Home Technology Deep oxidative desulfurization of liquid fuels
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Deep oxidative desulfurization of liquid fuels

  • Farouq S. Mjalli EMAIL logo , Omar U. Ahmed , Talal Al-Wahaibi , Yahya Al-Wahaibi and Inas M. AlNashef
Published/Copyright: May 21, 2014
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Increase in energy demand and consumption has been accompanied by a corresponding increase in sulfur emissions. These pollutants have both health and economic consequences. Furthermore, it significantly reduces the efficiency of advanced emission control systems of diesel engines, thereby indirectly causing more harm to the environment. This resulted in stringent sulfur emission limit down to about 15 ppm or less and in turn served as an incentive for research into alternative sulfur reduction technologies. Although feasible improvements to hydrodesulfurization are currently under investigation, adsorptive, extractive, oxidative and biodesulfurization have also been studied in recent years. Oxidative desulfurization appears to be one of the most promising desulfurization technologies due to its broadness and compatibility with other technologies such as extractive, adsorptive and biodesulfurization. The advent of ionic liquids as extraction solvents has made this even more so. This work, therefore, reviews the different approaches and investigations carried out on oxidative desulfurization while identifying research gaps and giving important recommendations.


Corresponding author: Farouq S. Mjalli, Petroleum and Chemical Engineering Department, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33 Al-Khod 123, Sultanate of Oman, Fax: +968-24141354, e-mail:

Acknowledgments

The authors appreciate the financial support of The Research Council and Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat Oman, under the project RC/ENG/PCED/12/02.

References

Abdel-Wahab AMA, Gaber AEAM. TiO2-photocatalytic oxidation of selected heterocyclic sulfur compounds. J Photochem Photobiol A 1998; 114: 213–218.10.1016/S1010-6030(98)00204-4Search in Google Scholar

Ahonen H. Inventor. Method for desulphurisation of liquid fuels and petrochemical feedstocks. 1993; 25636.Search in Google Scholar

Aida T, Yamamoto D. Oxidative desulfurization of liquid. Am Chem Soc Div Pet Chem 1994; 39: 623.Search in Google Scholar

Albayrak AT, Gurkaynak MA. Sonocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of thiophene and its derivatives. Procedia Eng 2012; 42: 1711–1719.10.1016/j.proeng.2012.07.563Search in Google Scholar

Ali MF, Hasan MU, Saleem M. Distribution of sulfur compounds in Arab crudes. Presented at the Middle East Oil Technical Conference of the Society of Petroleum Engineers, Manama, Bahrain, 1981.10.2118/9583-MSSearch in Google Scholar

Ali MF, Al-Malki A, El-Ali B, Martinie G, Siddiqui MN. Deep desulphurization of gasoline and diesel fuels using non-hydrogen consuming techniques. Fuel 2006; 85: 1354–1363.10.1016/j.fuel.2005.12.006Search in Google Scholar

Ali MF, Al-Malki A, Ahmed S. Chemical desulfurization of petroleum fraction for ultra-low sulfur fuels. Fuel Process Technol 2009a; 90: 536–544.10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.01.005Search in Google Scholar

Ali SH, Hamad DM, Albusairi BH, Fahim MA. Removal of dibenzothiopenes from fuels by oxy-desulfurization. Energy Fuels 2009b; 23: 5986–5994.10.1021/ef900683dSearch in Google Scholar

AlNashef IM, Leonard ML, Kittle MC. Electrochemical generation of superoxide in room-temperature ionic liquids. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 2001; 4: D16–D18.10.1149/1.1406997Search in Google Scholar

AlNashef IM, Hashim MA, Mjalli FS, Ali MQ, Hayyan M. A novel method for the synthesis of 2-imidazolones. Tetrahedron Lett 2010; 51: 1976–1978.10.1016/j.tetlet.2010.02.030Search in Google Scholar

AlNashef IM, Hashim MA, Mjalli FS, Hayyan M. Benign degradation of chlorinated benzene in ionic liquids. Int J Chem Environ Biol Sci 2013; 1: 201–206.Search in Google Scholar

Alonso L, Arce A, Francisco M, Rodrıguez O, Soto A. Gasoline desulfurization using extraction with [C8mim][BF4] ionic liquid. AIChE J 2007; 53: 3108–3115.10.1002/aic.11337Search in Google Scholar

Alonso L, Arce A, Francisco M, Soto A. (Liquid+liquid) equilibria of [[C8mim][NTf2] ionic liquid with a sulfur-component and hydrocarbons. J Chem Thermodyn 2008a; 40: 265–270.10.1016/j.jct.2007.06.016Search in Google Scholar

Alonso L, Arce A, Francisco M, Soto A. Phase behaviour of 1-methyl-3-octylimidazolium bis[trifluoromethylsulfonyl]imide with thiophene and aliphatic hydrocarbons: the influence of n-alkane chain length. Fluid Phase Equilib 2008b; 263: 176–181.10.1016/j.fluid.2007.10.010Search in Google Scholar

Alonso L, Arce A, Francisco M, Soto A. Solvent extraction of thiophene from n-alkanes (C7,C12, and C16) using the ionic liquid [C8mim][BF4]. J Chem Thermodyn 2008c; 40: 966–972.10.1016/j.jct.2008.01.025Search in Google Scholar

Al-Shahrani F, Xiao T, Llewellyn SA, Barri S, Jiang Z, Shi H, Martinie G, Green MLH. Desulfurization of diesel via the H2 O2 oxidation of aromatic sulfides to sulfones using a tungstate catalyst. Appl Catal B 73. 2007; 73: 311–316.10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.12.016Search in Google Scholar

Anantharaj R, Banerjee T. COSMO-RS based predictions for the desulphurization of diesel oil using ionic liquids: effect of cation and anion combination. Fuel Process Technol 2011; 92: 39–52.10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.08.018Search in Google Scholar

Andari MK, Behbehani H, Stanislaus A. Sulfur compounds type distribution in naphtha and gas oil fractions of Kuwait oil. Fuel Sci Technol Int 1996; 14: 939–961.10.1080/08843759608947622Search in Google Scholar

Anisimov AV, Fedorova EV, Lesnugin AZ, Senyavin VM, Aslanov LA, Rybakov VB, Tarakanova AV. Vanadium peroxocomplexes as oxidation catalysts of sulfur organic compounds by hydrogen peroxide in bi-phase system. Catal Today 2003; 78: 319–325.10.1016/S0920-5861(02)00311-5Search in Google Scholar

Arce A, Francisco M, Soto A. Evaluation of the polysubstituted pyridinium ionic liquid [hmmpy][Ntf2] as a suitable solvent for desulfurization: phase equilibria. J Chem Thermodyn 2010; 42: 712–718.10.1016/j.jct.2010.01.005Search in Google Scholar

Armstrong SM, Sankey BM, Voordouw G. Conversion of dibenzothiophene to biphenyl by sulfate-reducing bacteria isolated from oil field production facilities. Biotechnol Lett 1995; 17: 1133–1136.10.1007/BF00143117Search in Google Scholar

Asumana C, Yu G, Li X, Zhao J, Liu G, Chen X. Extractive desulfurization of fuel oils with low-viscosity dicyanamide-based ionic liquid. Green Chem 2010; 12: 2030–2037.10.1039/c0gc00118jSearch in Google Scholar

Babich IV, Moulijn JA. Science and technology of novel processes for deep desulfurization of oil refinery streams: a review. Fuel 2003; 82: 607–631.10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00324-1Search in Google Scholar

Baez VB, Sánchez DM, inventors. Desulphurisation process of hydrocarbon feeds with electrolytic hydrogen. 2007; 0108101 A1.Search in Google Scholar

Baeza P, Aguila G, Gracia F, Araya P. Desulfurization by adsorption with copper supported on zirconia. Catal Commun 2008; 9: 751–755.10.1016/j.catcom.2007.08.020Search in Google Scholar

Baeza P, Aguila G, Vargas G, Ojeda J, Araya P. Adsorption of thiophene and dibenzothiophene on highly dispersed Cu/ZrO2 adsorbents. Appl Catal B 2012; 111–112: 133–140.10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.09.026Search in Google Scholar

Ban L, Liu P, Ma C, Dai B. Deep oxidative/adsorptive desulfurization of model diesel oil by DBD/FeCl3-SiO2. Catal Today 2013; 211: 78–83.10.1016/j.cattod.2013.04.007Search in Google Scholar

Borgne SL, Quintero R. Biotechnological processes for the refining of petroleum. Fuel Process Technol 2003; 81: 155–169.10.1016/S0378-3820(03)00007-9Search in Google Scholar

Bösmann A, Datsevich L, Jess A, Lauter A, Schmitz C, Wasserscheid P. Deep desulfurization of diesel fuel by extraction with ionic liquids. Chem Commun 2001; 2494–2495.10.1039/b108411aSearch in Google Scholar

Bravo BG, Michelhaugh SL, Soriaga MP. Reversible redox chemistry, hydrodesulfurization, and anodic oxidation of thiophenols: a comparison at platinum and gold electrodes. J Electroanal Chem 1988; 241: 199–210.10.1016/0022-0728(88)85126-XSearch in Google Scholar

Bunthid D, Prasassarakich P, Hinchiranan N. Oxidative desulfurization of tire pyrolysis naphtha in formic. Fuel 2010; 89: 2617–2622.10.1016/j.fuel.2010.04.026Search in Google Scholar

Cabo BR, Soto A, Arce A. Desulfurization of fuel-oils with [C mim][NTf]: a comparative study. J Chem Thermodyn 2013; 57: 248–255.10.1016/j.jct.2012.08.031Search in Google Scholar

Campos-Martin JM, Capel-Sanchez MC, Fierro JLG. Highly efficient deep desulfurization of fuels by chemical oxidation. Green Chem 2004; 6: 557–562.10.1039/b409882jSearch in Google Scholar

Campos-Martin JM, Blanco-Brieva G, Fierro JLG. Hydrogen peroxide synthesis: an outlook beyond the anthraquinone process. Angew Chem Int Ed 2006; 45: 6962–6984.10.1002/anie.200503779Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Campos-Martin JM, Blanco-Brieva G, Fierro JLG. Oxidative process of desulfurization of liquid fuels. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 2010; 85: 879–890.10.1002/jctb.2371Search in Google Scholar

Cassol CC, Umpierre AP, Ebeling G, Ferrera B, XChiaro SS, Dupont J. On the extraction of aromatic compounds from hydrocarbons by imidazolium ionic liquids. Int J Mol Sci 2007; 8: 593–605.10.3390/i8070593Search in Google Scholar

Cedeño L, Hernandez E, Pedraza F, Murrieta F. Oxidative desulfurization of synthetic diesel using supported catalysts: Part I. Study of the operation conditions with a vanadium oxide based catalyst. Catal Today 2005; 107–108: 564–569.10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.017Search in Google Scholar

Cedeño Caero L, Navarro JFA, Gutierrez-Alejandre A. Oxidative desulfurization of synthetic diesel using supported catalysts: Part II. Effect of oxidant and nitrogen-compounds on extraction-oxidation process. Catal Today 2006; 116: 562–568.10.1016/j.cattod.2006.06.031Search in Google Scholar

Cedeño-Caero L, Gomez-Bernal H, Fraustro-Cuevas A, Guerra-Gomez HD, Cuevas-Garcia R. Oxidative desulfurization of synthetic diesel using supported catalysts: Part III. Support effect on vanadium-based catalysts. Catal Today 2008; 133–135: 244–254.10.1016/j.cattod.2007.12.017Search in Google Scholar

Chan NY, Lin TY, Yen TF. Superoxides: alternative oxidants for the oxidative desulfurization process. Energy Fuels 2008; 22: 3326–3328.10.1021/ef800460gSearch in Google Scholar

Chang J, Wang A, Liu J, Li X, Hu Y. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene with cumene hydroperoxide on MoO3/SiO2 modified with alkaline earth metals. Catal Today 2010; 149: 122–126.10.1016/j.cattod.2009.04.026Search in Google Scholar

Chen NY. Superoxide radical and UV irradiation in ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD): a potential alternative for greener fuels. PhD thesis, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Chen SS, Yen TF. Use of ionic liquids as phase transfer catalyst for deep oxygenative desulfurization. Energy Fuels 2008; 22: 1400–1401.10.1021/ef700734xSearch in Google Scholar

Chen L, Guo S, Zhao D. Oxidative desulfurization of simulated gasoline over metal oxide-loaded molecular sieve. Chin J Chem Eng 2007; 15: 520–523.10.1016/S1004-9541(07)60118-9Search in Google Scholar

Chen TC, Shen YH, Lee WJ, Lin CC, Wan MW. The study of ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization process applied to the utilization of pyrolysis oil from waste tires. J Cleaner Prod 2010; 18: 1850–1858.10.1016/j.jclepro.2010.07.019Search in Google Scholar

Chen X, Liu G, Yuan S, Asumana C, Wang W, Yu G. Extractive desulfurization of fuel oils with thiazolium-based ionic liquids. Sep Sci Technol 2012; 47: 819–826.10.1080/01496395.2011.637281Search in Google Scholar

Chen Y, Zhang F, Fang Y, Zhu X, Zhen W, Wang R, Ma J. Phosphotungstic acid containing ionic liquid immobilized on magnetic mesoporous silica rod catalyst for the oxidation of dibenzothiophene with H2 O2. Catal Commun 2013; 38: 54–58.10.1016/j.catcom.2013.04.005Search in Google Scholar

Cheng S, Liu Y, Gao J, Wang L, Liu X, Guohua G, Wu P, He M. Catalytic oxidation of benzothiophene and dibenzothiophene in model light oil over Ti-MWW. Chin J Catal. 2006; 27: 547–549.10.1016/S1872-2067(06)60031-4Search in Google Scholar

Chica A, Corma A, Domine ME. Catalytic oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel on a continuous fixed-bed reactor. J Catal 2006; 242: 299–208.10.1016/j.jcat.2006.06.013Search in Google Scholar

Cho KS, Lee YK. Effects of nitrogen compounds, aromatics, and aprotic solvents on the oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of light cycle oil over Ti-SBA-15 catalyst. Appl Catal B 2014; 147: 35–42.10.1016/j.apcatb.2013.08.017Search in Google Scholar

Collins TJ. Designing ligands for oxidizing complexes. Acc Chem Res 1994; 27: 279–285.10.1021/ar00045a004Search in Google Scholar

Collins FM, Lucy AR, Sharp C. Oxidative desulphurisation of oils via hydrogen peroxide and heteropolyanion catalysis. J Mol Catal A Chem 1997; 117: 397–403.10.1016/S1381-1169(96)00251-8Search in Google Scholar

Compos-Martin JM, Capel-Sanchez MC, Perez-Presas P, Fierro JLG. Oxidative processes of desulfurization of liquid fuels. J Chem Technol Biotechnol. 2010; 85: 879–890.10.1002/jctb.2371Search in Google Scholar

Cui S, Ma F, Wang Y. Oxidative desulfurization of model diesel oil over Ti-containing molecular sieves using hydrogen peroxide. React Kinet Catal Lett 2007; 92: 155–163.10.1007/s11144-007-5065-9Search in Google Scholar

Dai S, DePaoli D, Dietz M, Mays J, McFarlane J, Steele W. Technical summaries on ionic liquids in chemical processing: prepared for the chemical industry vision 2020. Technical Report. Oak Ridge: Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2003.Search in Google Scholar

Dai Y, Qi Y, Zhao D, Zhang H. An oxidative desulfurization method using ultrasound/Fenton’s reagent for obtaining low and/or ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel. Fuel Process Technol 2008; 89: 927–932.10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.03.009Search in Google Scholar

d’Alessendro N, Tonucci L, Bonetti M, Deo MD, Bressan M, Morvillo A. Oxidation of dibenzothiophene by hydrogen peroxide or monopersulfate and metal-sulfophthalocyanine catalysts: an easy access to biphenylsultone or 2-(2-hydroxybiphenyl)sulfonate under mild conditions. New J Chem 2003; 27: 989–993.10.1039/B212152BSearch in Google Scholar

de Souza WF, Guimareas IR, Guerreiro MC, Oliveira LCA. Catalytic oxidation of sulfur and nitrogen compounds from diesel fuel. Appl Catal A 2009; 360: 205–209.10.1016/j.apcata.2009.03.023Search in Google Scholar

Dehkordi AM, Kiaei Z, Sobati MA. Oxidative desulfurization of simulated light fuel oil and untreated kerosene. Fuel Process Technol 2009a; 90: 435–445.10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.11.006Search in Google Scholar

Dehkordi AM, Sobati MA, Nazem MA. Oxidative desulfurization of non-hydrotreated kerosene using hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid. Chin J Chem Eng 2009b; 17: 869–874.10.1016/S1004-9541(08)60289-XSearch in Google Scholar

Dharaskar SA, LWasewar K, Varma MN, Shende DZ. Extractive deep desulfurization of liquid fuels using Lewis-based ionic liquids. J Energy 2013; 2013: 1–4.10.1155/2013/581723Search in Google Scholar

Divišek J, Kastening B. Electrochemical generation and reactivity of the superoxide ion in aqueous solutions. J Electroanal Chem Interfacial Electrochem 1975; 65: 603–621.10.1016/0368-1874(75)85147-1Search in Google Scholar

Domanska U, Królikowski M, Slesinska K. Phase Equilibria study of the binary systems (ionic liquid+thiophene): desulphurization process. J Chem Thermodyn 2009; 41: 1303–1311.10.1016/j.jct.2009.06.003Search in Google Scholar

Draper WM, Crosby DG. Photochemical generation of superoxide radical anion in water. J. Agric. Food Chem 1983; 31: 734–737.Search in Google Scholar

Du G, Espenson JH. Oxidation of triarylphosphines and aryl methyl sulfides with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by dioxovandium(V) ion. Inorg Chem 2005; 44: 2465–2471.10.1021/ic048290ySearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Eßer J, Wasserscheid P, Jess A. Deep desulfurization of oil refinery streams by extraction with ionic liquid. Green Chem 2004; 6: 316–322.10.1039/B407028CSearch in Google Scholar

Etemadi O, Yen TF. Selective adsorption in ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization process for fuel cell reformer applications. Fuel 2007; 21: 2250–2257.10.1021/ef0700174Search in Google Scholar

Evans RG, Klymenko OV, Saddoughi SA, Hardacre C, Compton RG. Electroreduction of oxygen in a series of room temperature ionic liquids composed of group 15-centered cations and anions. J Phys Chem B 2004; 108: 7878–7886.10.1021/jp031309iSearch in Google Scholar

Fairbridge C, Taylor E, Petrovic S, Lessard J, Chapuzet J. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation of organic sulphur compounds. Report. National Centre for Upgrading Technology (Canada). 1996; 96.Search in Google Scholar

Filippis PD, Scarsella M. Oxidative desulfurization: oxidation reactivity of sulfur compounds in different organic matrixes. Energy Fuels 2003; 17: 1452–1455.10.1021/ef0202539Search in Google Scholar

Filippis PD, Scarsella M, Verdone N. Oxidative desulfurization I: peroxyformic acid oxidation of benzothiophene and dibenzaothiophene. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010; 49: 4594–4600.10.1021/ie9017622Search in Google Scholar

Fontanals N, Borrull F, Marce RM. Ionic liquids in solid-phase extraction. TrAC Trends Anal Chem 2012; 41: 15–26.10.1016/j.trac.2012.08.010Search in Google Scholar

Ford JF, Rayne TA, Adlington DG, inventors. Desulfurization of hydrocarbons using oxidative and hydro-treatments. 1967; 3,341,448.Search in Google Scholar

Fransisco M, Acre A, Soto A. Ionic liquid on desulfurization of fuel oils. Fluid Phase Equilib 2010; 294: 39–48.10.1016/j.fluid.2009.12.020Search in Google Scholar

Gall RD, Faraj M, Hill CL. Role of water in polyoxometalate-catalyzed oxidations in nonaqueous media. Scope, kinetics, and mechanism of oxidation of thioether mustard (HD) analogs by tert-butyl hydroperoxide catalyzed by H5PV2Mo10O40. Inorg Chem 1994; 33: 5015–5021.10.1021/ic00100a028Search in Google Scholar

Gao J, Wang S, Jiang Z, Lu H, Yang Y, Jing F, Li C. Deep desulfurization from fuel oil via selective oxidation using an amphiphilic peroxotungsten catalyst assembled in emulsion droplets. J Mol Catal A Chem 2006; 258: 261–266.10.1016/j.molcata.2006.05.058Search in Google Scholar

Gao H, Luo M, Xing J, Wu Y, Li Y, Li W, Liu Q, Liu H. Desulfurization of fuel by extraction with pyridinium-based ionic liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2008; 47: 8384–8388.10.1021/ie800739wSearch in Google Scholar

Gao H, Li Y, Wu Y, Luo M, Li Q, Xing J, Liu H. Extractive desulfurization of fuel using 3-methylpyridinium-based ionic liquids. Energy Fuels 2009a; 23: 2690–2694.10.1021/ef900009gSearch in Google Scholar

Gao H, Xing J, Li Y, Li W, Liu Q, Liu H. Desulfurization of diesel fuel by extraction with Lewis-acidic ionic liquid. Sep Sci Technol 2009b; 44: 971–982.10.1080/01496390802691232Search in Google Scholar

Gao H, Guo C, Xing J, Zhao J, Liu H. Extraction and oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel catalyzed by a Brønsted acidic ionic liquid at room temperature. Green Chem 2010; 12: 1220–1224.10.1039/c002108cSearch in Google Scholar

Gao H, Guo C, Xing J, Liu H. Deep desulfurization of diesel oil with extraction using pyridinium-based ionic liquids. Sep Sci Technol 2012; 47: 325–330.10.1080/01496395.2011.620583Search in Google Scholar

Gao J, Ma W, Yuan L, Li YDC. Catalytic oxidative desulfurization mechanism in Lewis-Brønsted complex acid. Appl Catal A 2013; 467: 187–195.10.1016/j.apcata.2013.07.023Search in Google Scholar

Garcia-Gutierrez JL, Fuentes GA, Hernandez-Teran ME, Garsia P, Murrieta-Guevara F, Jimenez-Cruz F. Ultra-deep oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel by the Mo/Al2 O3-H2 O2 System: the effect of system parameters on catalytic activity. Appl Catal A 2008; 334: 366–373.10.1016/j.apcata.2007.10.024Search in Google Scholar

Ge J, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Xue M. Catalytic oxidative desulfurization of gasoline using ionic liquid emulsion system. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011; 50: 13686–13692.10.1021/ie201325eSearch in Google Scholar

Ge J, Zhou Y, Yang Y, Xue M. Catalytic oxidative desulfurization of gasoline using vanadium (V)-subsituted polyoxometalate/H2 O2/ionic liquid emulsion system. China Pet Process Petrochem Technol 2012; 14: 25–31.Search in Google Scholar

Gomez H, Cedeño L. Solvent effects during oxidation-extraction desulfurization process of aromatic sulfur compounds from fuels. Int J Chem React Eng 2003; 3: A28.Search in Google Scholar

Gonzalez LA, Kracke P, Green WH, Tester JW, Shafer LM, Timko MT. Oxidative desulfurization of middle-distillate fuels using activated carbon and power ultrasound. Energy Fuels 2012; 26: 5164–5176.10.1021/ef201289rSearch in Google Scholar

Gonzalez-Garcıa O, Cedeno-Caero L. V-Mo based catalysts for oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel. Catal Today 2009; 148: 42–48.10.1016/j.cattod.2009.03.010Search in Google Scholar

Gore W, Bonde S, Dolbear GE, Skov ER, inventors. Method of desulfurization and dearomatization of petroleum liquids by oxidation and solvent extraction. 2003. July 22. 6,596, 914 B2.Search in Google Scholar

Greaney MA, Wang K, Bielenberg JR, Hissong DW, inventors. Electrodesulfurization of heavy oils using a divided electrochemical cell. 2009a; 082456 A1.Search in Google Scholar

Greaney MA, Wang K, Wang FC, inventors. Electrochemical treatment of heavy oil feedstock followed by caustic extraction or thermal treatment. 2009b; 0159503 A1.Search in Google Scholar

Greaney MA, Wang K, Wang FC, inventors. Partial electrochemical hydrogenation of sulfur-containing feedstreams followed by sulfur removal. 2009c; 082467.Search in Google Scholar

Greaney MA, Wright CA, McConnachie JM, Freund H, Wang K, inventors. Electrodesulfurization of heavy oils. 2009d; 0159500 A1.Search in Google Scholar

Hansmeier AR, Meindersma GW, Haan Ad. Desulfurization and denitrogenation of gasoline and diesel fuels by means of ionic liquids. Green Chem 2011; 13: 1907–1913.10.1039/c1gc15196gSearch in Google Scholar

Hart Consulting Analysis. Average regional and global crude oil quality. Outlook. Hart Energy, 2010.Search in Google Scholar

Hart EJ, Henglein A. Free radical and free atom reactions in the sonolysis of aqueous iodide and formate solutions. J Phys Chem 1985; 89: 4343–4341.Search in Google Scholar

Haw KG, AbuBakar WAW, Ali R, Chong JF, AbdulKadir A. Catalytic oxidative desulfurization of diesel utilizing hydrogen peroxide and functionalized-activated carbon in a biphasic-acetonitrile. Fuel Process Technol 2010; 91: 1105–1112.10.1016/j.fuproc.2010.03.021Search in Google Scholar

Hayyan M, Mjalli FS, Hashim MA, AlNashef IM, Tan XM, Chooi K. Generation of superoxide ion in trihexyl (tetradecyl) phosphonium bis (trifluoromethylsulfonyl) imide room temperature ionic liquid. J Appl Sci 2010; 10: 1176–1180.10.3923/jas.2010.1176.1180Search in Google Scholar

Hayyan M, Mjalli FS, AlNashef IM, Hashim MA. Chemical and electrochemical generation of superoxide ion in 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide. Int J Electrochem Sci 2012a; 7: 8116–8127.10.1088/1757-899X/17/1/012028Search in Google Scholar

Hayyan M, Mjallia FS, AlNashef IM, Hashim MA. Generation and stability of superoxide ion in tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorophosphate anion-based ionic liquids. J Fluorine Chem 2012b; 142: 83–89.10.1016/j.jfluchem.2012.06.028Search in Google Scholar

Hayyan M, Mjalli FS, AlNahef IM, Hashim MA. Stability and kinetics of generated superoxide ion in trifluoromethanesulfonate anion-based ionic liquids. Int J Electrochem Sci 2012c; 7: 9658–9667.Search in Google Scholar

Hayyan M, Mjalli FS, Hashim MA, AlNashef IM, Al-Zahrani SM, Chooi KM. Long term stability of superoxide ion in piperidinium, pyrrolidinium and phosphonium cations-based ionic liquids and its utilization in the destruction. J Electroanal Chem 2012d; 664: 26–32.10.1016/j.jelechem.2011.10.008Search in Google Scholar

Heimlich BN, Wallace TJ. Kinetics and mechanism of the oxidation of dibenzothiophene in hydrocarbon solution: oxidation by aqueous hydrogen peroxide-acetic acid mixtures. Tetrahedron 1966; 22: 3571–3579.10.1016/S0040-4020(01)92545-1Search in Google Scholar

Herbstman S, Patel J. Oxidative desulfurization of residual of residual oils, symposium on upgrrading of synthetic crudes presented before the division of petroleum chemistry, Inc., American Chemical Society, Kansas City meeting, Sep. 12–17, 1982.Search in Google Scholar

Hill CL, Poser-McCartha CM. Homogeneous catalysis by transition metal oxygen anion clusters. Coord Chem Rev 1995; 143: 407–455.10.1016/0010-8545(95)01141-BSearch in Google Scholar

Hirai T, Ogawa K, Komasawa I. Desulfurization process for dibenzothiophenes from light oil by photochemical reaction and liquid-liquid extraction. Ind Eng Chem Res 1996; 35: 586–589.10.1021/ie9503407Search in Google Scholar

Hirai T, Shiraishi Y, Komasawa I. Desulfurization process for light oil by photochemical reaction and liquid-liquid extraction: removal of benzothiophenes and alkyl sulfides. J Chem Eng Jpn 1997a; 30: 173–175.10.1252/jcej.30.173Search in Google Scholar

Hirai T, Shiraishi Y, Ogawa K, Komasawa I. Effect of photosensitizer and hydrogen peroxide on desulfurization of light oil by photochemical reaction and liquid-liquid extraction. Ind Eng Chem Res 1997b; 36: 530–533.10.1021/ie960576qSearch in Google Scholar

Holbrey JD, Reichert WM, Nieuwenhuyzen M, Sheppard O, Hardacre C, Rogers RD. Liquid clathrate formation in ionic liquid-aromatic mixtures. Chem Commun 2003; 21: 476–477.10.1039/b212726aSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Holbrey JD, Lopez-Martin I, Rothenberg G, Seddon KR, Silvero G, Zheng X. Desulfurisation of oils using ionic liquids: selection of cationic and anionic components to enhance extraction efficiency. Green Chem 2008; 10: 87–92.10.1039/B710651CSearch in Google Scholar

Hourani M. Desulfurization of thiophene by electrochemical perturbation. J Electroanal Chem 1994; 368: 139–142.10.1016/0022-0728(93)03072-WSearch in Google Scholar

Huang C, Chen B, Zhang J, Liu Z, Li Y. Desulfurization of gasoline by extraction with new ionic liquids. Energy Fuels 2004; 18: 1862–1864.10.1021/ef049879kSearch in Google Scholar

Huang D, Wang YJ, Cui YC, Luo GS. Direct synthesis of mesoporous TiO2 and its catalytic performance in DBT oxidative desulfurization. Microporous Mesoporous Mater 2008; 116: 378–385.10.1016/j.micromeso.2008.04.031Search in Google Scholar

Huang L, Wang G, Qin Z, Du M, Dong M, Ge H, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Ma C, Hu T, Wang J. A sulfur K-edge XANES study on the transfer of sulfur species in the reactive adsorption desulfurization of diesel oil over Ni/ZnO. Catal Commun 2010; 11: 592–596.10.1016/j.catcom.2010.01.001Search in Google Scholar

Irvine RL, Varraveto DM. Adsorption process for removal of nitrogen and sulphur. PTQ Summer, 1999; 37–44.Search in Google Scholar

Ishihara A, Wang D, Dumeignil F, Amano H, Qian EW, Kabe T. Oxidative desulfurization and denitrogenation of a light gas oil using an oxidation/adsorption continuous flow process. Appl Catal A 2005; 279: 279–287.10.1016/j.apcata.2004.10.037Search in Google Scholar

Islam MM, Imase T, Okajima T, Takahashi M, Niikura Y, Kawashima N, Nakamura Y, Ohsaka T. Stability of superoxide ion in imidazolium cation-based room-temperature ionic liquids. J Phys Chem A 2009; 113: 912–916.10.1021/jp807541zSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Ismagilov Z, Yashnik S, Kerzhentsev M, Parmon V, Bourane A, Al-Shahrani FM, Hajji AA, Koseoglu OR. Oxidative desulfurization of hydrocarbon fuels. Catal Rev Sci Eng 2011; 53: 199–255.10.1080/01614940.2011.596426Search in Google Scholar

Javadi R, Klerk AD. Desulfurization of heavy oil-oxidative desulfurization (ODS) as potential upgrading pathway for oil sands derived bitumen. Energy Fuels 2011; 26: 594–602.10.1021/ef201448dSearch in Google Scholar

Jeon S, Sawyer DT, Tsang PKS, inventors. Methods for producing superoxide ion in situ. 1992; 5143710 A.Search in Google Scholar

Jeong KE, Kim TW, Kim JW, Chae HJ, Kim CU, Park YK, Jeong SY. Selective oxidation of refractory sulfur compounds for the production of low sulfur transportation fuel. Korean J Chem Eng 2013; 30: 509–517.10.1007/s11814-013-0025-8Search in Google Scholar

Jiang X, Nie Y, Li C, Wang Z. Imidazolium-based alkylphosphate ionic liquids – a potential solvent for extractive desulfurization of fuel. Fuel 2008; 87: 79–84.10.1016/j.fuel.2007.03.045Search in Google Scholar

Jiang C, Wang J, Wang S, Guan HY, Wang X, Huo M. Oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene with dioxygen and reverse micellar peroxotitanium under mild conditions. Appl Catal B 2011a; 106: 343–349.10.1016/j.apcatb.2011.05.038Search in Google Scholar

Jiang Z, Lu H, Zhang Y, Li C. Oxidative desulfurization of fuel oils. Chin J Catal 2011b; 32: 707–715.10.1016/S1872-2067(10)60246-XSearch in Google Scholar

Jiang W, Zhu WS, Li H, Xiong J, Xun S, Zhao Z, Wang Q. Deep oxidative desulfurization of fuels catalysed by magnetic Fenton-like hybrid catalysts in ionic liquids. RSC Adv 2013; 3: 2355–2361.10.1039/c2ra22227bSearch in Google Scholar

Jiang W, Zhu W, Li H, Xue J, Xiong J, Chang Y, Liu H, Zhao Z. Fast oxidative removal of refractory aromatic sulfur compounds by a magnetic ionic liquid. Chem Eng Technol 2014; 37: 36–42.10.1002/ceat.201300376Search in Google Scholar

Johnson RA, Nidy EG. Superoxide chemistry. Convenient synthesis of dialkyl peroxides. J Org Chem 1975; 40: 1680–1681.10.1021/jo00899a049Search in Google Scholar

Jones CW. Applications of hydrogen peroxide and derivatives. Cambridge: RSC Publishing, 1999.10.1039/9781847550132Search in Google Scholar

Jones L, Kokayeff P. Distillate hydrotreating to ULSD: the impact of aromatics. In: Advances in hydro/desulfurization. Proceedings of AICHE 2004 Spring National Meeting Symposium; New Orleans, LA, 2004.Search in Google Scholar

Jose N, Sengupta S, Basu JK. Optimization of oxidative desulfurization of thiophene using Cu/titanium silicate-1 by Box-Behnken design. Fuel 2011; 90: 626–632.10.1016/j.fuel.2010.09.026Search in Google Scholar

Juan Z, Zhao DS, Liyana Y, Yongbo L. Photocatalytic oxidation dibenzothiophene using TS-1. Chem Eng J 2010; 156: 528–531.10.1016/j.cej.2009.04.032Search in Google Scholar

Katsoulis DE. A survey of applications of polyoxometaltes. Chem Rev 1998; 98: 359–388.10.1021/cr960398aSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Khenkin AM, Neumann R. Desulfurization of hydrocarbons by electron transfer oxidative polymerization of heteroaromatic sulfides catalyzed by H5PV2Mo10O4 polyoxometalate. ChemSusChem 2011; 4: 346–348.10.1002/cssc.201000402Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Ko NH, Lee JS, Huh ES, Lee H, Jung KD, Kim HS, Cheong M. Extractive desulfurization using Fe-containing ionic liquids. Energy Fuels 2008; 22: 1687–1690.10.1021/ef7007369Search in Google Scholar

Komintarachat C, Trakarnpruk W. Oxidative desulfurization using polyoxometalates. Ind Eng Chem Res 2006; 45: 1853–1856.10.1021/ie051199xSearch in Google Scholar

Kong L, Li G, Wang X. Mild oxidation of thiophene over TS-1/H2O2. Catal Today 2004; 93–95: 341–345.10.1016/j.cattod.2004.06.016Search in Google Scholar

Koseoglu OR, Duee D, Billon A. Distillate hydrotreating routes: from deep HDS to cetane number improvement. In: Upgrading heavy ends with IFP. Conference held for 30th anniversary of IFP’s CEDI Industrial Development Center, Institute Francais Du Petrole, Lyon, France, 1999.Search in Google Scholar

Krolik KK, Fabrice M, Jaubert JN. Extraction of thiophene or pyridine from n-heptane using ionic liquids. Gasoline and diesel desulfurization. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011; 50: 2296–2306.Search in Google Scholar

Krolikowska M, Karpinska M, Zawadzki M. Phase equilibria study of the binary systems (n-hexylisoquinolinium thiocyanate ionic liquid+organic solvent or water). J Phys Chem B 2012; 116: 4292–4299.10.1021/jp301081bSearch in Google Scholar

Kulkarni PS, Afonso CAM. Deep desulfurization of diesel fuel using ionic liquids: current status and future challenges. Green Chem 2010; 12: 1139–1149.10.1039/c002113jSearch in Google Scholar

Kumar DR, Srivastava VC. Studies on adsorptive desulfurization by activated carbon. Clean Soil Air Water 2012; 40: 545–550.10.1002/clen.201000368Search in Google Scholar

Lalvani SB. Desulphurisation of coal slurries by electrolysis. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University, 1986.Search in Google Scholar

Lalvani SB, Muchmore CB, Ramaswami K. A low temperature technique for coal cleaning. In: Proceedings of the First International Conferemce on Processing and Utilization of High Sulfur Coals, Columbus, OH, 1985: 287.Search in Google Scholar

Lam V, Li G, Song C, Chen J, Fairbridge C, Hui R, Zhang J. A review of electrochemical desulfurization technologies for fossil fuels. Fuel Process Technol 2012; 98: 30–38.10.1016/j.fuproc.2012.01.022Search in Google Scholar

Ledlie MA, Howell IV. The heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of dibenzothiophene. Tetrahedron Lett 1976; 17: 785–786.10.1016/S0040-4039(00)77951-2Search in Google Scholar

Li C, Jiang Z, Gao J, Yang Y, Wang S, Tian F, Sun F, Ying P, Han C. Ultra-deep desulfurization of diesel: oxidation with a recoverable catalyst assembled in emulsion. Chem Eur J 2004; 10: 2277–2280.10.1002/chem.200305679Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Li FT, Liu RH, Wen JH, Zhao DS, Sun ZM, Liu Y. Desulfurization of dibenzothiophene by chemical oxidation and solvent extraction with Me3 NCH2 C6 H5 Cl·2ZnCl2 ionic liquid. Green Chem 2009a; 11: 883–888.10.1039/b815575eSearch in Google Scholar

Li H, Jiang X, Zhu WS, Lu J, Shu H, Yang Y. Deep oxidative desulfurization of fuel oils catalyzed by decatungstates in the ionic liquid of [Bmim]PF6. Ind Eng Chem Res 2009b; 48: 9034–9039.10.1021/ie900754fSearch in Google Scholar

Li FT, Liu Y, Sun ZM, Chen LJ, Zhao DS, Liu RH, Kou CG. Deep extractive desulfurization of gasoline with xEt NHCl·FeCl3 ionic liquids. Energy Fuels 2010; 24: 4285–4289.10.1021/ef100408hSearch in Google Scholar

Li B, Liu W, Wu H, Yu S, Cao R, Jiang Z. Desulfurization of model gasoline by bioinspired oleophilic nanocomposite membranes. J Membr Sci 2012a; 415–416: 278–287.10.1016/j.memsci.2012.05.010Search in Google Scholar

Li FT, Kou CG, Sun ZM, Hao YJ, Liu RH, Zhao DS. Deep extractive and oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene with C5 H9 NO·SnCl2 coordinated ionic liquid. J Hazard Mater 2012b; 205–206: 164–170.10.1016/j.jhazmat.2011.12.054Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Li FT, Liu Y, Sun ZM, Zhao Y, Liu RH, Chen LJ, Zhao DS. Photocatalytic oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene under simulated sunlight irradiation with mixed-phase Fe2 O3 prepared by solution combustion. Catal Sci Technol 2012c; 2: 1455–1462.10.1039/c2cy00485bSearch in Google Scholar

Li J, Hu B, Hu C. Deep desulfurization of fuels by heteropolyanion-based ionic liquid. Bull Korean Chem Soc 2013; 30: 225–230.10.5012/bkcs.2013.34.1.225Search in Google Scholar

Lin TB, Huang HY, Hwang JH, Shen HC, Chuang KTT, inventors. Oxidative desulfurization and denitrogenation of petroleum oils. 2007; 7276152 B2.Search in Google Scholar

Liu WY, Lei ZL, Wang JK. Kinetics and mechanism of plasma oxidative desulfurization in liquid phase. Energy Fuels 2001; 15: 38–43.10.1021/ef000039pSearch in Google Scholar

Liu D, Gui J, Song L, Zhang X, Sun Z. Deep desulfurization of diesel fuel by extraction with task-specific ionic liquids. Pet Sci Technol 2008a; 26: 973–982.10.1080/10916460600695496Search in Google Scholar

Liu S, Wang B, Cui B, Sun L. Deep desulfurization of diesel oil oxidized by Fe (IV) systems. Fuel 2008b; 87: 422–428.10.1016/j.fuel.2007.05.029Search in Google Scholar

Liu G, Cao Y, Jiang R, Zhang LWX, Mi Z. Oxidative desulfurization of jet fuels and its impact on thermal-oxidative stability. Energy Fuels 2009; 23: 5978–5985.10.1021/ef900669bSearch in Google Scholar

Lo WH, Yang HY, Wei GT. One-pot desulfurization of light oils by chemical oxidation and solvent extraction with room temperature ionic liquids. Green Chem 2003; 5: 639–642.10.1039/b305993fSearch in Google Scholar

Lü H, Gao J, Jiang Z, Jing F, Wang YYG, Li C. Ultra-deep desulfurization of diesel by selective oxidation with [C18 H37 N(CH3)3]4[H2 NaPW10O36] catalyst assembled in emulsion droplets. J Catal 2006; 239: 369–375.10.1016/j.jcat.2006.01.025Search in Google Scholar

Lü H, Gao J, Jiang Z, Yang Y, Song B, Li C. Oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene with molecular oxygen using emulsion catalysis. Chem Commun 2007; 150–152.10.1039/B610504ASearch in Google Scholar

Lü H, Ren W, Wang H, Wang Y, Chen W, Suo Z. Deep desulfurization of diesel by ionic liquid extraction coupled with catalytic oxidation using an Anderson-type catalyst [(C4 H9)4 N]4 NiMo6 O24 H6. Appl Catal A 2013; 453: 376–382.10.1016/j.apcata.2012.12.047Search in Google Scholar

Lü H, Deng C, Ren W, Yang X. Oxidative desulfurization of model diesel using [(C4 H9)4 N]6 Mo7 O24 as a catalyst in ionic liquids. Fuel Process Technol 2014; 119: 87–91.10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.10.023Search in Google Scholar

Lukyanitsa VG, Galpern GD. Oxidative potential of organic sulfides. Izv Akad Nauk SSSR Seria Khimicheskaya 1956; 1: 130–131 (in Russian).Search in Google Scholar

Marcelis CLM. Anaerobic biodesulfurization of thiophenes. PhD thesis, University of Wageningen, Wageningen, Netherlands, 2002.Search in Google Scholar

Marciniak A. Influence of anion structure on the liquid-liquid equilibria of 1-ethyl-3-methyl-imidazolium cation based ionic liquid-hydrocarbon binary systems. J Chem Eng Data 2011; 56: 368–374.10.1021/je101114rSearch in Google Scholar

Marciniak A, Karczemna E. Influence of the ionic liquid structure on thiophene solubility. Fluid Phase Equilib 2011; 307: 160–165.10.1016/j.fluid.2011.05.018Search in Google Scholar

Maricle DL, Hodgson WG. Reduction of oxygen to superoxide anion in aprotic solvents. Anal Chem 1965; 37: 1562–1565.10.1021/ac60231a027Search in Google Scholar

Matsuzawa S, Tanaka J, Sato S, Ibusuki T. Photocatalytic oxidation of dibenzothiophenes in acetonitrile using TiO2 effect of hydrogen peroxide and ultrasound irradiation. J Photochem Photobiol A 2002; 149: 183–189.10.1016/S1010-6030(02)00004-7Search in Google Scholar

Maurya MR, Arya A, Kumar A, Kuznetsov ML, Pessoa FAJC. Polymer-bound oxidovanadium (IV) and dioxidovanadium (V) complexes as catalysts for the oxidative desulfurization of model fuel diesel. Inorg Chem 2010; 49: 6586–6600.10.1021/ic1004209Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Ma X, Zhou A, Song C. A novel method foroxidative desulfurization of liquid hydrocarbon fuels based on catalytic oxidation using molecular oxygen coupled with selective adsorption. Catal Today 2007; 123: 276–284.10.1016/j.cattod.2007.02.036Search in Google Scholar

McFarland BL, D J Boron WD, Meyer JA, Johnson AR, Atlas RM. Biocatalytic sulfur removal from fuels: applicability for producing low sulfur gasoline. Crit Rev Microbiol 1998; 24: 99–147.10.1080/10408419891294208Search in Google Scholar

Mei H, Mei BW, Yen TF. A new method for obtaining ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel via ultrasound assisted oxidative desulfurization. Fuel 2003; 82: 405–414.10.1016/S0016-2361(02)00318-6Search in Google Scholar

Merritt MV, Sawyer DT. Electrochemical studies of the reactivity of superoxide ion with several alkyl halides in dimethyl sulfoxide. J Org Chem 1970; 35: 2157–2159.10.1021/jo00832a011Search in Google Scholar

Mochizuki Y, Sugawara K. Removal of organic sulfur from hydrocarbon resources using ionic liquid. Energy Fuels 2008; 22: 3303–3307.10.1021/ef800400kSearch in Google Scholar

Moorcroft MJ, Hahn CEW, Compton RG. Electrochemical studies of the anaesthetic agent enflurane (2-chloro-1,1,2-trifluoroethyl difluoromethyl ether) in the presence of oxygen: reaction with electrogenerated superoxide. J Electroanal Chem 2003; 541: 117–131.10.1016/S0022-0728(02)01424-9Search in Google Scholar

Murata S, Murata K, Kidena K, Nomura NA. Novel oxidative desulfurization system for diesel fuels with molecular oxygen in the presence of cobalt catalysts and aldehydes. Energy Fuels 2004; 18: 116–121.10.1021/ef034001zSearch in Google Scholar

Nejad NF, Soolari ES, Adibi M, Beigi AAM, Torkestani SK. Imidazolium-based alkylsulfate ionic liquids and removal of sulfur content from model of gasoline. Pet Sci Technol 2013; 31: 472–480.10.1080/10916466.2010.481651Search in Google Scholar

Nie Y, Li C, Sun A, Meng H, Wang Z. Extractive desulfurization of gasoline using imidazolium-based phosphoric ionic liquids. Energy Fuels 2006; 20: 2083–2087.10.1021/ef060170iSearch in Google Scholar

Nie Y, Li CX, Wang ZH. Extractive desulfurization of fuel oil using alkylimidazole and its mixture with dialkylphosphate ionic liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2007; 46: 5108–5112.10.1021/ie070385vSearch in Google Scholar

Nie Y, Li C, Meng H, Wang Z. N,N-Dialkylimidazolium dialkylphosphate ionic liquids: their extractive performance for thiophene series compounds from fuel oils versus the length of alkyl group. Fuel Process Technol 2008; 89: 978–983.10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.04.003Search in Google Scholar

Nie Y, Dong Y, Bai L, Dong H, Zhang X. Fast oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil using dialkylpyridinium tetrachloroferrates ionic liquids. Fuel 2013a; 103: 997–1002.10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.071Search in Google Scholar

Nie Y, Dong Y, Zhou Q. Highly efficient oxidative desulfurization of fuels by Lewis acidic ionic liquids based on iron chloride. Chem Eng Technol 2013b; 36: 435–442.10.1002/ceat.201200570Search in Google Scholar

Nomura M, Murata S, Kidena K, inventors. Oxidation methods of sulfur compound and production methods of desulfurized oil, Japanese published unexamined application 2004; 168663.Search in Google Scholar

Okuhara T, Mizuno N, Misono M. Catalytic chemistry of heteropoly compounds. Adv Catal 1996; 41: 113–252.10.1016/S0360-0564(08)60041-3Search in Google Scholar

OPEC. World oil outlook. Outlook. Vienna: Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries, 2011.Search in Google Scholar

Otsuki S, Nonaka T, Takashima N, Qian W, Ishihara A, Imai T, Kabe T. Oxidative desulfurization of light gas oil and vacuum gas oil by oxidation and solvent extraction. Energy Fuels 2000; 14: 1232–1239.10.1021/ef000096iSearch in Google Scholar

Paniv PM, Pysh’ev SV, Gaivanovich VI, Lazorko OI. Noncatalytic desulfurization of kerosene cut. Chem Technol Fuels Oils 2006; 42: 7–11.10.1007/s10553-006-0049-4Search in Google Scholar

Park JG, Hyun KC, Yi KB, Park JH, Han S, Cho SH, Kim JN. Reactive adsorption of sulfur compounds in diesel on nickel supported on mesoporous silica. Appl Catal B 2008; 81: 244–250.10.1016/j.apcatb.2007.12.014Search in Google Scholar

Pasel J, Wang Y, Hürter S, Dahla R, Peters R, Schedler U, Matuschewski H. Desulfurization of jet fuel by pervaporation. J Membr Sci 2012; 390–391: 12–22.10.1016/j.memsci.2011.10.054Search in Google Scholar

Pawelec B, Navarro RM, Campos-Martin JM. Towards near zero-sulfur liquid fuels: a perspective review. Catal Sci Technol 2011; 1: 23–42.10.1039/c0cy00049cSearch in Google Scholar

Paybarah A, Bone RL, Corcoran WH. Selective oxidation of dibenzothiophene by peroxybenzoic acid formed in situ. Ind Eng Chem Process Des Dev 1982; 21: 426–431.10.1021/i200018a014Search in Google Scholar

Peters JW, Foote CS. Chemistry of superoxide ion. II. Reaction with hydroperoxides. J Am Chem Soc 1976; 98: 873–875.10.1021/ja00419a058Search in Google Scholar

Prasad VVDN, Jeong KE, Chae HJ, Kim CU, Jeong SY. Oxidative desulfurization of 4,6-dimethyl dibenzothiophene and light cycle oil over supported molybdenum oxide catalysts. Catal Commun 2008; 9: 1966–1969.10.1016/j.catcom.2008.03.021Search in Google Scholar

Pysh’yev S. Application of non-catalytic oxidative desulphurization process for obtaining diesel fuels with improved lubricity. J Chem Chem Technol 2012; 6: 229–235.10.23939/chcht06.02.229Search in Google Scholar

Qiu J, Wang G, Zeng D, Tang Y, Wang M, Li Y. Oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel using amphiphilic quaternary ammonium phosphomolybdate catalysts. Fuel Process Technol 2009; 90: 1538–1542.10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.08.001Search in Google Scholar

Qu Z, Yan N, Jia J, Wu D. Removal of dibenzothiophene from simulated petroleum by integrated γ-irradiation and Zr/alumina catalyst. Appl Catal B 2007; 71: 108–115.10.1016/j.apcatb.2006.08.003Search in Google Scholar

Ramírez-Verduzco LF, Murrieta-Guevara F, García-Gutiérrez JL. Desulfurization of middle distillate by oxidation and extraction process. Pet Sci Technol 2007; 22: 129–139.10.1081/LFT-120028528Search in Google Scholar

Robertson J, Bandosz TJ. Photooxidation of dibenzothiophene on TiO2/hectorite thin films layered catalyst. J Colloid Interface Sci 2006; 299: 125–135.10.1016/j.jcis.2006.02.011Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Sakata Y, Ishii Y. A versatile transformation of vic-diols into alpha-hydroxy ketones with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by peroxotungstophosphates. J Org Chem 1991; 56: 6233–6235.10.1021/jo00021a051Search in Google Scholar

Sakaue S, Sakata Y, Nishiyama Y, Ishii Y. Oxidation of aliphatic and aromatic amines with hydrogen peroxide catalyzed by peroxoheteropoly oxometalates. Chem Lett 1992; 21: 289–292.10.1246/cl.1992.289Search in Google Scholar

Samokhvalov A, Tatarchuk BJ. Review of experimental characterization of active sites and determination of molecular mechanisms of adsorption, desorption and regeneration of the deep and ultradeep desulfurization sorbents for liquid fuels. Catal Rev Sci Eng 2010; 52: 381–410.10.1080/01614940.2010.498749Search in Google Scholar

Sawyer DT, Calderwood TS, Yamaguchi K, Angelis CT. Synthesis and characterization of tetramethylammonium superoxide. Inorg Chem 1983; 22: 2578–2583.10.1021/ic00160a022Search in Google Scholar

Sawyer DT, Roberts JL. Hydroxide ion: an effective one-electron reducing agent? Acc Chem Res 1988; 21: 469–476.10.1021/ar00156a006Search in Google Scholar

Schmidt R. [bmim]AlCl4 ionic liquid for deep desulfurization of real fuels. Energy Fuels 2008; 22: 1774–1778.10.1021/ef7007216Search in Google Scholar

Schucker RC, inventor. Electrochemical oxidation of sulfur compounds in naphtha. 2001; 6274026 B1.Search in Google Scholar

Schucker RC, Baird WC Jr, inventors. Removing polymerizable sulfur compounds from a hydrocarbon feed while preserving octane number; producing sulfur oligomers; gasoline. 2002; 6338788 B1.Search in Google Scholar

Schultz HS, Freyermuth HB, Buc SR. New catalysts for the oxidation of sulfides to sulfones with hydrogen peroxide. J Org Chem 1963; 26: 1140–1142.10.1021/jo01039a512Search in Google Scholar

Sharipov AK, Nigmatulin VR. Oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuels. Neftekhimia 2005a; 45: 403–410 (in Russian).Search in Google Scholar

Sharipov AK, Nigmatulin VR. Removal of sulfur from hydrotreated diesel fuel. Chem Technol Fuels Oils 2005b; 41: 42–44.10.1007/s10553-005-0054-zSearch in Google Scholar

Shiraishi Y, Hirai T. Desulfurization of vacuum gas oil based on chemical oxidation followed by liquid liquid extraction. Energy Fuels 2004; 18: 37–40.10.1021/ef0301396Search in Google Scholar

Shiraishi Y, Hirai T, Komasawa I. A deep desulfurization process for light oil by photochemical reaction in an organic two-phase liquid–liquid extraction system. Ind Eng Chem Res 1998; 37: 203–211.10.1021/ie970388fSearch in Google Scholar

Shiraishi Y, Hara H, Hirai T, Komasawa I. A deep desulfurization process for light oil by photosensitized oxidation using a triplet photosensitizer and hydrogen peroxide in an oil/water two-phase liquid–liquid extraction system. Ind Eng Chem Res 1999a; 38: 1589–1595.10.1021/ie980651sSearch in Google Scholar

Shiraishi Y, Hirai T, Komasawa I. Identification of desulfurization products in the photochemical desulfurization process for benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes from light oil using an organic two-phase extraction system. Ind Eng Chem Res 1999b; 38: 3300–3309.10.1021/ie990134pSearch in Google Scholar

Shiraishi Y, Hirai T, Komasawa I. Oxidative desulfurization process for light oil using titanium silicate molecular sieve catalysts. J Chem Eng Jpn 2002a; 35: 1305–1311.10.1252/jcej.35.1305Search in Google Scholar

Shiraishi Y, Tachibana K, Hirai T, Komasawa I. Desulfurization and denitrogenation process for light oils based on chemical oxidation followed by liquid-liquid extraction. Ind Eng Chem Res 2002b; 41: 4362–4375.10.1021/ie010618xSearch in Google Scholar

Shiraishi Y, Naito T, Hirai T. Vanadosilicate molecular sieve as a catalyst for oxidative desulfurization of light oil. Ind Eng Chem Res 2003; 42: 6034–6039.10.1021/ie030328bSearch in Google Scholar

Shojaei AF, Rezvani MA, Loghmani MH. Comparative study on oxidation desulphurization of actual gas oil and model sulfur compounds with hydrogen peroxide promoted by formic acid: synthesis and characterization of vanadium containing polyoxometalate supported on anatase crushed nanoleaf. Fuel Process Technol 2014; 118: 1–6.10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.08.004Search in Google Scholar

Siddiqui MN, Alhooshani KR, Gondal MA. Non-catalytic deep desulfurization of model fuel oil. Prepr Pap Am Chem Soc Div Fuel Chem 2012; 57: 764–765.Search in Google Scholar

Silva EF, Serpa C, Dabrowski JM, Monteiro CJ, Formosinho SJ, Stochel G, Urbanska K, Simões S, Pereira MM, Arnaut LG. Mechanisms of singlet-oxygen and superoxide-ion generation by porphyrins and bacteriochlorins and their implications in photodynamic therapy. Chemistry 2010; 16: 9273–9286.10.1002/chem.201000111Search in Google Scholar

Song C. New Approaches to deep desulfurization for ultra-clean gasoline and diesel fuels: an overview. Catal Today 2003; 86: 211–263.10.1016/S0920-5861(03)00412-7Search in Google Scholar

Srivastava VC. An evaluation of desulfurization technologies for sulfur removal from liquid fuel. RSC Adv 2012; 2: 759–783.10.1039/C1RA00309GSearch in Google Scholar

Sundararaman R, Ma X, Song C. Oxidative desulfurization of jet and diesel fuels using hydroperoxide generated in situ by catalytic air oxidation. Ind Eng Chem Res 2010; 49: 5561–5568.10.1021/ie901812rSearch in Google Scholar

Swaty TE, Nocca JL, Ross L. What are the options to meet tier II sulfur requirements? Hydrocarbon Process 2001; 80: 62–70.Search in Google Scholar

Tam PS, Kittrell JR, inventors. Process for purifying hydrocarbonaceous oil. 1984; 4485007 A.Search in Google Scholar

Tam PS, Kittrell JR, Eldridge JW. Desulfurization of fuel oil by oxidation and extraction. 1. Enhancement of extraction oil yield. Ind Eng Chem Res 1990; 29: 324–329.10.1021/ie00099a003Search in Google Scholar

Tang Q, Lin S, Cheng Y, Liu S, Xiong JR. Ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization of Bunker-C oil using tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Ultrason Sonochem 2013a; 20: 1168–1175.10.1016/j.ultsonch.2013.02.002Search in Google Scholar PubMed

Tang L, Luo G, Kang L, Zhu M, Dai B. A novel [Bmim]PW/HMS catalyst with high catalytic performance for the oxidative desulfurization process. Korean J Chem Eng 2013b; 30: 314–320.10.1007/s11814-012-0182-1Search in Google Scholar

Tao H, Nakazato T, Sato S. Energy-efficient ultra-deep desulfurization of kerosene based on selective photooxidation and adsorption. Fuel 2009; 88: 1961–1969.10.1016/j.fuel.2009.03.020Search in Google Scholar

Te M, Fairbridge C, Ring Z. Oxidation reactivities of dibenzothiophenes in polyoxometalate/H2 O2 and formic acid/H2 O2 systems. Appl Catal A 2001; 219: 267–280.10.1016/S0926-860X(01)00699-8Search in Google Scholar

Terada LS, Leff JA, Guidot DN, Shibao GA, Repine JE. Metals inhibit riboflavin-catalyzed generation of superoxide anion in vitro. Inflammation 1990; 14: 217–221.10.1007/BF00917460Search in Google Scholar

Torrisi S, DiCamillo D, Street R. Proven best practices for ULSD production. In: NPRA Annual General Meeting, San Antonio, TX, 2002. Paper 35.Search in Google Scholar

Torrisi S, Gunter M. Key Fundamentals of ultra-low sulfur diesel production: the four C’s. In: NPRA Annual Meeting, San Antonio, TX, 2004. Paper 27.Search in Google Scholar

Toteva V, Geogriev A, Topalova L. Oxidation desulfurization of light cycle oil monitoring by FTIR cpectroscopy. Fuel Process Technol 2009; 90: 965–970.10.1016/j.fuproc.2009.03.012Search in Google Scholar

Trakarnpruk W, Rujiraworawut K. Oxidative desulfurization of gas oil by polyoxometalates catalysts. Fuel Process Technol 2009; 90: 411–414.10.1016/j.fuproc.2008.11.002Search in Google Scholar

US EPA. Heavy-duty engine and vehicle standards and highway diesel fuel sulfur control requirements. 2000. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/otaq/regs/hd2007/frm/f00057.pdf. Accessed on April 10, 2013.Search in Google Scholar

Valentine JS, Curtis AB. Convenient preparation of solutions of superoxide anion and the reaction of superoxide anion with a copper(II) complex. J Am Chem Soc 1975; 97: 224–226.10.1021/ja00834a058Search in Google Scholar

Velu S, Watanabe S, Ma X, Song C. Regenerable adsorbents for the adsorptive desulfurization of transportation fuels for fuel cell applications. Prepr Pap Am Chem Soc Div Fuel Chem 2003; 48: 526–528.Search in Google Scholar

Venturello C, Gambaro M. A convenient catalytic method for the dihydroxylation of alkenes by hydrogen peroxide. Synthesis 1989; 4: 295–297.10.1055/s-1989-27229Search in Google Scholar

Vogelaar BM, Makkee M, Moulijn JA. Applicability of supercritical water as a reaction medium for desulfurisation and demetallisation of gasoil. Fuel Process Technol 1999; 61: 265–277.10.1016/S0378-3820(99)00055-7Search in Google Scholar

Wadhawan JD, Welford PJ, McPeak HB, Hah CEW, Compton RG. The simultaneous voltammetric determination and detection of oxygen and carbon dioxide: a study of the kinetics of the reaction between superoxide and carbon dioxide in non-aqueous media using membrane-free gold disc microelectrodes. Sens Actuators B 2003; 88: 40–52.10.1016/S0925-4005(02)00307-6Search in Google Scholar

Wan MW, Yen TF. Enhance efficiency of tetraoctylammonium flouride applied ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) process. Appl Catal A 2007; 319: 237–245.10.1016/j.apcata.2006.12.008Search in Google Scholar

Wan MW, Yen TF. Portable continuous ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization unit for marine gas oil. Energy Fuels 2008; 22: 1130–1135.10.1021/ef7006358Search in Google Scholar

Wan MW, Biel LCC, Lu MC, Leon Rd, Arco S. Ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization (UAOD) using phosphophotungstic acid: effect of process parameter on sulfur removal. Desalin Water Treat 2012; 47: 96–104.10.1080/19443994.2012.696802Search in Google Scholar

Wang D, Qian EW, Amano H, Okata K, Ishihara A, Kabe T. Oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil. Part I. Oxidation of dibenzothiophenes using tert-butyl hydroperoxide. Appl Catal A 2003; 253: 91–99.10.1016/S0926-860X(03)00528-3Search in Google Scholar

Wang L, Shen BX, Li SZ. Model of fluidized catalytically cracked (FCC) gasoline photochemical desulfurization reactor. Energy Fuels 2006; 20: 1287–1293.10.1021/ef050268hSearch in Google Scholar

Wang J, Zhao D, Zhou E, Dong Z. Desulfurization of gasoline by extraction with N-alkyl-pyridinium-based ionic liquids. Fuel Chem Technol 2007a; 35: 293–296.10.1016/S1872-5813(07)60022-XSearch in Google Scholar

Wang W, Wang S, Liu H, Wang Z. Desulfurization of gasoline by a new method of electrochemical catalytic oxidation. Fuel 2007b; 86: 2747–2753.10.1016/j.fuel.2007.03.006Search in Google Scholar

Wang W, Wang S, Wang Y, Liu H, Wang Z. A new approach to deep desulfurization of gasoline by electrochemically catalytic oxidation and extraction. Fuel Process Technol 2007c; 88: 1002–1008.10.1016/j.fuproc.2007.05.010Search in Google Scholar

Wang JL, Zhao DS, Li KX. Extractive desulfurization of gasoline using ionic liquid based on CuCl. Pet Sci Technol 2012a; 30: 2417–2423.10.1080/10916466.2010.518194Search in Google Scholar

Wang X, Wan H, Han M, Gao L, Guan G. Removal of thiophene and its derivatives from model gasoline using polymer-supported metal chlorides ionic liquid moieties. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012b; 51: 3418–3424.10.1021/ie201931aSearch in Google Scholar

Wang Y, Li H, Zhu W, Jiang X, He L, Lu J, Yan Y. The extractive desulfurization of fuels using ionic liquids based on FeCl3. Pet Sci Technol 2010; 28: 1203–1210.10.1080/10916460903066148Search in Google Scholar

Wilfred CD, Kiat CF, Man Z, Bustam MA, Mutalib MIM, Phak CZ. Extraction of ddibenzothiophene from dodecane using ionic liquids. Fuel Process Technol 2012; 93: 85–89.10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.09.018Search in Google Scholar

Wu Z, Ondruschka B. Ultrasound-assisted oxidative desulfurization of liquid fuels and its industrial application. Ultrason Sonochem 2010; 17: 1027–1032.10.1016/j.ultsonch.2009.11.005Search in Google Scholar

Xiao J, Wang X, Fujii M, Yang Q, Song C. A novel approach for ultra-deep adsorptive desulfurization of diesel fuel over TiO2-CeO2/MCM-48 under ambient conditions. AIChE J 2013; 59: 1441–1445.10.1002/aic.14085Search in Google Scholar

Xiao J, Wu L, Wu Y, Liu B, Dai L, Li Z, Xia Q, Xi H. Effect of gasoline composition on oxidative desulfurization using a phosphotungstic acid/activated carbon catalyst with hydrogen peroxide. Appl Energy 2014; 113: 78–85.10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.06.047Search in Google Scholar

Xuemei C, Yufeng H, Jiguang L, Qianqing L, Yansheng L, Xianming Z, Xiaoming P, Wenjia Y. Desulfurization of diesel fuel by extraction with [BF4]-based ionic liquid. Chin J Chem Eng 2008; 16: 881–884.10.1016/S1004-9541(09)60010-0Search in Google Scholar

Yan XM, Lei JH, Liu D, Wu YC, Guo LP. Oxidative desulfurization of diesel oil using mesoporous phosphotungstic acid/SiO2 as catalyst. J Chin Chem 2007a; 54: 911–916.10.1002/jccs.200700131Search in Google Scholar

Yan XM, Lei JH, Liu D, Wu YC, Liu W. Synthesis and catalytic properties of mesoporous phosphotungstic acid/SiO2 in a self-generated acidic environment by evaporation-induced self-assembly. Mater Res Bull 2007b; 42: 1905–1913.10.1016/j.materresbull.2006.12.013Search in Google Scholar

Yan XM, Mei P, Lei J, Mi Y, Xiong L, Guo L. Synthesis and characterization of mesoporous phosphotungstic acid/TiO2 nanocomposite as a novel oxidative desulfurization catalyst. J Mol Catal A Chem 2009; 304: 52–57.10.1016/j.molcata.2009.01.023Search in Google Scholar

Yan XM, Mei P, Xong L, Gao L, Yang Q, Gong L. Mesoporous titania-silica-polyoxometalate nanocomposite materials for catalytic oxidation desulfurization of fuel oil. Catal Sci Technol 2013; 3: 1985–1992.10.1039/c3cy20732cSearch in Google Scholar

Yang L, Li J, Yuan X, Shen J, Qi Y. One step non-hydrodesulfurization of fuel oil: catalyzed oxidation adsorption desulfurization over HPWA-SBA-15. J Mol Catal A Chem 2007; 262: 114–118.10.1016/j.molcata.2006.08.058Search in Google Scholar

Yang Z, Wang Z, Li J, Chen J. Polyphosphazene membranes with phenoxyls for enhanced desulfurization. RSC Adv 2012; 2: 11432–11437.10.1039/c2ra21418kSearch in Google Scholar

Yazu K, Yamamoto Y, Furuya T, Miki A, Ukegawa K. Oxidation of dibenzothiophenes in an organic biphasic system and its application to oxidative desulfurization of light oil. Energy Fuels 2001; 15: 1535–1536.10.1021/ef0101412Search in Google Scholar

Yazu K, Furuya T, Miki A. Immobilized tungstophosphoric acid-catalyzed oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel with hydrogen peroxide. J Jpn Pet Inst 2003; 46: 379–282.10.1627/jpi.46.379Search in Google Scholar

Yazu K, Makino M, Ukegawa K. Oxidative desulfurization of diesel oil with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of acid catalyst in diesel oil/acetic acid biphasic system. Chem Lett 2004; 33: 1306–1307.10.1246/cl.2004.1306Search in Google Scholar

Yen TF, Wen C, inventors. Electrolytic hydrogenation of leached oil shale components. 1977; 4043884.Search in Google Scholar

Yu G, Lu S, Chen H, Zhu Z. Diesel fuel desulfurization with hydrogen peroxide promoted by formic acid and catalyzed by activated carbon. Carbon 2005a; 43: 2285–2294.10.1016/j.carbon.2005.04.008Search in Google Scholar

Yu G, Lu S, Chen H, Zhu Z. Oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuels with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of activated carbon and formic acid. Energy Fuels 2005b; 19: 447–452.10.1021/ef049760bSearch in Google Scholar

Yu G, Zhao J, Song D, Asumana C, Zhang X, Chen X. Deep oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuels by acidic ionic liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2011; 50: 11690–11697.10.1021/ie200735pSearch in Google Scholar

Zannikos F, Lois E, Stournas S. Desulfurization of petroleum fractions by oxidation and solvent extraction. Fuel Process Technol 1995; 42: 35–45.10.1016/0378-3820(94)00104-2Search in Google Scholar

Zapata B, Pedraza F, Valenzuella MA. Catalyst screening for oxidative desulfurization using hydrogen peroxide. Catal Today 2005; 106: 219–221.10.1016/j.cattod.2005.07.134Search in Google Scholar

Zaykina RF, Zaykin YA, Mirkin NKN. Prospects for irradiation processing in the petroleum industry. Radiat Phys Chem 2002; 63: 617–620.10.1016/S0969-806X(01)00653-3Search in Google Scholar

Zhang X, Anderson TM, Chen Q, Hill CL. A Baker-Figgis isomer of conventional sandwich polyoxometalates. H2 Na14[FeIII2(NaOH2)2(P2W15O56)2], a diiron catalyst for catalytic H2 O2-based epoxidation. Inorg Chem 2001; 40: 418–419.10.1021/ic000964rSearch in Google Scholar PubMed

Zhang S, Zhang ZC. Novel properties of ionic liquids in selective sulfur removal from fuels at room temperature. Green Chem 2002a; 4: 376–379.10.1039/b205170mSearch in Google Scholar

Zhang S, Zhang ZC. Selective sulfur removal from fuels using ionic liquids at room temperature. Prepr Pap Am Chem Soc Div Fuel Chem 2002b; 47: 449–451.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang S, Zhang Q, Zhang ZC. Extractive desulfurization and denitrogenation of fuels using ionic liquids. Ind Eng Chem Res 2004; 43: 614–622.10.1021/ie030561+Search in Google Scholar

Zhang J, Zhu WS, Li H, Jiang W, Jiang Y, Huang W, Yan Y. Deep oxidative desulfurization of fuels by fenton-like reagent in ionic liquids. Green Chem 2009; 11: 1801–1807.10.1039/b914130hSearch in Google Scholar

Zhang J, Wang A, Li X, Ma X. Oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene and diesel over [Bmim]3 PMo12 O40. J Catal 2011; 279: 269–275.10.1016/j.jcat.2011.01.016Search in Google Scholar

Zhang C, Pan X, Wang F, Liu X. Extraction-oxidation desulfurization by pyridinium-based task-specific ionic liquids. Fuel 2012a; 102: 580–584.10.1016/j.fuel.2012.07.040Search in Google Scholar

Zhang H, Gao J, Meng H, Li CX. Removal of thiophenic sulfurs using an extractive oxidative desulfurization process with three new phosphotungstate catalysts. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012b; 51: 6658–6665.10.1021/ie3004545Search in Google Scholar

Zhang M, Zhu WS, Xun S, Li H. Deep oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene with POM-based hybrid materials in ionic liquids. Chem Eng J 2013; 220: 328–336.10.1016/j.cej.2012.11.138Search in Google Scholar

Zhao DS, Wang J, Zhou E. Oxidative desulfurization of diesel fuel using a Brønsted acid room temperature ionic liquid in the presence of H2 O2. Green Chem 2007a; 9: 1219–1222.10.1039/b706574dSearch in Google Scholar

Zhou X, Zhao C, Yang J, Zhang S. Catalytic oxidation of dibenzothiophene using cyclohexanone peroxide. Energy Fuels 2007b; 21: 7–10.10.1021/ef060441pSearch in Google Scholar

Zhao DS, Sun ZM, Li FT, Shan HD. Optimisation of oxidative desulfurization of dibenzothiophene using acidic IL as catalytic solvent. J Fuel Chem Technol 2009a; 37: 194–198.10.1016/S1872-5813(09)60015-3Search in Google Scholar

Zhao DS, Wang Y, Duan E. Oxidative desulfurization of fuel oil by pyridinium-based ionic liquid. Molecules 2009b; 14: 4351–4357.10.3390/molecules14114351Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

Zhou M, Meng W, Li Y, Wang Q, Li X, Zang S. Extractive and catalytic oxidative desulfurization of gasoline by methyltrioxorhenium in ionic liquids. Energy Fuels 2014; 28: 516–521.10.1021/ef402103eSearch in Google Scholar

Zhu WS, Li H, Jiang X, Yan Y, Lu J, Xia J. Oxidative desulfurization of fuels catalyzed by peroxotungsten and peroxomolybdenum complexes in ionic liquids. Energy Fuels 2007; 21: 2514–2516.10.1021/ef700310rSearch in Google Scholar

Zhu WS, Li H, Jiang X, Yan Y, Lu J, He L, Xia J. Commercially available molybdic compound-catalyzed ultra-deep desulfurization of fuels in ionic liquids. Green Chem 2008; 10: 641–646.10.1039/b801185kSearch in Google Scholar

Zhu WS, Huang W, Li H, Zhang M, Jiang W, Chen G, Han C. Polyoxometalate-based ionic liquids as catalysts for deep desulfurization of fuels. Fuel Process Technol 2011a; 92: 1842–1848.10.1016/j.fuproc.2011.04.030Search in Google Scholar

Zhu WS, Li H, Gu QQ, Wu P, Zhu G. Kinetics and mechanism for oxidative desulfurization of fuels catalyzed by peroxo-molybdenum amino acid complexes in water-immiscible ionic liquids. J Mol Catal A Chem 2011b; 336: 16–22.10.1016/j.molcata.2010.12.003Search in Google Scholar

Zhu WS, Zhu G, Li H, Chao Y, Chang Y, Chen G, Han C. Oxidative deslfurization of fuel catalysed by metal-based surfactant-type ionic liquids. J Mol Catal A Chem 2011c; 347: 8–14.10.1016/j.molcata.2011.07.002Search in Google Scholar

Zhu WS, Zhang JT, Li H, Chao Y, Jiang W, Yin S, Liu H. Fenton-like ionic liquids/H2 O2 system: one-pot extraction combined with oxidation desulfurization of fuel. RSC Adv 2012; 2: 658–664.10.1039/C1RA00163ASearch in Google Scholar

Zhu WS, Ding Y, Li H, Qin J, Chao Y, Xiong J, Xu Y, Liu H. Application of a self-emulsifiable task-specific ionic liquid in oxidative desulfurization of fuels. RSC Adv 2013a; 3: 3893–3898.10.1039/c3ra23274cSearch in Google Scholar

Zhu WS, Wu P, Yang L, Chang Y, Chao Y, Li H, Jiang Y, Jiang W, Xun S. Pyridinium-based temperature-responsive magnetic ionic liquid for oxidative desulfurization of fuels. Chem Eng J 2013b; 229: 250–256.10.1016/j.cej.2013.05.115Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2014-1-3
Accepted: 2014-3-18
Published Online: 2014-5-21
Published in Print: 2014-8-1

©2014 by Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston

Downloaded on 31.12.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/revce-2014-0001/html
Scroll to top button