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Advances in coagulation technique for treatment of fluoride-contaminated water: a critical review

  • Swati Dubey is a PhD scholar in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur. She is currently working on fluoride removal from the coagulation technique. She is also a member of Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (IIChE). She is the author/co-author of over six scientific papers including communications in national and international conferences.

    ,

    Madhu Agrawal is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur. She received her PhD in Chemical Engineering from MNIT, Jaipur. She is the author/co-author of over 38 scientific papers with 128 citations including communications in national and international conferences. Her research interests are in the areas of biodiesel, modeling and simulation, water treatment, and adsorption.

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    Akhilendra Bhushan Gupta is a Professor in Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur. He received his PhD in Environmental Science and Engineering from IIT, Mumbai. He is the author/co-author of over 103 scientific papers with 1126 citations including communications in national and international conferences. His research interests are in the areas of environment and health, biological waste treatment, environmental modeling, bioprocess engineering, and wastewater treatment.

Published/Copyright: January 8, 2018
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Abstract

Fluoride contamination of groundwater has become a major concern worldwide, resulting in serious medical conditions such as dental and skeletal fluorosis. Consequently, the WHO recommends that drinking water should not contain more than 1.5 mg/l of fluoride. Various defluoridation techniques such as coagulation, reverse osmosis, activated alumina adsorption, and biosorbent adsorption have been developed. Adsorption through the activated alumina and biosorbent process is not cost effective and has regeneration problems, and the reverse osmosis process has the high initial cost which makes it unacceptable for developing countries. Coagulation is a commonly employed field technology for defluoridation, which involves the addition of aluminum salts, lime, and bleaching powder followed by rapid mixing, flocculation, sedimentation, and filtration but suffers from a limitation of high residual aluminum in treated water. This paper critically reviews the recent developments in the coagulation technique for defluoridation along with its comparison to other defluoridation techniques. The review describes the pertinent gaps in the process and throws open suggestions for extending research by citing the recent studies which may lead to the revival of the process. The description about the suspension of alumino-fluoro complexes that constitute a substantial part of the residual aluminum after alum treatment has been narrated in the paper that helps in a deeper understanding of the defluoridation mechanism. To make the process highly suitable for communities, appropriate technological interventions, such as converting it to a continuous mode of operation, replacing alum with poly-aluminum chloride (PAC), and attaching a micro-filtration unit in series of the existing process, can be done. Also, using PAC as a coagulant with sand filtration has to be considered for making the process more efficient.

About the authors

Swati Dubey

Swati Dubey is a PhD scholar in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur. She is currently working on fluoride removal from the coagulation technique. She is also a member of Indian Institute of Chemical Engineers (IIChE). She is the author/co-author of over six scientific papers including communications in national and international conferences.

Madhu Agrawal

Madhu Agrawal is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur. She received her PhD in Chemical Engineering from MNIT, Jaipur. She is the author/co-author of over 38 scientific papers with 128 citations including communications in national and international conferences. Her research interests are in the areas of biodiesel, modeling and simulation, water treatment, and adsorption.

Akhilendra Bhushan Gupta

Akhilendra Bhushan Gupta is a Professor in Department of Civil Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology (MNIT), Jaipur. He received his PhD in Environmental Science and Engineering from IIT, Mumbai. He is the author/co-author of over 103 scientific papers with 1126 citations including communications in national and international conferences. His research interests are in the areas of environment and health, biological waste treatment, environmental modeling, bioprocess engineering, and wastewater treatment.

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Received: 2017-06-09
Accepted: 2017-10-25
Published Online: 2018-01-08
Published in Print: 2018-12-19

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