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TiO2, Au@TiO2 and C-Au@TiO2 nanocomposites for enhanced photodegradation of commercial henna dye

  • Balakrishnan Karthikeyan ORCID logo EMAIL logo , Kathirasan S. Ramya , Parameswari R. Nithiasri and Jeevanandham Aarthi
Published/Copyright: November 11, 2025
Pure and Applied Chemistry
From the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry

Abstract

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been extensively researched in a variety of domains, such as catalysis, photocatalysis and antibacterial agents. It has been discovered that TiO2 nanocomposite doped with gold are very effective in photo catalytically degrading organic pollutants. As a result, TiO2, Au@TiO2 and C-Au@TiO2 materials are an excellent choice for these applications. The crystal phase, particle size, and shape all effect the fascinating physical and chemical properties. TiO2. TiO2, Au@TiO2 and C-Au@TiO2 nanocomposites are prepared by co-precipitation method. XRD, FTIR, UV-DRS, FE-SEM and EDX studies are used to characterize these nanocomposite. Optical bandgap energy is reduced when carbon sphere and gold were loaded on to the TiO2 nano semiconductor. Its morphological, optical, and electrical characteristics make the as prepared C-Au@TiO2 will be the better choice in environmental applications. C-Au@TiO2 has low band gap energy when compared to Au@TiO2 and TiO2. It is an excellent catalyst for photocatalytic degradation of commercial Henna dye which conatians Lawsone as the maor chemical compound which need to de degradaed in the environmental pollution caused by it. The proposed C-Au@TiO2 catalyst degraded the commercial henna dye (Lawsone) with the good efficiency of 79 % in lesser time scale is reported for first time in this work.

Keywords: Carbon sphere; co-precipitation and band gap energy; commercial henna dye (CH); IUPAC2025; photocatalytic activity
Corresponding author: Balakrishnan Karthikeyan, Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalai Nagar, Chidambaram 608 002, India, e-mail:
Article note: A collection of articles based on contributions from the 50th IUPAC World Chemistry Congress held from July 14–19, 2025, in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia and organized by the Institut Kimia Malaysia (IKM).

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: BK: concept supervision, KSR: data aquistion, PRN: analysing data, JA: checking.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The author states no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: None declared.

  7. Data availability: All the data are included in the manuscript.

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Received: 2025-09-03
Accepted: 2025-10-29
Published Online: 2025-11-11

© 2025 IUPAC & De Gruyter

https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2025-0607
Keywords for this article
Carbon sphere; co-precipitation and band gap energy; commercial henna dye (CH); IUPAC2025; photocatalytic activity
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