M., Fernández, M., Esteban, L.S., and Carrasco, J.E. (2015). Study on the effects of raw materials composition and pelletization conditions on the quality and properties of pellets obtained from different woody and non woody biomasses. Fuel 139: 629–636, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2014.09.033.Search in Google Scholar

CCC (2018). Biomass in a low-carbon economy, Available at: https://www.theccc.org.uk/publication/biomass-in-a-low-carbon-economy.Search in Google Scholar

Chen, W.-H., Peng, J., and Bi, X.T. (2015). A state-of-the-art review of biomass torrefaction, densification and applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 44: 847–866, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.12.039.Search in Google Scholar

Ciolkosz, D.E., Hilton, R., Swackhamer, C., Yi, H., Puri, V.M., Swomley, D. and Roth, G. (2015). Farm-scale biomass pelletizer performance for switchgrass pellet production. Appl. Eng. Agric., 31, 559–567.10.13031/aea.31.10803Search in Google Scholar

Clifton-Brown, J., Hastings, A., Mos, M., McCalmont, J.P., Ashman, C., Awty-Carroll, D., Cerazy, J., Chiang, Y., Cosentino, S., Cracroft-Eley, W., et al.. (2017). Progress in upscaling Miscanthus biomass production for the European bio-economy with seed-based hybrids. GCB Bioenergy 9: 6–17, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12357.Search in Google Scholar

Clifton-Brown, J., Schwarz, K.U., Awty-Carroll, D., Iurato, A., Meyer, H., Greef, J., Gwyn, J., Mos, M., Ashman, C., Hayes, C., et al.. (2019). Breeding strategies to improve Miscanthus as a sustainable source of biomass for bioenergy and biorenewable products. Agronomy 9: 673, https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy9110673.Search in Google Scholar

Cowie, A.L., Berndes, G., Bentsen, N.S., Brandão, M., Cherubini, F., Egnell, G., George, B., Gustavsson, L., Hanewinkel, M., Harris, Z.M., et al.. (2021). Applying a science-based systems perspective to dispel misconceptions about climate effects of forest bioenergy. GCB Bioenergy 13: 1210–1231, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12844.Search in Google Scholar

Dafnomilis, I., Hoefnagels, R., Pratama, Y.W., Schott, D.L., Lodewijks, G., and Junginger, M. (2017). Review of solid and liquid biofuel demand and supply in Northwest Europe towards 2030. A comparison of national and regional projections. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 78: 31–45, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.04.108.Search in Google Scholar

Davis, S.C., Anderson-Teixeira, K.J., and Delucia, E.H. (2009). Life-cycle analysis and the ecology of biofuels. Trends Plant Sci. 14: 140–146, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2008.12.006.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

De Meyer, A., Cattrysse, D., Rasimaki, J., and Van Orshoven, J. (2014). Methods to optimise the design and management of biomass-for-bioenergy supply chains: a review. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 31: 657–670, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2013.12.036.Search in Google Scholar

Department for Business, E. I. S. (2022). Net Zero Strategy: Build Back Greener, Available at: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/net-zero-strategy.Search in Google Scholar

Duca, D. and Toscano, G. (2022). Biomass energy resources: feedstock quality and bioenergy sustainability. Resources 11: 57, https://doi.org/10.3390/resources11060057.Search in Google Scholar

Drax Power Limited (2022). Drax Bioenergy with Carbon Capture and Storage Project Application.Search in Google Scholar

Eker, M. and Spinelli, R. (2018). Labor-intensive techniques for recovering energy biomass from forest tending operations. Biomass Bioenergy 115: 223–230, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.05.003.Search in Google Scholar

Eriksson, L.N. and Gutavsson, L. (2008). Biofuels from stumps and small roundwood – costs and CO2 benefits. Biomass Bioenergy 32: 897–902, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.01.017.Search in Google Scholar

Fasina, O.O. (2008). Physical properties of peanut hull pellets. Bioresour. Technol. 99: 1259–1266, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.02.041.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Gao, W., Tabil, L.G., Dumonceaux, T., Espinel Rios, S., and Zhao, R. (2017). Optimization of biological pretreatment to enhance the quality of wheat straw pellets. Biomass Bioenergy 97: 77–89, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2016.12.012.Search in Google Scholar

Ghafghazi, S., Sowlati, T., Sokhansanj, S., Bi, X., and Melin, S. (2011). Particulate matter emissions from combustion of wood in district heating applications. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15: 3019–3028, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.04.001.Search in Google Scholar

Gilbert, P., Ryu, C., Sharifi, V., and Swithenbank, J. (2009). Effect of process parameters on pelletisation of herbaceous crops. Fuel 88: 1491–1497, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2009.03.015.Search in Google Scholar

Grulke, N.E. and Heath, R.L. (2020). Ozone effects on plants in natural ecosystems. Plant Biology 22: 12–37, https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12971.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Guo, M., Song, W., and Buhain, J. (2015). Bioenergy and biofuels: history, status, and perspective. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 42: 712–725, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.10.013.Search in Google Scholar

Haberl, H., Sprinz, D., Bonazountas, M., Cocco, P., Desaubies, Y., Henze, M., Hertel, O., Johnson, R.K., Kastrup, U., Laconte, P., et al.. (2012). Correcting a fundamental error in greenhouse gas accounting related to bioenergy. Energy Policy 45: 18–23, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2012.02.051.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Helal, M.A., Anderson, N., Wei, Y., and Thomson, M. (2023). A review of biomass-to-bioenergy supply chain research using bibliometric analysis and visualization. Energies 16: 1187, https://doi.org/10.3390/en16031187.Search in Google Scholar

Helliwell, R. (2018). Where did the marginal land go? Farmers perspectives on marginal land and its implications for adoption of dedicated energy crops. Energy Policy 117: 166–172, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2018.03.011.Search in Google Scholar

Holm, J.K., Henriksen, U.B., Hustad, J.E., and Sørensen, L.H. (2006). Toward an understanding of controlling parameters in softwood and hardwood pellets production. Energy Fuels 20: 2686–2694, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef0503360.Search in Google Scholar

Ibitoye, S.E., Mahmood, R.M., Jen, T.-C., Loha, C., and Akinlabi, E.T. (2023). An overview of biomass solid fuels: biomass sources, processing methods, and morphological and microstructural properties. J. Bioresour. Bioprod. 8: 333–360, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobab.2023.09.005.Search in Google Scholar

Igathinathane, C., Womac, A.R., Sokhansanj, S., and Narayan, S. (2009). Size reduction of high- and low-moisture corn stalks by linear knife grid system. Biomass Bioenergy 33: 547–557, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.09.004.Search in Google Scholar

Jackson, J., Turner, A., Mark, T., and Montross, M. (2016). Densification of biomass using a pilot scale flat ring roller pellet mill. Fuel Process. Technol. 148: 43–49, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.02.024.Search in Google Scholar

Jesmin, T., Mitchell, D.T., and Mulvaney, R.L. (2021). Short-term effect of nitrogen fertilization on carbon mineralization during corn residue decomposition in soil. Nitrogen 2: 444–460, https://doi.org/10.3390/nitrogen2040030.Search in Google Scholar

Jiang, K., Xing, R., Luo, Z., Huang, W., Yi, F., Men, Y., Zhao, N., Chang, Z., Zhao, J., Pan, B., et al.. (2024). Pollutant emissions from biomass burning: a review on emission characteristics, environmental impacts, and research perspectives. Particuology 85: 296–309, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.partic.2023.07.012.Search in Google Scholar

Jiang, L., Yuan, X., Xiao, Z., Liang, J., Li, H., Cao, L., Wang, H., Chen, X., and Zeng, G. (2016). A comparative study of biomass pellet and biomass-sludge mixed pellet: energy input and pellet properties. Energy Convers. Manage. 126: 509–515, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2016.08.035.Search in Google Scholar

Kaliyan, N. and Morey, R.V. (2009). Factors affecting strength and durability of densified biomass products. Biomass Bioenergy 33: 337–359, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.08.005.Search in Google Scholar

Kaliyan, N. and Morey, R.V. (2010). Natural binders and solid bridge type binding mechanisms in briquettes and pellets made from corn stover and switchgrass. Bioresour. Technol. 101: 1082–1090, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2009.08.064.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Kirsten, C., Lenz, V., Schroder, H.-W., and Repke, J.-U. (2016). Hay pellets – the influence of particle size reduction on their physical–mechanical quality and energy demand during production. Fuel Process. Technol. 148: 163–174, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2016.02.013.Search in Google Scholar

Ko, S., Lautala, P., and Handler, R.M. (2018). Securing the feedstock procurement for bioenergy products: a literature review on the biomass transportation and logistics. J. Clean. Prod. 200: 205–218, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.07.241.Search in Google Scholar

Koester, S. (2022). Burning biomass: a Drax-tic idea, and bad for environmental justice. Bull. At. Sci. 78: 148–151, https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2022.2062939.Search in Google Scholar

Kumar, P. and Dubey, K.K. (2017). Mycelium transformation of Streptomyces toxytricini into pellet: role of culture conditions and kinetics. Bioresour. Technol. 228: 339–347, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.002.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lam, P.S., Lam, P.Y., Sokhansanj, S., Bi, X.T., and Lim, C.J. (2013). Mechanical and compositional characteristics of steam-treated Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii L.) during pelletization. Biomass Bioenergy 56: 116–126, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2013.05.001.Search in Google Scholar

Larsson, S.H., Thyrel, M., Geladi, P., and Lestander, T.A. (2008). High quality biofuel pellet production from pre-compacted low density raw materials. Bioresour. Technol. 99: 7176–7182, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2007.12.065.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Lee, R.A. and Lavoie, J.-M. (2013). From first- to third-generation biofuels: challenges of producing a commodity from a biomass of increasing complexity. Animal Front. 3: 6–11, https://doi.org/10.2527/af.2013-0010.Search in Google Scholar

Lee, J., Lee, K., Sohn, D., Kim, Y.M., and Park, K.Y. (2018). Hydrothermal carbonization of lipid extracted algae for hydrochar production and feasibility of using hydrochar as a solid fuel. Energy 153: 913–920, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2018.04.112.Search in Google Scholar

Li, Y. and Liu, H. (2000). High-pressure densification of wood residues to form an upgraded fuel. Biomass Bioenergy 19: 177–186, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0961-9534(00)00026-x.Search in Google Scholar

Li, H., Liu, X., Legros, R., Bi, X.T., Jim Lim, C., and Sokhansanj, S. (2012). Pelletization of torrefied sawdust and properties of torrefied pellets. Appl. Energy 93: 680–685, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2012.01.002.Search in Google Scholar

Liu, Z., Mi, B., Jiang, Z., Fei, B., Cai, Z., and Liu, X.E. (2016). Improved bulk density of bamboo pellets as biomass for energy production. Renewable Energy 86: 1–7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.08.011.Search in Google Scholar

Maliha, A. and Abu-Hijleh, B. (2023). A review on the current status and post-pandemic prospects of third-generation biofuels. Energy Systems 14: 1185–1216, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12667-022-00514-7.Search in Google Scholar

Mani, S., Tabil, L.G., and Sokhansanj, S. (2004). Grinding performance and physical properties of wheat and barley straws, corn stover and switchgrass. Biomass Bioenergy 27: 339–352, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2004.03.007.Search in Google Scholar

Mani, S., Tabil, L.G., and Sokhansanj, S. (2006). Effects of compressive force, particle size and moisture content on mechanical properties of biomass pellets from grasses. Biomass Bioenergy 30: 648–654, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2005.01.004.Search in Google Scholar

Martin-Gamboa, M., Marques, P., Freire, F., Aojarr, L., and Dias, A.C. (2020). Life cycle assessment of biomass pellets: a review of methodological choices and results. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 133: 110278, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110278.Search in Google Scholar

Mat Aron, N.S., Khoo, K.S., Chew, K.W., Show, P.L., Chen, W.-H., and Nguyen, T.H.P. (2020). Sustainability of the four generations of biofuels – a review. Int. J. Energy Res. 44: 9266–9282, https://doi.org/10.1002/er.5557.Search in Google Scholar

Mayer-Laigle, C., Blanc, N., Rajaonarivony, R.K., and Rouau, X. (2018). Comminution of dry lignocellulosic biomass, a review: Part I. From fundamental mechanisms to milling behaviour. Bioengineering, https://doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering5020041.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Mediavilla, I., Esteban, L.S., and Fernandez, M.J. (2012). Optimisation of pelletisation conditions for poplar energy crop. Fuel Process. Technol. 104: 7–15, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.05.031.Search in Google Scholar

MNRE (2018). Biomass knowledge portal. Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, India, Available at: http://biomasspower.gov.in/case-studies-decentralize.php (Accessed 26 March 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Moriarty, P. and Honnery, D. (2019). Chapter 14. Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage in a future world. In: Pires Magalhães, J.C. and Cunha Goncalves, A.L.D. (Eds.). Bioenergy with carbon capture and storage. Academic Press, Cambridge, pp. 273–87.10.1016/B978-0-12-816229-3.00014-4Search in Google Scholar

Mumme, J., Eckervogt, L., Pielert, J., Diakite, M., Rupp, F., and Kern, J. (2011). Hydrothermal carbonization of anaerobically digested maize silage. Bioresour. Technol. 102: 9255–9260, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2011.06.099.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Muscat, A., De Olde, E.M, De Boer, I.J.M., and Ripoll-Bosch, R. (2020). The battle for biomass: a systematic review of food-feed-fuel competition. Glob. Food Secur. 25: 100330, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gfs.2019.100330.Search in Google Scholar

Norton, M., Baldi, A., Buda, V., Carli, B., Cudlin, P., Jones, M.B., Korhola, A., Michalski, R., Novo, F., Oszlányi, J., et al.. (2019). Serious mismatches continue between science and policy in forest bioenergy. GCB Bioenergy 11: 1256–1263, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12643.Search in Google Scholar

Nunes, L.J.R., Matias, J.C.O., and Catalao, J.P.S. (2014). Mixed biomass pellets for thermal energy production: a review of combustion models. Appl. Energy 127: 135–140, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2014.04.042.Search in Google Scholar

Obernberger, I. and Thek, G. (2004). Physical characterisation and chemical composition of densified biomass fuels with regard to their combustion behaviour. Biomass Bioenergy 27: 653–669, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2003.07.006.Search in Google Scholar

Olofsson, J. (2021). Time-dependent climate impact of utilizing residual biomass for biofuels. The combined influence of modelling choices and climate impact metrics. Energies 14: 4219, https://doi.org/10.3390/en14144219.Search in Google Scholar

Peng, J.H., Bi, H.T., Sokhansanj, S., and Lim, J.C. (2012). A study of particle size effect on biomass torrefaction and densification. Energy Fuels 26: 3826–3839, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef3004027.Search in Google Scholar

Peng, J.H., Bi, H.T., Lim, C.J., and Sokhansanj, S. (2013a). Study on density, hardness, and moisture uptake of torrefied wood pellets. Energy Fuels 27: 967–974, https://doi.org/10.1021/ef301928q.Search in Google Scholar

Peng, J.H., Bi, H.T., Sokhansanj, S., and Lim, C.J. (2013b). Torrefaction and densification of different species of softwood residues. Fuel 111: 411–421, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2013.04.048.Search in Google Scholar

Pichler, C., Furtner, D., Hesser, F., Schwarzebauer, P., and Ranacher, L.M. (2022). The role of the social licence to operate in the emerging bioeconomy – a case study of short-rotation coppice poplar in Slovakia. Land 11: 1555, https://doi.org/10.3390/land11091555.Search in Google Scholar

Pradhan, P., Arora, A., and Mahajani, S.M. (2018a). Pilot scale evaluation of fuel pellets production from garden waste biomass. Energy Sust. Dev. 43: 1–14, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esd.2017.11.005.Search in Google Scholar

Pradhan, P., Mahajani, S.M., and Arora, A. (2018b). Production and utilization of fuel pellets from biomass: a review. Fuel Process. Technol. 181: 215–232, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2018.09.021.Search in Google Scholar

Prasad, L., Subbarao, P.M.V., and Subrahmanyam, J.P. (2015). Experimental investigation on gasification characteristic of high lignin biomass (Pongamia shells). Renew. Energy 80: 415–423, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2015.02.024.Search in Google Scholar

Proskurina, S., Heinimo, J., Schipfer, F., and Vakkilainen, E. (2017). Biomass for industrial applications: the role of torrefaction. Renew. Energy 111: 265–274, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2017.04.015.Search in Google Scholar

Quiggin, D. (2021). BECCS deployment. In: The risks of policies forging ahead of the evidence. Chatham House, London, UK.Search in Google Scholar

Richards, M., Pogson, M., Dondini, M., Jones, E.O., Hastings, A., Henner, D.N., Tallis, M.J., Casella, E., Matthews, R.W., Henshall, P.A., et al.. (2017). High-resolution spatial modelling of greenhouse gas emissions from land-use change to energy crops in the United Kingdom. GCB Bioenergy 9: 627–644, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12360.Search in Google Scholar

Roder, M., Thiffault, E., Martinez-Alonso, C., Senez-Gagnon, F., Paradis, L., and Thornley, P. (2019). Understanding the timing and variation of greenhouse gas emissions of forest bioenergy systems. Biomass Bioenergy 121: 99–114, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2018.12.019.Search in Google Scholar

Rolls, W. and Forster, P.M. (2020). Quantifying forest growth uncertainty on carbon payback times in a simple biomass carbon model. Environ. Res. Commun. 2: 045001.10.1088/2515-7620/ab7ff3Search in Google Scholar

Saeid, P. and Rahmanian, N. (2023). Bio-energy programs in Europe. In: Rahimpour, M.R. (Ed.), Encyclopedia of renewable energy, sustainability and the environment, Vol. 1, pp. 887–906.10.1016/B978-0-323-93940-9.00149-3Search in Google Scholar

Said, N., Abdel Daiem, M.M., Garcia-Maraver, A., and Zamorano, M. (2015). Influence of densification parameters on quality properties of rice straw pellets. Fuel Process. Technol. 138: 56–64, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.05.011.Search in Google Scholar

Saidur, R., Abdelaziz, E.A., Demirbas, A., Hossain, M.S., and Mekhilef, S. (2011). A review on biomass as a fuel for boilers. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 15: 2262–2289, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2011.02.015.Search in Google Scholar

Sarkar, N., Ghosh, S.K., Bannerjee, S., and Aikat, K. (2012). Bioethanol production from agricultural wastes: an overview. Renew. Energy 37: 19–27, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.06.045.Search in Google Scholar

Serrano, C., Monedero, E., Lapuetra, M., and Portero, H. (2011). Effect of moisture content, particle size and pine addition on quality parameters of barley straw pellets. Fuel Process. Technol. 92: 699–706, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.11.031.Search in Google Scholar

Shaw, M.D., Karunakaran, C., and Tabil, L.G. (2009). Physicochemical characteristics of densified untreated and steam exploded poplar wood and wheat straw grinds. Biosyst. Eng. 103: 198–207, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biosystemseng.2009.02.012.Search in Google Scholar

Shen, G., Tao, S., Wei, S., Zhang, Y., Wang, R., Wang, B., Li, W., Shen, H., Huang, Y., Chen, Y., et al.. (2012). Reductions in emissions of carbonaceous particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from combustion of biomass pellets in comparison with raw fuel burning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 46: 6409–6416, https://doi.org/10.1021/es300369d.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Sherrington, C., Bartley, J., and Moran, D. (2008). Farm-level constraints on the domestic supply of perennial energy crops in the UK. Energy Policy 36: 2504–2512, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enpol.2008.03.004.Search in Google Scholar

Singh, R., Krishna, B.B., Mishra, G., Kumar, J., and Bhaskar, T. (2016). Strategies for selection of thermo-chemical processes for the valorisation of biomass. Renew. Energy 98: 226–237, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2016.03.023.Search in Google Scholar

Slade, R., Panoutsou, C., and Bauen, A. (2009). Reconciling bio-energy policy and delivery in the UK: will UK policy initiatives lead to increased deployment? Biomass Bioenergy 33: 679–688, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2008.10.007.Search in Google Scholar

Slade, R., Bauen, A., and Gross, R. (2014). Global bioenergy resources. Nat. Clim. Change. 4: 99–105, https://doi.org/10.1038/nclimate2097.Search in Google Scholar

Slade, R., Di Lucia, L., and Adams, P. (2018). Chapter 2. How policy makers learned to start worrying and fell out of love with bioenergy. In: Thornley, P. and Adams, P. (Eds.). Greenhouse gas QQQalances of bioenergy systems. Academic Press, Cambridge.10.1016/B978-0-08-101036-5.00002-1Search in Google Scholar

Sokhansanj, S., Mani, S., Tagore, S., and Turhollow, A.F. (2010). Techno-economic analysis of using corn stover to supply heat and power to a corn ethanol plant. Part 1: cost of feedstock supply logistics. Biomass Bioenergy 34: 75–81, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2009.10.001.Search in Google Scholar

Soto-Garcia, L., Ashley, W.J., Bregg, S., Walier, D., Lebouf, R., Hopke, P.K., and Rossner, A. (2015). VOCs emissions from multiple wood pellet types and concentrations in indoor air. Energy Fuels 29: 6485–6493, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.5b01398.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Sproul, E., Barlow, J., and Quinn, J.C. (2019). Time value of greenhouse gas emissions in life cycle assessment and techno-economic analysis. Environ. Sci. Technol. 53: 6073–6080, https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b00514.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Stelte, W., Holm, J.K., Sanadi, A.R., Barsberg, S., Ahrentfeldt, J., and Henriksen, U.B. (2011). Fuel pellets from biomass: the importance of the pelletizing pressure and its dependency on the processing conditions. Fuel 90: 3285–3290, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2011.05.011.Search in Google Scholar

Stubenrauch, J. and Garske, B. (2023). Forest protection in the EU’s renewable energy directive and nature conservation legislation in light of the climate and biodiversity crisis – identifying legal shortcomings and solutions. For. Policy Econ. 153: 102996, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forpol.2023.102996.Search in Google Scholar

Theerarattananoon, K., Xu, F., Wilson, J., Ballard, R., Mckinney, L., Staggenborg, S., Vadlani, P., Pei, Z.J., and Wang, D. (2011). Physical properties of pellets made from sorghum stalk, corn stover, wheat straw, and big bluestem. Ind. Crops Prod. 33: 325–332, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.indcrop.2010.11.014.Search in Google Scholar

Thornley, P., Gilbert, P., Shackley, S., and Hammond, J. (2015). Maximizing the greenhouse gas reductions from biomass: the role of life cycle assessment. Biomass Bioenergy 81: 35–43, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2015.05.002.Search in Google Scholar

Tooyserkani, Z., Sokhansanj, S., Bi, X., Lim, C.J., Saddler, J., Lau, A., Melin, S., Lam, P.S., and Kumar, L. (2012). Effect of steam treatment on pellet strength and the energy input in pelleting of softwood particles. Trans. ASABE 55: 2265–2272, https://doi.org/10.13031/2013.42484.Search in Google Scholar

Tumuluru, J.S. (2016). Specific energy consumption and quality of wood pellets produced using high-moisture lodgepole pine grind in a flat die pellet mill. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 110: 82–97, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2016.04.007.Search in Google Scholar

Tumuluru, J.S., Wright, C.T., Hess, J.R., and Kenney, K.L. (2011). A review of biomass densification systems to develop uniform feedstock commodities for bioenergy application. Biofuels Bioprod. Biorefin. 5: 683–707, https://doi.org/10.1002/bbb.324.Search in Google Scholar

UK Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 1990 to 2021. Annexes – Table A 3.5.4: https://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/ assets/documents/reports/cat09/2304171442_ukghgi-90-21_Annex_Issue1.pdf.Search in Google Scholar

Van Der Stelt, M.J.C., Gerhauser, H., Kiel, J.H.A., and Ptasinski, K.J. (2011). Biomass upgrading by torrefaction for the production of biofuels: a review. Biomass Bioenergy 35: 3748–3762, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biombioe.2011.06.023.Search in Google Scholar

Vera, I., Wicke, B., Lamers, P., Cowie, A., Repo, A., Heukels, B., Zumpf, C., Styles, D., Parish, E., Cherubini, F., et al.. (2022). Land use for bioenergy: synergies and trade-offs between sustainable development goals. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 161: 112409, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2022.112409.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, C., Mellin, P., Lövgren, J., Nilsson, L., Yang, W., Salman, H., Hultgren, A., and Larsson, M. (2015). Biomass as blast furnace injectant – considering availability, pretreatment and deployment in the Swedish steel industry. Energy Convers. Manage. 102: 217–226, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2015.04.013.Search in Google Scholar

Wang, T., Zhai, Y., Li, H., Zhu, Y., Li, S., Peng, C., Wang, B., Wang, Z., Xi, Y., Wang, S., et al.. (2018a). Co-hydrothermal carbonization of food waste-woody biomass blend towards biofuel pellets production. Bioresour. Technol. 267: 371–377, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.059.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Wang, T., Zhai, Y., Zhu, Y., Li, C., and Zeng, G. (2018b). A review of the hydrothermal carbonization of biomass waste for hydrochar formation: process conditions, fundamentals, and physicochemical properties. Renew. Sustain. Energy Rev. 90: 223–247, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2018.03.071.Search in Google Scholar

Warren, C.R., Burton, R., Buchanan, O., and Birnie, R.V. (2016). Limited adoption of short rotation coppice: the role of farmers’ socio-cultural identity in influencing practice. J. Rural Stud. 45: 175–183, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.03.017.Search in Google Scholar

Welfle, A. and Röder, M. (2022). Mapping the sustainability of bioenergy to maximise benefits, mitigate risks and drive progress toward the sustainable development goals. Renew. Energy 191: 493–509, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2022.03.150.Search in Google Scholar

Whitaker, J., Ludley, K.E., Rowe, R., Taylor, G., and Howard, D.C. (2010). Sources of variability in greenhouse gas and energy balances for biofuel production: a systematic review. GCB Bioenergy 2: 99–112, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1757-1707.2010.01047.x.Search in Google Scholar

Whitaker, J., Field, J.L., Bernacchi, C.J., Cerri, C.E.P., Ceulemans, R., Davies, C.A., DeLucia, E.H., Donnison, I.S., McCalmont, J.P., Paustian, K., et al.. (2018). Consensus, uncertainties and challenges for perennial bioenergy crops and land use. GCB Bioenergy 10: 150–164, https://doi.org/10.1111/gcbb.12488.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Xiao, Z., Yuan, X., Jiang, L., Chen, X., Li, H., Zeng, G., Leng, L., Wang, H., and Huang, H. (2015). Energy recovery and secondary pollutant emission from the combustion of co-pelletized fuel from municipal sewage sludge and wood sawdust. Energy 91: 441–450, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2015.08.077.Search in Google Scholar

Yoon, S.J., Son, Y.-I., Kim, Y.-K., and Lee, J.-G. (2012). Gasification and power generation characteristics of rice husk and rice husk pellet using a downdraft fixed-bed gasifier. Renew. Energy 42: 163–167, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2011.08.028.Search in Google Scholar

Zhai, Y., Wang, T., Zhu, Y., Peng, C., Wang, B., Li, X., Li, C., and Zeng, G. (2018). Production of fuel pellets via hydrothermal carbonization of food waste using molasses as a binder. Waste Manage. 77: 185–194, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wasman.2018.05.022.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Zhou, S., Zhu, X., Li, B., Gao, Q., Yan, B., and Chen, G. (2022). Experimental and numerical study on adiabatic laminar burning velocity and overall activation energy of biomass gasified gas. Fuel 320: 123976, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.123976.Search in Google Scholar

Zhou, S., Yan, B., Mansour, M., Li, Z., Cheng, Z., Tao, J., Chen, G., and Bai, X.-S. (2024). Mild combustion of low calorific value gases. Prog. Energy Combust. Sci. 104: 101163, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecs.2024.101163.Search in Google Scholar