Flexural analysis of hemp, kenaf and glass fibre-reinforced polyester resin
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Muhammad Aizuddin Mohamad
and
Napisah Sapiai
Abstract
Natural fibres have a high potential to replace synthetic fibres such as glass in a variety of applications. However, natural fibre-reinforced composites still have some limitations with respect to the mechanical performance especially in high load bearing capabilities. The hybridization of natural fibres with synthetic fibres in the same matrix has proven to create a balancing effect and enhanced the composites performance. Besides that, fibre architectures that include fibres continuity, fibres orientation, fibres arrangement and fibres interlocking are also considered to enhance the overall performance of the composites. In this study, the hemp mat, kenaf mat and glass chopped strand mat were hybridised with woven glass fibres, respectively in polyester resin to form 12 systems of the composites. The hybridization effects of different fibre core material, fibre core thickness and fibre arrangement on flexural response were investigated according to ASTM D7264. The results indicated that hybrid CSM glass/woven glass composite showed the highest flexural strength and modulus compared to hemp/woven glass and kenaf/woven glass composites, with about 377.15 ± 48.41 MPa and 16.74 ± 7.15 GPa. Among natural fibres, kenaf fibre (2WG/K/2WG) composite showed better flexural properties compared to hemp fibre (2WG/H/2WG) composite. 2WG/2G/2WG composites with two plies of CSM glass showed maximum flexural properties. As for hemp/woven glass and kenaf/glass hybrid composites, the flexural properties reached a maximum value in system arrangement of (2:1:2) but it reduced in the system arrangement of (2:2:2) and (2:4:2). On the evaluation effect of fibre arrangement, hemp, kenaf and glass mat used as core (arrange in the middle; (2:2:2)) showed higher flexural properties as compared to the use as skin (arrange in outer; (1:4:1)). (2WG/2K/2WG) showed better flexural properties than (2WG/2H/2WG) as the core, while (H/4WG/H) showed better flexural properties than (K/4WG/K) as skin.
Funding source: Strategic Research Partnership (SRP)
Award Identifier / Grant number: 100-RMC 5/3/SRP (018/2020)
Funding source: Dinamik Research Grant
Award Identifier / Grant number: 600-RMC/DINAMIK-POSTDOC 5/3 (004/2020)
Acknowledgment
The authors thank the Carbon Tech Global Sdn. Bhd. (CTG) Rawang for the technical supports.
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Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
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Research funding: This work was funded by Strategic Research Partnership (SRP) Grant No. 100-RMC 5/3/SRP (018/2020) and Dinamik Research Grant No. 600-RMC/DINAMIK-POSTDOC 5/3 (004/2020).
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Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
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Availability of data and material: Data can be made available by contacting the corresponding authors.
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© 2022 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Effect of sugarcane bagasse on thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic cassava starch/beeswax composites
- Investigation on impact properties of different type of fibre form: hybrid hemp/glass and kenaf/glass composites
- Material selection and conceptual design in natural fibre composites
- Fundamental study of commercial polylactic acid and coconut fiber/polylactic acid filaments for 3D printing
- Amine compounds post-treatment on formaldehyde emission and properties of urea formaldehyde bonded particleboard
- Properties of plybamboo manufactured from two Malaysian bamboo species—
- Mechanical performance and failure characteristics of cross laminated timber (CLT) manufactured from tropical hardwoods species
- Effect of stacking sequence on tensile properties of glass, hemp and kenaf hybrid composites
- Flexural analysis of hemp, kenaf and glass fibre-reinforced polyester resin
- Manufacturing defects of woven natural fibre thermoset composites
- Fumaric acid: fermentative production, applications and future perspectives
- Modeling, simulation and mixing time calculation of stirred tank for nanofluids using partially-averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) k u − ϵ u turbulence model
- Malic acid: fermentative production and applications
- Biotic farming using organic fertilizer for sustainable agriculture
- An overview about the approaches used in the production of alpha-ketoglutaric acid with their applications
- Conscientiousness of environmental concepts in sustainable development and ecological conservation
- Biochar: its characteristics application and utilization of on environment
- Biofuel as an alternative energy source for environmental sustainability
- Evaluation of the crystal structures of metal(II) 2-fluorobenzoate complexes
- Role of science in environmental conservation leading to sustainable development
- The phytotherapeutic potential of commercial South African medicinal plants: current knowledge and future prospects
- Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in East African water resources: progress, challenges, and future
- Embedding systems thinking in tertiary chemistry for sustainability
- Clean technology for sustainable development by geopolymer materials
- Role of semiconductor photo catalysts on mask pollution management
- An overview of mechanical and corrosion properties of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with plant based natural fibres
- Physical and mechanical properties of Acacia mangium plywood after sanding treatment
- Simple naturally occurring β-carboline alkaloids – role in sustainable theranostics
- A SWOT analysis of artificial intelligence in diagnostic imaging in the developing world: making a case for a paradigm shift
- Health in poultry- immunity and microbiome with regard to a concept of one health
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Reviews
- Effect of sugarcane bagasse on thermal and mechanical properties of thermoplastic cassava starch/beeswax composites
- Investigation on impact properties of different type of fibre form: hybrid hemp/glass and kenaf/glass composites
- Material selection and conceptual design in natural fibre composites
- Fundamental study of commercial polylactic acid and coconut fiber/polylactic acid filaments for 3D printing
- Amine compounds post-treatment on formaldehyde emission and properties of urea formaldehyde bonded particleboard
- Properties of plybamboo manufactured from two Malaysian bamboo species—
- Mechanical performance and failure characteristics of cross laminated timber (CLT) manufactured from tropical hardwoods species
- Effect of stacking sequence on tensile properties of glass, hemp and kenaf hybrid composites
- Flexural analysis of hemp, kenaf and glass fibre-reinforced polyester resin
- Manufacturing defects of woven natural fibre thermoset composites
- Fumaric acid: fermentative production, applications and future perspectives
- Modeling, simulation and mixing time calculation of stirred tank for nanofluids using partially-averaged Navier–Stokes (PANS) k u − ϵ u turbulence model
- Malic acid: fermentative production and applications
- Biotic farming using organic fertilizer for sustainable agriculture
- An overview about the approaches used in the production of alpha-ketoglutaric acid with their applications
- Conscientiousness of environmental concepts in sustainable development and ecological conservation
- Biochar: its characteristics application and utilization of on environment
- Biofuel as an alternative energy source for environmental sustainability
- Evaluation of the crystal structures of metal(II) 2-fluorobenzoate complexes
- Role of science in environmental conservation leading to sustainable development
- The phytotherapeutic potential of commercial South African medicinal plants: current knowledge and future prospects
- Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) and per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in East African water resources: progress, challenges, and future
- Embedding systems thinking in tertiary chemistry for sustainability
- Clean technology for sustainable development by geopolymer materials
- Role of semiconductor photo catalysts on mask pollution management
- An overview of mechanical and corrosion properties of aluminium matrix composites reinforced with plant based natural fibres
- Physical and mechanical properties of Acacia mangium plywood after sanding treatment
- Simple naturally occurring β-carboline alkaloids – role in sustainable theranostics
- A SWOT analysis of artificial intelligence in diagnostic imaging in the developing world: making a case for a paradigm shift
- Health in poultry- immunity and microbiome with regard to a concept of one health
