Home Physical Sciences Integration of ionizing radiation and nano-clay for enhancing characters of CMC-PVA/Nano-clay bio-based films
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Integration of ionizing radiation and nano-clay for enhancing characters of CMC-PVA/Nano-clay bio-based films

  • ORCID logo EMAIL logo , ORCID logo and ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: January 7, 2025
Radiochimica Acta
From the journal Radiochimica Acta Volume 113 Issue 4

Abstract

This study focuses on enhancing the characteristics of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) bio-based films through the integration of e-beam ionizing radiation and nano-clay. CMC-PVA blends with varying amounts of nano-clay were prepared and subjected to e-beam irradiation at different doses. The resulting bio-based films were analyzed for properties such as water absorption, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), thermal stability, mechanical strength, and structural characteristics using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The findings revealed that the optimal formulation consisted of 3 wt.% nano-clay and an irradiation dose of 20 kGy, which significantly reduced water absorption and WVTR. The WVTR for this optimal formulation was measured at 60.2 ± 2.2 × 10⁻2 g/cm2/day. Additionally, TGA results indicated similar thermal behavior for both CMC-PVA and CMC-PVA/nano-clay films, suggesting a physical interaction between the nano-clay and the polymer matrix. This work demonstrates that the controlled incorporation of nano-clay and irradiation can produce CMC-PVA/nano-clay bio-based films suitable for low-cost packaging applications.

Keywords: carboxymethylcellulose; nano-clay; nanocomposite; e-beam irradiation; bio-based film
Corresponding author: Asmaa Sayed, Polymer Chemistry Department, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Egyptian Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt, E-mail:

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

1. D’Almeida, A. P.; de Albuquerque, T. L. Innovations in Food Packaging: From Bio-Based Materials to Smart Packaging Systems. Processes 2024, 12 (10), 2085; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr12102085.Search in Google Scholar

2. Jha, S.; Akula, B.; Enyioma, H.; Novak, M.; Amin, V.; Liang, H. Biodegradable Biobased Polymers: A Review of the State of the Art, Challenges, and Future Directions. Polymers 2024, 16 (16), 2262; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16162262.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

3. Kumari, S.; Rao, A.; Kaur, M.; Dhania, G. Petroleum-Based Plastics versus Bio-Based Plastics: A Review. Nat. Environ. Pollut. Technol. 2023, 22 (3), 1111–1124; https://doi.org/10.46488/nept.2023.v22i03.003.Search in Google Scholar

4. Dumka, U. C.; Kosmopoulos, P. G.; Baxevanaki, E.; Kaskaoutis, D. G.; Huda, M. N.; Khan, M. F.; Bilal, M.; Ambade, B.; Khanal, S.; Munshi, P. Surface Radiative Forcing as a Climate-Change Indicator in North India Due to the Combined Effects of Dust and Biomass Burning. Fire 2023, 6 (9), 365; https://doi.org/10.3390/fire6090365.Search in Google Scholar

5. Mangal, M.; Rao, C. V.; Banerjee, T. Bioplastic: an Eco‐friendly Alternative to Non‐biodegradable Plastic. Polym. Int. 2023, 72 (11), 984–996; https://doi.org/10.1002/pi.6555.Search in Google Scholar

6. Teixeira-Costa, B. E.; Andrade, C. T. Natural Polymers Used in Edible Food Packaging – History, Function and Application Trends as a Sustainable Alternative to Synthetic Plastic. Polysaccharides 2021, 3 (1), 32–58; https://doi.org/10.3390/polysaccharides3010002.Search in Google Scholar

7. Tabassum, Z.; Mohan, A.; Mamidi, N.; Khosla, A.; Kumar, A.; Solanki, P. R.; Malik, T.; Girdhar, M. Recent Trends in Nanocomposite Packaging Films Utilising Waste Generated Biopolymers: Industrial Symbiosis and its Implication in Sustainability. IET Nanobiotechnol. 2023, 17 (3), 127–153; https://doi.org/10.1049/nbt2.12122.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

8. Popović, K.; Živanović, S.; Jevtić, I. Biopolymer Packaging Materials in the Pharmaceutical Industry. AIDASCO Rev. 2024, 2 (1), 46–56; https://doi.org/10.59783/aire.2024.43.Search in Google Scholar

9. Navarro-Segarra, M.; Ibrahim, O. A.; Martin-Fernandez, I.; Tortosa, C.; Ormaetxea, J. M.; Baumann, M.; Weil, M.; Esquivel, J. P. Designed-by-purpose Power Sources: a Cardboard Primary Battery for Smart Packaging. Energy Environ. Sci. 2024, 17 (15), 5639–5652; https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ee00306c.Search in Google Scholar

10. Ambade, B.; Sethi, S. S.; Giri, B.; Biswas, J. K.; Bauddh, K. Characterization, Behavior, and Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the Estuary Sediments. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2022, 108, 1–10; https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-021-03393-3.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

11. Ambade, B.; Kumar, A.; Kumar, A.; Sahu, L. K. Temporal Variability of Atmospheric Particulate-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) over Central East India: Sources and Carcinogenic Risk Assessment. Air Qual. Atmos. Health 2022, 15, 115–130; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11869-021-01089-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

12. Perera, K. Y.; Hopkins, M.; Jaiswal, A. K.; Jaiswal, S. Nanoclays-containing Bio-Based Packaging Materials: Properties, Applications, Safety, and Regulatory Issues. J. Nanostruct. Chem. 2024, 14 (1), 71–93; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40097-023-00525-5.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

13. Turan, E.; Savacı, U.; Günkaya, Z.; Özkan, A.; Banar, M. Upcycling of Composite Packaging Waste to Carbon Nanotubes via Chemical Vapor Deposition of Pyrolysis Gas. Environ. Nanotechnol. Monit. Manag. 2024, 21, 100924; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enmm.2024.100924.Search in Google Scholar

14. Wang, H.; Ding, J.; Zhao, H.; Chu, Q.; Miah, M. R.; Wang, J.; Chen, J.; Zhu, J. Preparing Strong, Tough, and High-Barrier Biobased Polyester Composites by Regulating Interfaces of Carbon Nanotubes. Mater. Today Nano 2024, 25, 100463; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtnano.2024.100463.Search in Google Scholar

15. Freville, E.; Sergienko, J. P.; Mujica, R.; Rey, C.; Bras, J. Novel Technologies for Producing Tridimensional Cellulosic Materials for Packaging: A Review. Carbohydr. Polym. 2024, 342, 1–20, 122413; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2024.122413.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

16. Korumilli, T.; Abdullahi, A.; Kumar, T. S.; Rao, K. J. Nanoclay-reinforced Bio-Composites and Their Packaging Applications. In Nanoclay-Based Sustainable Materials; Elsevier, 2024; pp 467–485. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-443-13390-9.00022-9.Search in Google Scholar

17. Pech-Cohuo, S. C.; Dzul-Cervantes, M. A. d. A.; Pérez-Pacheco, E.; Rosado, J. A. C.; Chim-Chi, Y. A.; Ríos-Soberanis, C. R.; Cuevas-Carballo, Z. B.; Uc-Cayetano, E. G.; Can-Herrera, L. A.; Ortíz-Fernández, A.; Collí-Pacheco, J. P.; Mina-Hernández, J. H.; Pérez‑Padilla, Y. Effect of Clays Incorporation on Properties of Thermoplastic Starch/clay Composite Bio-Based Polymer Blends. Sci. Rep. 2024, 14 (1), 19669; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-69092-1.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

18. Eslami, Z.; Elkoun, S.; Robert, M.; Adjallé, K. A Review of the Effect of Plasticizers on the Physical and Mechanical Properties of Alginate-Based Films. Molecules 2023, 28 (18), 6637; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28186637.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

19. Tyagi, V.; Thakur, A. Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Polyvinyl Alcohol Based Materials: A Review. Mater. Today: Proc. 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2023.01.042, In press.Search in Google Scholar

20. Arefian, M.; Hojjati, M.; Tajzad, I.; Mokhtarzade, A.; Mazhar, M.; Jamavari, A. A Review of Polyvinyl alcohol/Carboxymethyl Cellulose (PVA/CMC) Composites for Various Applications. J. Compos. Comp. 2020, 2 (3), 69–76.10.29252/jcc.2.2.2Search in Google Scholar

21. Amaregouda, Y.; Kamanna, K.; Gasti, T.; Kumbar, V. Enhanced Functional Properties of Biodegradable Polyvinyl Alcohol/carboxymethyl Cellulose (PVA/CMC) Composite Films Reinforced with L-Alanine Surface Modified CuO Nanorods. J. Polym. Environ. 2022, 30 (6), 2559–2578; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-022-02377-6.Search in Google Scholar

22. Niro, C. M.; Medeiros, J. A.; Freitas, J. A.; Azeredo, H. M. Advantages and Challenges of Pickering Emulsions Applied to Bio‐based Films: a Mini-review. J. Sci. Food Agric. 2021, 101 (9), 3535–3540; https://doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.11029.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Mujtaba, M.; Lipponen, J.; Ojanen, M.; Puttonen, S.; Vaittinen, H. Trends and Challenges in the Development of Bio-Based Barrier Coating Materials for Paper/cardboard Food Packaging; a Review. Sci. Total Environ. 2022, 851, 158328; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158328.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

24. Abd El-Rehim, H.; Kamal, H.; Hegazy, E.-S. A.; Soliman, E.-S.; Sayed, A. Use of Gamma Rays to Improve the Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Biodegradable Cellulose Acetate Nanocomposite Films. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2018, 153, 180–187; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2018.08.007.Search in Google Scholar

25. Sayed, A.; Safwat, G.; Abdel-raouf, M.; Mahmoud, G. A. Alkali-cellulose/Polyvinyl Alcohol Biofilms Fabricated with Essential Clove Oil as a Novel Scented Antimicrobial Packaging Material. Carbohydr. Polym. Technol. Appl. 2023, 5, 100273; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100273.Search in Google Scholar

26. Mohamed, T. M.; Sayed, A.; Mahmoud, G. A. Tuning of the Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol/Polyacrylamide Film by Phytic Acid and Gamma Radiation Crosslinking for Food Packaging Applications. Polym. Plast. Technol. Mater. 2023, 62 (7), 866–876; https://doi.org/10.1080/25740881.2022.2164723.Search in Google Scholar

27. Ghosh, S. K.; Das, N. C. Application of Radiation Curing on Properties and Performance of Polymers and Polymer Composites. In Applications of High Energy Radiations: Synthesis and Processing of Polymeric Materials; Chowdhury, S. R., Ed.; Springer Nature Singapore, 2023; pp. 1–39.10.1007/978-981-19-9048-9_1Search in Google Scholar

28. Xu, J.; Wu, L.; Mu, B.; Lu, Y.; Wang, Q.; Wang, A. Ultrasonic Disaggregation of Mixed-Dimensional Palygorskite Clay for Improving ABS Resin Properties. Appl. Clay Sci. 2024, 258, 107492; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clay.2024.107492.Search in Google Scholar

29. Paixão, L. C.; Lopes, I. A.; Barros Filho, A. K. D.; Santana, A. A. Alginate Biofilms Plasticized with Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Plasticizers for Application in Food Packaging. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136 (48), 48263; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.48263.Search in Google Scholar

30. Ebadi, Z.; Ghaisari, H.; Tajeddin, B.; Shekarforoush, S. S. Production and Evaluation of the Chemical and Mechanical Properties of Nanocellulose and Nanowood Starch‐based Biodegradable Films Potential Candidates for Moisture Absorbers for Food Packaging. Food Sci. Nutr. 2021, 9 (4), 2227–2233; https://doi.org/10.1002/fsn3.2194.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

31. Turan, D. Water Vapor Transport Properties of Polyurethane Films for Packaging of Respiring Foods. Food Engineering Reviews 2021, 13 (1), 54–65; https://doi.org/10.1007/s12393-019-09205-z.Search in Google Scholar

32. Shahdan, D.; Chen, R. S.; Zailan, F. D.; Sabtu, M.; Ahmad, S. γ-Radiation for Improved Reinforcement Effect of Single and Hybrid Nano-Clay and Cellulose Nanofiber in Thermoplastic Natural Rubber Nanocomposite. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2024, 218, 111550; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2024.111550.Search in Google Scholar

33. Karoyo, A. H.; Wilson, L. D. A Review on the Design and Hydration Properties of Natural Polymer-Based Hydrogels. Materials 2021, 14 (5), 1095; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma14051095.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

34. Zhang, C.; Sun, K.; Wu, Y.; Wang, C.; Fang, H.; Xu, Z.; Liang, J. Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Water Permeation Mechanism in Polymer Grouting Material. Mater. Today Commun. 2024, 40, 109933; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mtcomm.2024.109933.Search in Google Scholar

35. Elgharbawy, A. S.; El Demerdash, A.-G. M.; Sadik, W. A.; Kasaby, M. A.; Lotfy, A. H.; Osman, A. I. Enhancing the Biodegradability, Water Solubility, and Thermal Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol through Natural Polymer Blending: An Approach toward Sustainable Polymer Applications. Polymers 2024, 16 (15); https://doi.org/10.3390/polym16152141.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

36. Bangar, S. P.; Ilyas, R.; Chowdhury, A.; Navaf, M.; Sunooj, K. V.; Siroha, A. K. Bentonite Clay as a Nanofiller for Food Packaging Applications. Trends Food Sci. Technol. 2023, 142, 104242; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2023.104242.Search in Google Scholar

37. Abuzeid, M.; Bassuoni, M.; Sakr, M. Effect of Polymer/Nano-Clay Coatings on the Performance of Concrete with High-Content Supplementary Cementitious Materials under Harsh Exposures. Materials 2024, 17 (5), 1030; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17051030.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

38. van Haaren, C.; De Bock, M.; Kazarian, S. G. Advances in ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging for the Analysis of Tablet Dissolution and Drug Release. Molecules 2023, 28 (12), 4705; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124705.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

39. Dai, H.; Huang, Y.; Huang, H. Eco-friendly Polyvinyl Alcohol/carboxymethyl Cellulose Hydrogels Reinforced with Graphene Oxide and Bentonite for Enhanced Adsorption of Methylene Blue. Carbohydr. Polym. 2018, 185, 1–11; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.12.073.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

40. Abd Malek, N. N.; Jawad, A. H.; Ismail, K.; Razuan, R.; ALOthman, Z. A. Fly Ash Modified Magnetic Chitosan-Polyvinyl Alcohol Blend for Reactive Orange 16 Dye Removal: Adsorption Parametric Optimization. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 189, 464–476; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.160.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

41. Alcântara, A. C. S.; Darder, M.; Aranda, P.; Ayral, A.; Ruiz-Hitzky, E. Bionanocomposites Based on Polysaccharides and Fibrous Clays for Packaging Applications. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133 (2); https://doi.org/10.1002/app.42362.Search in Google Scholar

42. Zaharani, L.; Ghafarikhaligh, M.; Rafie, M. J.; Ghaffari Khaligh, N. Single Crystal XRD and FTIR Studies of 4 H, 4 H′-trimethylenedipiperidine-diium Hydrogen Sulfate Hydrate and Investigation its Catalytic Activity in Fischer Esterification Using the In-Situ Continuous Liquid–Liquid Extraction Technique. Res. Chem. Intermed. 2023, 49 (12), 5451–5469; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11164-023-05073-9.Search in Google Scholar

43. Ali, M.; Mir, S.; Atanase, L. I.; Kazi, M. Chitosan–PVA–PVP/nano-clay Composite: a Promising Tool for Controlled Drug Delivery. RSC Adv. 2024, 14 (22), 15777–15790; https://doi.org/10.1039/d4ra02959c.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

44. Mandal, A.; Chakrabarty, D. Studies on Mechanical, Thermal, and Barrier Properties of Carboxymethyl Cellulose Film Highly Filled with Nanocellulose. J. Thermoplast. Compos. Mater. 2019, 32 (7), 995–1014; https://doi.org/10.1177/0892705718772868.Search in Google Scholar

45. Pappa, C.; Nanaki, S.; Giliopoulos, D.; Triantafyllidis, K.; Kostoglou, M.; Avgeropoulos, A.; Bikiaris, D. Nanostructured Composites of Sodium Montmorillonite Clay and PEO Used in Dissolution Improvement of Aprepitant Drug by Melt Mixing. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8 (5), 786; https://doi.org/10.3390/app8050786.Search in Google Scholar

46. Osman, A. F.; Adnan, S. A.; Ibrahim, I.; Salimi, M. N. A.; Jaafar, M.; Jaafar@Mustapha, M. Toughening Mechanism of Thermoplastic Starch Nano-Biocomposite with the Hybrid of Nanocellulose/nanobentonite. Polymer 2023, 274, 125876; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125876.Search in Google Scholar

47. Maleh, M. S.; Kiani, S.; Raisi, A. Study on the Advantageous Effect of Nano-Clay and Polyurethane on Structure and CO2 Separation Performance of Polyethersulfone Based Ternary Mixed Matrix Membranes. Chem. Eng. Res. Des. 2022, 179, 27–40; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2022.01.011.Search in Google Scholar

48. Mousa, M.; Dong, Y.; Mousa, M.; Dong, Y. Introduction to PVA-Based Bionanocomposite Films. In Multiscaled PVA Bionanocomposite Films: Characterisation and Nanoscale Modelling; Springer: Singapore, 2021; pp 1–40. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8771-9.Search in Google Scholar

49. Ali, Z.; El‐Nemr, K.; Youssef, H.; Bekhit, M. Mechanical and Physicochemical Properties of Electron Beam Irradiated Rubber/clay Nanocomposites. Polym. Compos. 2013, 34 (10), 1600–1610; https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.22560.Search in Google Scholar

50. Wang, S.; Song, C.; Chen, G.; Guo, T.; Liu, J.; Zhang, B.; Takeuchi, S. Characteristics and Biodegradation Properties of Poly (3-Hydroxybutyrate-co-3-Hydroxyvalerate)/organophilic Montmorillonite (PHBV/OMMT) Nanocomposite. Polym. Degrad. Stab. 2005, 87 (1), 69–76; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.07.008.Search in Google Scholar

51. El Bourakadi, K.; Qaiss, A. E. K.; Bouhfid, R. Bio-films Based on Alginate/modified Clay through Spray Drying: Mechanical, Rheological, Morphological, and Transport Properties for Potential Use as Active Food Packaging. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2022, 210, 663–668; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.04.222.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

52. Keshawy, M. E.; Kamal, S. R.; Abdel-Raouf, M. Synthesis and Investigation of Green Hydrogels for Simultaneous Removal of Mercuric Cations and Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solutions. Egypt. J. Chem. 2022, 65 (5), 325–335.Search in Google Scholar

53. Sayed, A.; Mazrouaa, A. M.; Mohamed, M. G.; Abdel-Raouf, M. E.-S. Green Synthesis of Chitosan/erythritol/graphene Oxide Composites for Simultaneous Removal of Some Toxic Species from Simulated Solution. Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res. 2023, 30 (10), 25903–25919; https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-022-23951-4.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

54. Aboelkhir, D. M.; Sayed, A.; Eldondaity, L. S.; Joseph, V.; Amin, A.; Mahmoud, G. A. Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes@pectin/κ-Carrageenan-Based Nanocomposite Biohydrogel Prepared by Gamma Irradiation for Efficient Methylene Blue Dye Sequestration. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2024, 141 (22), e55452; https://doi.org/10.1002/app.55452.Search in Google Scholar

55. Mohamed, M. M.; Sayed, A.; Mahmoud, G. A. Gamma-Irradiation-Assisted Synthesis and Characterization of Xanthan Gum/Agar/Gelatin/ZnO Nanocomposite Hydrogels and their Antimicrobial Activity. ChemistrySelect 2023, 8 (16), e202300360; https://doi.org/10.1002/slct.202300360.Search in Google Scholar

56. Sayed, A.; Mahmoud, F. A.; Aly, A. M.; Emad, K.; Mahmoud, G. A. Design of Carrageenan Based Nanocarrier as a Drug Nanocarrier for Tumor Targeting: Radiolabeling and Biodistribution. J. Drug Delivery Sci. Technol. 2023, 85, 104573; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jddst.2023.104573.Search in Google Scholar
Received: 2024-04-25
Accepted: 2024-12-03
Published Online: 2025-01-07
Published in Print: 2025-04-28

© 2024 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Original Papers
  3. An experimental and computational investigation of the structure and spectroscopic signatures of α-UO3
  4. Solid phase speciation and mobility of thorium in soil samples from a case study in Sri Lanka
  5. Natural radioactivity and concomitant radiological risks in sediments of the Padma river near Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant of Bangladesh: Pre-operational status
  6. Impact of fiber treatment and electron beam radiation on the properties of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber composites reinforced with banana fiber
  7. Integration of ionizing radiation and nano-clay for enhancing characters of CMC-PVA/Nano-clay bio-based films
  8. PbO2 substitution impact on the gamma ray shielding effectiveness of borotellurite glasses: a comparative study of attenuation parameters
https://doi.org/10.1515/ract-2024-0300
Keywords for this article
carboxymethylcellulose; nano-clay; nanocomposite; e-beam irradiation; bio-based film

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Original Papers
  3. An experimental and computational investigation of the structure and spectroscopic signatures of α-UO3
  4. Solid phase speciation and mobility of thorium in soil samples from a case study in Sri Lanka
  5. Natural radioactivity and concomitant radiological risks in sediments of the Padma river near Rooppur Nuclear Power Plant of Bangladesh: Pre-operational status
  6. Impact of fiber treatment and electron beam radiation on the properties of ethylene-propylene-diene rubber composites reinforced with banana fiber
  7. Integration of ionizing radiation and nano-clay for enhancing characters of CMC-PVA/Nano-clay bio-based films
  8. PbO2 substitution impact on the gamma ray shielding effectiveness of borotellurite glasses: a comparative study of attenuation parameters
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Winner of the OpenAthens UX Award 2026
Winner of the OpenAthens UX Award 2026
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2026 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 29.3.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/ract-2024-0300/html
Scroll to top button