Metallography and Biomimetics – Or New Surfaces Without Chemistry?
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T. Fox
Tobias Fox After completing his bachelor's degree at Saarland University, Tobias Fox received the "Deutschlandstipendium" and studied the international master's program "Advanced Materials Science and Engineering" (AMASE) at Saarland University and the UPC in Barcelona. Since 2019 he is a PhD student at the Chair of Functional Materials at UdS, where he is working on the production of antibacterial surfaces by laser structuring.
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S. M. Lößlein
Abstract
Fingerprints, a butterfly’s wings, or a lotus leaf: when it comes to surfaces, there is no such thing as coincidence in animated nature. Based on their surfaces, animals and plants control their wettability, their swimming resistance, their appearance, and much more. Evolution has optimized these surfaces and developed a microstructure that fits every need. It is all the more astonishing that, with regard to technical surfaces, man confines himself to random roughnesses or “smooth” surfaces. It is surely not a problem of a lack of incentives: structured surfaces have already provided evidence of optimizing friction and wear [1, 2, 3, 4], improving electrical contacts [5, 6], making implants biocompatible [7, 8], keeping away harmful bacteria [9], and much more. How come we continue counting on grinding, polishing, sandblasting, or etching? As so often, the problem can be found in economic cost effectiveness. It is possible to produce interesting structures such as those of the feather in Fig. 1. However, generating fine structures in the micro and nanometer range usually requires precise processing techniques. This is complex, time-consuming, and cannot readily be integrated into a manufacturing process. Things are different with Direct Laser Interference Patterning, DLIP) [10, 11]. This method makes use of the strong interference pattern of overlapped laser beams as a “stamp” to provide an entire surface area with dots, lines, or other patterns – in one shot. It thus saves time, allows for patterning speeds of up to 1 m2/min and does it without an elaborate pre- or post-treatment [10, 12]. The following article intends to outline how the method works, which structures can be generated, and how the complex multi-scale structures that nature developed over millions of years can be replicated in only one step.
Kurzfassung
Ob Fingerabdruck, Schmetterlingsflügel oder Lotusblatt, in der belebten Natur gibt es keine zufälligen Oberflächen. Über ihre Oberflächen steuern Tiere und Pflanzen ihre Benetzbarkeit, ihren Schwimmwiderstand, ihr Aussehen und vieles mehr. Die Evolution hat diese Oberflächen optimiert und für jeden Bedarf eine passende Mikrostruktur entwickelt. Umso erstaunlicher ist es, dass der Mensch sich bei seinen technischen Oberflächen auf zufällige Rauigkeiten oder „glatte“ Oberflächen beschränkt. Mangelnder Anreiz ist sicherlich nicht das Problem: Strukturierte Oberflächen haben bereits bewiesen, dass sie Reibung und Verschleiß optimieren [1, 2, 3, 4], elektrische Kontakte verbessern [5, 6], Implantate biokompatibel machen [7, 8], gefährliche Bakterien abhalten [9] und vieles mehr. Woran liegt es dann, dass wir uns weiterhin auf Schleifen, Polieren, Sandstrahlen oder Ätzen verlassen? Das Problem liegt wie so oft in der Wirtschaftlichkeit. Interessante Strukturen, wie die der Feder in Bild 1 herzustellen ist möglich, benötigt für gewöhnlich allerdings präzise Bearbeitungstechniken, um die feinen Strukturen im Mikro- und Nanometerbereich erzeugen zu können. Das ist aufwendig, kostet Zeit und ist nicht ohne Weiteres in einen Fertigungsprozess integrierbar. Die direkte Laserinterferenzstrukturierung (Direct Laser Interference Patterning: DLIP) ändert das [10, 11]. Die Methode nutzt das starke Interferenzmuster überlagerter Laserstrahlen als „Stempel“, um mit einem Schuss gleich eine ganze Fläche mit Punkten, Linien oder anderen Mustern zu versehen. Das spart Zeit und ermöglicht Strukturierungsgeschwindigkeiten von bis zu 1m2/min ohne aufwendige Vor- oder Nachbehandlung [10, 12]. Der folgende Artikel soll erläutern, wie die Methode funktioniert, welche Strukturen erzeugt werden können und wie die komplizierten mehrskaligen Strukturen, die die Natur über Jahrmillionen entwickelt hat in nur einem Schritt nachgebaut werden können.
About the author
Tobias Fox After completing his bachelor's degree at Saarland University, Tobias Fox received the "Deutschlandstipendium" and studied the international master's program "Advanced Materials Science and Engineering" (AMASE) at Saarland University and the UPC in Barcelona. Since 2019 he is a PhD student at the Chair of Functional Materials at UdS, where he is working on the production of antibacterial surfaces by laser structuring.
Acknowledgement
The authors would like to thank for the financial support for the project “ZuMat” (supported by the Saarland State Chancellery with resources from the European Fund for Regional Development (EFRE)) and for the project „Pulsatec“ (supported as part of the EFRE program Interreg Greater Region). Parts of this work were financially supported by the German Research Foundation (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft, DFG) under the projects “Kontrollierte bakterielle Interaktion zur Steigerung der antimikrobiellen Effizienz von Kupfer Oberflächen” (Controlled bacterial interaction for enhancing the antimicrobial efficiency of copper surfaces) (project number 415956642) and “Einfluss von Oberflächentopograpie and -chemie auf das Benetzungsverhalten lasterstrukturierter, metallischer Oberflächen” (Impact of the surface topography and chemistry on the wetting behavior of laser structured metallic surfaces) (project number 435334669).
Danksagung
Die Autoren bedanken sich für die Förderung im Projekt ZuMat (gefördert von der Staatskanzlei des Saarlandes aus Mitteln des Europäischen Fonds für Regionale Entwicklung (EFRE) sowie im Projekt Pulsatec (gefördert im EFRE-Programm Interreg Großregion). Teile dieser Arbeit wurden von der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) im Rahmen der Projekte „Kontrollierte bakterielle Interaktion zur Steigerung der antimikrobiellen Effizienz von Kupfer Oberflächen“ (Projektnummer 415956642) und „Einfluss von Oberflächentopograpie und -chemie auf das Benetzungsverhalten lasterstrukturierter, metallischer Oberflächen“ (Projektnummer 435334669) gefördert.
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- Metallography and Biomimetics – Or New Surfaces Without Chemistry?
- What can Günter Petzow's tetrahedron mean now?
- Picture of the Month
- Picture of the Month
- People
- Congratulations, dear Petz: Herzlichen Glückwunsch, lieber Petz!
- Meeting Diary
- Meeting Diary
Articles in the same Issue
- Contents
- Editorial
- Patience Alone is not Enough – A Guide for the Preparation of Low-Defect Sections from Pure Copper
- Scale-bridging Microstructural Analysis – A Correlative Approach to Microstructure Quantification Combining Microscopic Images and EBSD Data
- Pigment Analysis Using Techniques from the Field of Materials Science – a Contribution to the Restoration of the “Frankfurt Kitchen”
- Metallography and Biomimetics – Or New Surfaces Without Chemistry?
- What can Günter Petzow's tetrahedron mean now?
- Picture of the Month
- Picture of the Month
- People
- Congratulations, dear Petz: Herzlichen Glückwunsch, lieber Petz!
- Meeting Diary
- Meeting Diary
