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Continuous synthesis of gold nanoparticles in micro- and millifluidic systems

  • He Huang

    He Huang received her BS degree from the department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Province, China) in 2012. She obtained an MSc degree in 2014 and continued her study as a PhD candidate at the department of Chemical Engineering, University College London under the supervision of Prof. Gavriilidis. Her research area is the controlled synthesis of gold nanocrystals in microfluidic systems.

    , Hendrik du Toit

    Hendrik du Toit received an MEng in Chemical Engineering from Imperial College London in 2011. He subsequently received his PhD from the University of Bath in 2015 whilst conducting research into the production of biocompatible biosensors and biofuel cells for implantable medical devices. He then joined Prof. Gavriilidis’ research group at University College London where his focus has been on developing continuous flow gold nanoparticle synthesis systems. His research interests include fuel cells, biosensing, nanomaterials, fluidic technologies and reactor design.

    , Luca Panariello

    Luca Panariello received both a BS (2014) and MSc (2016) degree in Chemical Engineering with honours at the University of Naples “Federico II” (Italy). He joined the department of Chemical Engineering at University College London in 2016 in a joint research project with the University of Naples “Federico II”. He was then awarded a Marie Skłodowska-Curie PhD scholarship in 2017 to work on process intensification of nanomaterials production under the supervision of Prof. Gavriilidis.

    , Luca Mazzei

    Luca Mazzei graduated in Chemical Engineering from the University of Naples “Federico II” (Italy) in 2001. He spent 3 years working for Technip KTI as a process and start-up engineer on sulphur recovery and refinery tail gas treatment. Subsequently he joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at University College London, first as a student, where he was awarded a PhD in 2008, and then promoted to Lecturer in 2009. His research activities deal with experimental and modelling of polydisperse multiphase systems, with focus on crystallization processes and nanoparticles synthesis, relying on advanced mathematical modelling and CFD.

    and Asterios Gavriilidis

    Asterios Gavriilidis obtained a Diploma from the University of Thessaloniki (Greece) in 1988, and an MSc in 1990 and PhD in 1993 from the University of Notre Dame, USA, all in Chemical Engineering. He joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at University College London (UK) in 1993, where he has been professor of Chemical Reaction Engineering since 2004. His research interests include chemical and catalytic reaction engineering, microreaction and microprocess technology, continuous nanomaterials synthesis.

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Published/Copyright: August 11, 2018
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Abstract

Gold nanomaterials have diverse applications ranging from healthcare and nanomedicine to analytical sciences and catalysis. Microfluidic and millifluidic reactors offer multiple advantages for their synthesis and manufacturing, including controlled or fast mixing, accurate reaction time control and excellent heat transfer. These advantages are demonstrated by reviewing gold nanoparticle synthesis strategies in flow devices. However, there are still challenges to be resolved, such as reactor fouling, particularly if robust manufacturing processes are to be developed to achieve the desired targets in terms of nanoparticle size, size distribution, surface properties, process throughput and robustness. Solutions to these challenges are more effective through a coordinated approach from chemists, engineers and physicists, which has at its core a qualitative and quantitative understanding of the synthesis processes and reactor operation. This is important as nanoparticle synthesis is complex, encompassing multiple phenomena interacting with each other, often taking place at short timescales. The proposed methodology for the development of reactors and processes is generic and contains various interconnected considerations. It aims to be a starting point towards rigorous design procedures for the robust and reproducible continuous flow synthesis of gold nanoparticles.

Graphical Abstract:

About the authors

He Huang

He Huang received her BS degree from the department of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology (Liaoning Province, China) in 2012. She obtained an MSc degree in 2014 and continued her study as a PhD candidate at the department of Chemical Engineering, University College London under the supervision of Prof. Gavriilidis. Her research area is the controlled synthesis of gold nanocrystals in microfluidic systems.

Hendrik du Toit

Hendrik du Toit received an MEng in Chemical Engineering from Imperial College London in 2011. He subsequently received his PhD from the University of Bath in 2015 whilst conducting research into the production of biocompatible biosensors and biofuel cells for implantable medical devices. He then joined Prof. Gavriilidis’ research group at University College London where his focus has been on developing continuous flow gold nanoparticle synthesis systems. His research interests include fuel cells, biosensing, nanomaterials, fluidic technologies and reactor design.

Luca Panariello

Luca Panariello received both a BS (2014) and MSc (2016) degree in Chemical Engineering with honours at the University of Naples “Federico II” (Italy). He joined the department of Chemical Engineering at University College London in 2016 in a joint research project with the University of Naples “Federico II”. He was then awarded a Marie Skłodowska-Curie PhD scholarship in 2017 to work on process intensification of nanomaterials production under the supervision of Prof. Gavriilidis.

Luca Mazzei

Luca Mazzei graduated in Chemical Engineering from the University of Naples “Federico II” (Italy) in 2001. He spent 3 years working for Technip KTI as a process and start-up engineer on sulphur recovery and refinery tail gas treatment. Subsequently he joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at University College London, first as a student, where he was awarded a PhD in 2008, and then promoted to Lecturer in 2009. His research activities deal with experimental and modelling of polydisperse multiphase systems, with focus on crystallization processes and nanoparticles synthesis, relying on advanced mathematical modelling and CFD.

Asterios Gavriilidis

Asterios Gavriilidis obtained a Diploma from the University of Thessaloniki (Greece) in 1988, and an MSc in 1990 and PhD in 1993 from the University of Notre Dame, USA, all in Chemical Engineering. He joined the Department of Chemical Engineering at University College London (UK) in 1993, where he has been professor of Chemical Reaction Engineering since 2004. His research interests include chemical and catalytic reaction engineering, microreaction and microprocess technology, continuous nanomaterials synthesis.

Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge funding for our research from EPSRC (grant EP/M015157/1) and European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under the Marie Skłodowska-Curie grant agreement No. 721290. A special thanks to Prof. Peter Dobson and Prof. Ivan Parkin for their insightful feedback to this chapter and our work in general. He Huang acknowledges support from the program of China Scholarships. This publication reflects only the authors’ view, exempting the Community from any liability.

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Published Online: 2018-08-11

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