On the trail of grammaticalization in progress: has el que become a compound relative pronoun in the history of Spanish prepositional relative clauses?

José Luis Blas Arroyo; Javier Vellón Lahoz

doi:10.1515/probus-2017-0010

Article

On the trail of grammaticalization in progress: has el que become a compound relative pronoun in the history of Spanish prepositional relative clauses?

José Luis Blas Arroyo and Javier Vellón Lahoz

Published/Copyright: April 10, 2018

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From the journal Probus Volume 30 Issue 1

Abstract

In this paper, we examine the grammatical status of el que in Spanish prepositional relative clauses (el lugar en el que vivo) [the place where I live] from a variationist perspective of the theory of grammaticalization. At least from the nineteenth century onwards, several authors have defended the nature of el que as a compound relative pronoun, even if these forms continue alternating today with others without the article [el lugar en que vivo], in contrast to el cual, a fully grammaticalized relative since the late fifteenth century.

Based on a 3,200,000 word corpus of immediacy text (mainly private letters), we test the hypothesis of el que being a case of grammaticalization in progress from a variationist point of view, examining in depth what happens inside the grammar and the socio-stylistic matrix in different periods of history, from 1700 to 1960. The idea underlying this approach is that the structure of changes as well as the grammaticalization in progress can be inferred from the comparative analysis between different quantitative magnitudes of functionally similar variants. To do so, we have performed three independent mixed-effects regression analyses (Rbrul), one for each century.

The results of these comparative analyses confirm the progression of el que in prepositional subordinate clauses between the early eighteenth century and the first half of the twentieth. Yet, this progression has taken place at a slow pace and, objectively, can only be described as moderate. Moreover, a number of elements of continuity in history are revealed, such as several conditioning factors that are systematically selected and with the same explanatory direction in all periods. This casts serious doubt on the existence of a grammaticalization in progress in the case of el que, and sees the evolution as not essentially different from other morphosyntactic changes that have taken place in the history of Spanish.

Keywords: Grammaticalization in progress; historical sociolinguistics; syntactic variation; linguistic change; relative clauses; communicative immediacy; variationist method; Spanish

Acknowledgement

This study is part of the research project entitled “Structural, social and idiolectal dimensions of linguistic change: new contributions from historical sociolinguistics to the study of Spanish,” funded by the Universitat Jaume I (Ref. UJI-B2017-01) and the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness (Ref. FFI2017-86194-P). We would like to thank Carme Barberà, Susana Martínez, Maria Chiara Marullo and Jordi Ayza for their collaboration in various tasks related to the project. We also thank three anonymous reviewers for their insightful and constructive comments. Any remaining errors are our sole responsibility.

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Published Online: 2018-4-10

Published in Print: 2018-4-25

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Articles in the same Issue

https://doi.org/10.1515/probus-2017-0010

Keywords for this article

Grammaticalization in progress; historical sociolinguistics; syntactic variation; linguistic change; relative clauses; communicative immediacy; variationist method; Spanish