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Functionalization and performance of hybrid nanocellulose from plant-based/metal oxide nanocomposites for sustainable energy applications

  • Mageswari Manimaran , Mohd Nurazzi Norizan EMAIL logo , Mohamad Haafiz Mohamad Kassim , Mohd Sapuan Salit ORCID logo , Mohd Nor Faiz Norrrahim , Mohd Ridhwan Adam and Ahmad Ilyas Rushdan
Published/Copyright: February 4, 2025
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Physical Sciences Reviews
From the journal Physical Sciences Reviews Volume 10 Issue 1-2

Abstract

Growing concerns over our dependence on finite, non-renewable resources like petroleum and metals have driven the development of eco-friendly technologies centered on advanced hybrid nanomaterials. Among these, the use of renewable nanocellulose – ranging in size from 1 to 100 nm – has gained significant attention in nanotechnology research. Derived from sustainable sources, nanocellulose offers notable advantages; however, challenges persist when integrating it with metal oxide nanoparticles (MONPs). These challenges include high reactivity in cellular environments, elevated production costs, and a tendency to aggregate, leading to instability in both liquid and dry states. Aggregation can impair uniform dispersion and result in sediment formation in certain applications. A promising solution to these challenges is hybridizing MONPs with functionalized nanocellulose, a method widely adopted by researchers. This approach is cost-effective, environmentally sustainable, and produces a renewable material with low density, excellent stability, superior mechanical properties, and biocompatibility. However, several questions remain unresolved, such as the most commonly used functionalization techniques for MONPs hybridization, the underlying mechanisms, and the specific benefits of this hybridization. Based on current findings, oxidation and carboxymethylation emerge as the most frequently used functionalization techniques for hybridizing MONPs with nanocellulose. These processes introduce carboxylic acid and carboxymethyl groups, respectively, which act as capping agents that readily bond with MONPs. This results in high degrees of substitution (DS) and improved nanoparticle dispersion. Furthermore, hybridization enhances properties such as thermal stability, UV protection, antibacterial activity, adsorption capacity, and mechanical performance, underscoring its potential for diverse applications.

Keywords: nanocellulose; metal oxide; hybrid; nanocomposites; conjugation
Corresponding author: Mohd Nurazzi Norizan, Bioresource Technology Division, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia; and Green Biopolymer, Coatings & Packaging Cluster, School of Industrial Technology, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Minden, Penang 11800, Malaysia, E-mail:

Funding source: Kementerian Pengajian Tinggi Malaysia

Award Identifier / Grant number: FRGS/1/2023/STG05/USM/02/3

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the editors S.M. Sapuan, Mohd Roshdi Hassan, Eris Elianddy Supeni and Azizan As’arry for their guidance and review of this article before its publication.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: There is no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: Fundamental Research Grant Scheme (FRGS) (FRGS/1/2023/STG05/USM/02/3).

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

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Received: 2024-02-07
Accepted: 2025-01-08
Published Online: 2025-02-04

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Potential development of thermally stable polycrystalline photovoltaic modules utilizing biocomposite materials
  4. Mathematical modelling of hollow-fiber haemodialysis modules
  5. Computational modelling in liver system and liver disease
  6. An introduction to quantitative systems pharmacology for chemical engineers
  7. Macroscopic transport models for drugs and vehicles in cancer tissues
  8. Engaging pre-service teachers in an indigenous activity to investigate sustainability and green practices in palm oil production
  9. Performance of 6 × 6 CNT transistor array using composite nanomaterials for biomedical applications
  10. Functionalization and performance of hybrid nanocellulose from plant-based/metal oxide nanocomposites for sustainable energy applications
  11. Modelling drug permeation across the skin: a chemical engineering perspective
  12. Environmental life cycle analysis of natural fiber composites in energy sector
https://doi.org/10.1515/psr-2024-0025
Keywords for this article
nanocellulose; metal oxide; hybrid; nanocomposites; conjugation

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Reviews
  3. Potential development of thermally stable polycrystalline photovoltaic modules utilizing biocomposite materials
  4. Mathematical modelling of hollow-fiber haemodialysis modules
  5. Computational modelling in liver system and liver disease
  6. An introduction to quantitative systems pharmacology for chemical engineers
  7. Macroscopic transport models for drugs and vehicles in cancer tissues
  8. Engaging pre-service teachers in an indigenous activity to investigate sustainability and green practices in palm oil production
  9. Performance of 6 × 6 CNT transistor array using composite nanomaterials for biomedical applications
  10. Functionalization and performance of hybrid nanocellulose from plant-based/metal oxide nanocomposites for sustainable energy applications
  11. Modelling drug permeation across the skin: a chemical engineering perspective
  12. Environmental life cycle analysis of natural fiber composites in energy sector
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