Abstract
Radon (222Rn) exposure in the environment is an important issue, and many pathways exist for radon exposure to humans. One of these pathways is 222Rn release through the consumption of natural gas. The issues of 222Rn concentration measurement techniques and worldwide concentration distribution were reviewed in natural gas, with emphasis on performing an active method to determine 222Rn concentration in LPG and CNG gases used in Cyprus. The obtained results were compared with 222Rn concentration in natural gas worldwide and UNSCEAR reports. The average 222Rn concentration value in LPG gas was observed higher than CNG gas. Also, the 222Rn concentration in LPG and CNG gases was less than the UNSCEAR reported value.
Acknowledgments
This work was supported by Taif University Researchers Supporting Project number (TURSP-2020/109), Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia.
-
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
-
Research funding: None declared.
-
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
References
1. Darby, S., Hill, D., Auvinen, A., Barros-Dios, J. M., Baysson, H., Bochicchio, F., Deo, H., Falk, R., Forastiere, F., Hakama, M. Radon in homes and risk of lung cancer: collaborative analysis of individual data from 13 European case-control studies. Br. Med. J. 2005, 330, 223; https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38308.477650.63.Search in Google Scholar
2. Daraktchieva, Z., Wasikiewicz, J. M., Howarth, C. B., Miller, C. A. Study of baseline radon levels in the context of a shale gas development. Sci. Total Environ. 2021, 753, 141952; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141952.Search in Google Scholar
3. Zeeb, H. WHO Handbook on Indoor Radon: A Public Health Perspective; World Health Organization, 2009; p. 41.Search in Google Scholar
4. Abbasi, A., Mirekhtiary, F. Comparison of active and passive methods for radon exhalation from a high-exposure building material. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 2013, 157, 570; https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nct163.Search in Google Scholar
5. Abbasi, A Modeling of lung cancer risk due to radon exhalation of granite stone in dwelling houses. J. Canc. Res. Therapeut. 2017, 13; https://doi.org/10.4103/0973-1482.204851.Search in Google Scholar
6. Abbasi, A. Levels of Radon and Granite Building Materials. ‘Radon’; InTech Publisher: Croatia, 2017.10.5772/intechopen.69987Search in Google Scholar
7. Abbasi, A. Calculation of gamma radiation dose rate and radon concentration due to granites used as building materials in Iran. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 2013, 155, 335; https://doi.org/10.1093/rpd/nct003.Search in Google Scholar
8. Abbasi, A., Bashiry, V. Measurement of radium-226 concentration and dose calculation of drinking water samples in Guilan province of Iran. Int. J. Radiat. Res. 2016, 14, 361; https://doi.org/10.18869/acadpub.ijrr.14.4.361.Search in Google Scholar
9. UNSCEAR. Sources and effects of ionizing radiation: United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation. UNSCEAR 2000 Rep. to Gen. Assem. 1 2000.Search in Google Scholar
10. McArthur, A. Naturally-Occurring Radioactive Materials (NORM) in the Oil and Gas Industry, The AAPG/Datapages Combined Publications Database, Houston Geological Society Bulletin 2008; p. 21.Search in Google Scholar
11. Nowak, J., Jodłowski, P., Macuda, J. Radioactivity of the gas pipeline network in Poland. J. Environ. Radioact. 2020, 213, 106143; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2019.106143.Search in Google Scholar
12. Şen, G. Y., Içhedef, M., Saç, M. M., Yener, G Effect of natural gas usage on indoor radon levels. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2013, 295, 277.10.1007/s10967-012-1841-8Search in Google Scholar
13. Shaikh, A. N., Ramachandran, T. V., Kumar, A. V. Monitoring and modelling of indoor radon concentrations in a multi-storey building at Mumbai, India. J. Environ. Radioact. 2003, 67, 15; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0265-931x(02)00144-3.Search in Google Scholar
14. Radiation, U.N.S.C. on the E. of A. Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation: UNSCEAR 1993 Report to the General Assembly. New York, NY United Nations, 1993; p. 280.Search in Google Scholar
15. Bochicchio, F., McLaughlin, J. P. Radon in Indoor Air. European Commission Directorate-general for Telecommunications, Information Market and Exploitation of Research, 1995; p. 207.Search in Google Scholar
16. Jamrozik, A., Tutak, W., Grab-Rogaliński, K. An experimental study on the performance and emission of the diesel/CNG dual-fuel combustion mode in a stationary CI engine. Energies 2019, 12, 3857; https://doi.org/10.3390/en12203857.Search in Google Scholar
17. Dudley, B. BP statistical review of world energy. 2019. BP Stat. Rev. London, UK. https://www.bp.com/bp/pdfs/energy-economics (accessed Aug 6, 2018).Search in Google Scholar
18. Khan, T. S., Alshehhi, M., Stephen, S., Khezzar, L. Characterization and preliminary root cause identification of black powder content in a gas transmission network–a case study. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2015, 27, 769; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.09.022.Search in Google Scholar
19. Khan, T. S., Al-Shehhi, M. S. Review of black powder in gas pipelines – an industrial perspective. J. Nat. Gas Sci. Eng. 2015, 25, 66; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jngse.2015.04.025.Search in Google Scholar
20. Kitto, M. E., Torres, M. A., Haines, D. K., Semkow, T. M. Radon measurement of natural gas using alpha scintillation cells. J. Environ. Radioact. 2014, 138, 205; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2014.09.005.Search in Google Scholar
21. Al-Masri, M. S., Shwiekani, R. Radon gas distribution in natural gas processing facilities and workplace air environment. J. Environ. Radioact. 2008, 99, 574; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvrad.2007.08.006.Search in Google Scholar
22. Blue, T. E., Jarzemba, M. S., Fentiman, A. W. Steady-state response of a charcoal bed to radon in flowing air with water vapor. Health Phys. 1995, 68, 809; https://doi.org/10.1097/00004032-199506000-00007.Search in Google Scholar
23. Chanyotha, S., Kranrod, C., Pengvanich, P., Sriploy, P. Determination of radon in natural gas pipelines. J. Radioanal. Nucl. Chem. 2016, 307, 2095; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10967-015-4405-x.Search in Google Scholar
24. Misdaq, M. A., Karime, M. Analysis of 238U, 232Th, 222Rn, and 220Rn in different medical drug preparations by using CR-39 and LR-115 typE II SSNTDs and resulting radiation doses to adult patients. Health Phys. 2009, 96, 27; https://doi.org/10.1097/01.hp.0000326446.28153.29.Search in Google Scholar
25. Somogyi, G., Hafez, A.-F., Hunyadi, I., Toth-Szilagyi, M. Measurement of exhalation and diffusion parameters of radon in solids by plastic track detectors. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas. 1986, 12, 701; https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(86)90683-7.Search in Google Scholar
26. Ishankuliev, J., Tretyakova, S. P. Radon measurements using SSNTD in the region of oil and gas deposits of West Turkmenistan. Int. J. Radiat. Appl. Instrum. Nucl. Tracks Radiat. Meas. 1991, 19, 329; https://doi.org/10.1016/1359-0189(91)90206-w.Search in Google Scholar
27. Abdel-Ghany, H. A., Shabaan, D. H. Does natural gas increase the indoor radon levels? Nucl. Phys. Energy 2015, 310; https://doi.org/10.15407/jnpae2015.03.310.Search in Google Scholar
28. Stepanov, V. E., Naumova, K. A. Experimental study of radon content in networked natural gas under the conditions of Yakutsk. In IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science; IOP Publishing, Vol. 459, 2020; p. 52044; https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/459/5/052044.Search in Google Scholar
29. Hamlat, M. S., Kadi, H., Djeffal, S., Brahimi, H. Radon concentrations in Algerian oil and gas industry. Appl. Radiat. Isot. 2003, 58, 125; https://doi.org/10.1016/s0969-8043(02)00257-9.Search in Google Scholar
30. Holland, B. Experience with Operations Involving Norm in the UK and Some Other Regions; Aust. Nucl. Sci. Technol. Organ. Lucas Height. Sydney, 1998. INIS-AU--0027.Search in Google Scholar
31. Hartog, F. A., Knaepen, W. A. I., Jonkers, G Origin and encounter of Pb-210 in E&P facilities. In Proceedings of 2nd NORM Symposium, Krefeld, Vol. 201, 1998; p. 53.Search in Google Scholar
32. Jonkers, G Characterization of NORM in the oil and gas production industry. Proc. NORM 1997, 1997.Search in Google Scholar
33. W. Dixon, D. Radon exposures from the use of natural gas in buildings. Radiat. Protect. Dosim. 2001, 97, 259; https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.rpd.a006671.Search in Google Scholar
34. UNSCEAR. Report of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) 1977: Report to the General Assembly, with Scientific Annexes; United Nations, 1977; p. 187.Search in Google Scholar
35. Dixon, D. W., Wilson, C. K Developments in the management of exposures from radon in natural gas in the UK. In Radioactivity in the Environment; Elsevier, 2005; https://doi.org/10.1016/s1569-4860(04)07131-1.Search in Google Scholar
36. SIPM. Ionising Radiation Safety Guide; Shell Internationale Petroleum Maatschappij BV (SIMP), 1993; p. 207.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Papers
- Excitation functions of some deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on Al
- Radiochemical separation and purification of non-carrier-added silicon-32
- Highly efficient adsorption of uranyl ions using hydroxamic acid-functionalized graphene oxide
- Effect of Zr(IV) to phosphorus ratio on U(VI) adsorption by diethylenetriamine-pentamethylene phosphate Zr(IV) hybrids
- 125I–Amoxicillin preparation as a guide tracer for inflammation detection
- Comparative impact of gamma radiation on reinforced nitrile rubber with graphite and agro waste activated carbons
- Review
- Radon concentration in compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas and its release range in residential houses
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Original Papers
- Excitation functions of some deuteron-induced nuclear reactions on Al
- Radiochemical separation and purification of non-carrier-added silicon-32
- Highly efficient adsorption of uranyl ions using hydroxamic acid-functionalized graphene oxide
- Effect of Zr(IV) to phosphorus ratio on U(VI) adsorption by diethylenetriamine-pentamethylene phosphate Zr(IV) hybrids
- 125I–Amoxicillin preparation as a guide tracer for inflammation detection
- Comparative impact of gamma radiation on reinforced nitrile rubber with graphite and agro waste activated carbons
- Review
- Radon concentration in compressed natural gas and liquefied petroleum gas and its release range in residential houses