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A review of graphene, nanocellulose, and graphene/nanocellulose hybrid reinforced biopolymer composites in electronic applications

  • Muhammad Adlan Azka , Firdaus Abdul Halim Muhammad ORCID logo , Abdul Habib ORCID logo , Akmal , Razan Muhammad Railis , Salit Mohd Sapuan ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Hairul Abral and AL-Oqla Faris M. ORCID logo
Published/Copyright: October 22, 2025
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill

Abstract

Researchers are increasingly concentrating on the development of polymer composite materials for electronic applications, transitioning from synthetic polymers to biopolymers in response to escalating environmental concerns over waste management. Nonetheless, polymeric materials exhibit worse electrical characteristics and device longevity compared to inorganic semiconductors and metal conductors. Consequently, several researchers have explored the use of graphene and nanocellulose, along with the hybridization of these materials, to enhance the composites properties. This review article examines the use of graphene and nanocellulose in biopolymer composites, as well as the hybridization of graphene with nanocellulose to enhance biopolymer composites, highlighting its prospective advantages in electrical applications. This paper also explores the applications of these composites in the field of electronics, along with the latest advancements in their fabrication techniques. This review study offers researchers insights into the use of graphene and nanocellulose, as well as their hybridization in composites for electrical applications.


Corresponding author: Salit Mohd Sapuan, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Advanced Engineering Materials and Composites Research Centre (AEMC), Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia, and Institute of Energy Infrastructure (IEI), Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Jalan IKRAM-UNITEN, Kajang, 43000, Malaysia, E-mail:

Funding source: Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS)

Award Identifier / Grant number: FRGS/1/2023/TK09/UPM/01/3 and vote number of 55405

Acknowledgement

The authors would like to thank the editors Faris M. AL-Oqla, Afszaluddin Atiqah and S.M. Sapuan for their guidance and review of this article before its publication.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS), with project code FRGS/1/2023/TK09/UPM/01/3 and vote number of 5540599.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

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Received: 2024-10-31
Accepted: 2025-09-25
Published Online: 2025-10-22

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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