Degradation of morphine and codeine by gamma radiation in methanol solution
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Ömer Kantoğlu
Abstract
The high concentrations of opiate and solvent in wastewater are toxic to biological life and affect the aquatic environment. Therefore, it must be treated by an advanced treatment process such as ionizing radiation. Effect of organic media on morphine and codeine during gamma irradiation was determined for the first time in this paper. Samples were irradiated at ambient temperature and in air environment at various doses (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 kGy). Gamma irradiation-induced changes in the molecular structure of morphine and codeine were monitored by direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. The mass of the by-products were appeared to be more than the mass of the original alkaloids. Molecular structures of the by-products and reaction pathways were proposed. Oxygenated morphine and oxygenated codeine were identified in the presence of oxygen. However, solvent radical addition reactions were observed as the main mechanism for the by-product formation in oxygen-free irradiation. The results indicated that 89% of morphine and 98% of codeine were degraded at dose of 50 kGy. In addition, alkaloids and their by-products were not detected above 50 kGy. Here, we demonstrated that ionizing radiation process is a promising method to remove morphine and codeine in solvent/opiate rich industrial wastewater.
Acknowledgement
Authors wish to express their gratitude to both Turkish Atomic Energy Authority (TAEK-A3.H2.P3.03) and International Atomic Energy Agency (CRP-16406), which financially supported this work.
©2014 Walter de Gruyter Berlin/Boston
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Measurement of cross section of the 98Mo(n, γ)99Mo reaction using monochromatic thermal neutrons
- A new 2-oxy-N,N-dioctylacetamide grafted resin for the separation of trivalent actinides from nitric acid medium
- Mixer-settler runs for the evaluation of tri-iso-amyl phosphate (TiAP) as an alternate extractant to tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) for reprocessing applications
- Comparative study on the production of 68Ga from proton induced reactions on different targets: Evaluation of experimental data and model calculations
- Development of a production scale purification of Ge-68 from irradiated gallium metal
- New neutral and lipophilic technetium complexes based on a cytectrene moiety: synthesis, characterization and biological evaluation
- Degradation of morphine and codeine by gamma radiation in methanol solution
- Polycarbonate-based benzo-δ-sultam films for high-dose dosimetry in radiation processing
- Modeling of physico–chemical characteristics of concrete for filling trenches in radioactive waste management
