Skip to main content
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Removal of acidic dyes; acid yellow 25 and acid red 4 from wastewater by degassed activated carbon

  • , , , EMAIL logo , , and
Published/Copyright: September 18, 2024
Pure and Applied Chemistry
From the journal Pure and Applied Chemistry Volume 97 Issue 3

Abstract

Activated carbon was prepared at 300 °C and 600 °C, characterized by SEM, EDX and XRD, and was then used as an adsorbent for the removal of acidic dyes; acid yellow 25 and acid red 4. The activated carbon prepared at high temperature (600 °C) due to its high carbon contents and surface area was subsequently used as adsorbent for the selected dyes adsorption using batch adsorption approaches to estimate different adsorption parameters. For the estimation of kinetics and equilibrium parameters a number of kinetics and isotherm models were employed. Dyes were adsorbed on activated carbon surface at a high rate for the first 15 min, after which it began to diffuse into the micro pores and thus the process became steady. The rate constant was estimated for first and second order kinetics models. The maximum adsorption capacities recorded were 526.32 mg g−1 for acid red 4 and 555.55 mg g−1 for acid yellow 25. The enthalpy change values recorded were; 19.44 kJ mol−1 for acid yellow 25 adsorption and 16 kJ mol−1 for acid red 4 adsorption, meant that the process is endothermic. The negative values of Gibbs free energy change (−393.28, −1,515.48, −2,634.68 J mol−1) of acid red 4 and acid yellow 25 (−251.72, −1,058.06, −2,367.84 J mol−1) at tested temperatures, confirmed the feasibility and spontaneity of the adsorption processes. The adsorption of dyes on the carbon surface was diffusion-controlled process, as demonstrated by the linear graph of intraparticle diffusion model.

Keywords: Adsorption; dyes; isotherms; kinetics
Corresponding author: Muhammad Zahoor, Department of Biochemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Dir Lower, KPK, 18800, Pakistan, e-mail:

Acknowledgment

The authors extend their appreciation to the researchers supporting Project number (RSP2024R110) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, for financial support.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: AG and MI performed experiments. SA, MZ, MNU, RU and ZI conceptualize the study, designed the experiments, wrote and edit the intial draft of paper, arranged resources for the research work. SA and MZ have supervized the work. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: Researchers supporting Project number (RSP2024R110) King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

  7. Data availability: Not applicable.

References

1. Ghodsi, S.; Kamranifar, M.; Fatehizadeh, A.; Taheri, E.; Bina, B.; Hublikar, L. V.; Ganachari, S. V., Nadagouda, M.; Aminabhavi, T. M. New Insights on the Decolorization of Waste flows by Saccharomyces cerevisiae Strain – A Systematic Review. Environ. Res. 2024, 249, 118398; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2024.118398.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

2. Topić Popović, N.; Lorencin, V.; Strunjak-Perović, I.; Čož-Rakovac, R. Shell Waste Management and Utilization: Mitigating Organic Pollution and Enhancing Sustainability. Appl. Sci. 2023, 13 (1), 623; https://doi.org/10.3390/app13010623.Search in Google Scholar

3. Sharma, A.; Balasaravanan, R.; Thomas, K. J.; Ram, M.; Dubey, D. K.; Yadav, R. A. K.; Jou, J. H. Tuning Photophysical and Electroluminescent Properties of Phenanthroimidazole Decorated Carbazoles with Donor and Acceptor Units: Beneficial Role of Cyano Substitution. Dyes Pigm. 2021, 184, 108830; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dyepig.2020.108830.Search in Google Scholar

4. Iqbal, S.; Ansari, T. N. Extraction and Application of Natural Dyes. Sustain. Pract. Textil. Ind. 2021, 1–40; https://doi.org/10.1002/9781119818915.ch1.Search in Google Scholar

5. Hanafi, M. F.; Sapawe, N. A Review on the Water Problem Associate with Organic Pollutants Derived from Phenol, Methyl Orange, and Remazol Brilliant Blue Dyes. Mater. Today: Proc. 2020, 31, A141–A150; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matpr.2021.01.258.Search in Google Scholar

6. Zeng, G.; Zhang, R.; Liang, D.; Wang, F.; Han, Y.; Luo, Y.; Gao, P.; Wang, Q.; Wang, Q.; Yu, C.; Jin, L.; Sun, D. Comparison of the Advantages and Disadvantages of Algae Removal Technology and Its Development Status. Water 2023, 15 (6), 1104; https://doi.org/10.3390/w15061104.Search in Google Scholar

7. Saad Algarni, T.; Al-Mohaimeed, A. M. Water Purification by Absorption of Pigments or Pollutants via Metaloxide. J. King Saud Univ. Sci. 2022, 34, 102339; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksus.2022.102339.Search in Google Scholar

8. Maity, S. Progress in Innovative Green Chemistry and Circular Economy in Textiles. In Textile Dyes and Pigments. A Green Chemistry Approach; John Wiley & Sons: New Jersey, USA, 2022; pp 443–455.10.1002/9781119905332.ch23Search in Google Scholar

9. Al-Tohamy, R.; Ali, S. S.; Li, F.; Okasha, K. M.; Mahmoud, Y. A. G.; Elsamahy, T.; Jiao, H.; Fu, Y.; Sun, J. A Critical Review on the Treatment of Dye-Containing Wastewater: Ecotoxicological and Health Concerns of Textile Dyes and Possible Remediation Approaches for Environmental Safety. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 2022, 231, 113160; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113160.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

10. Lee, S.-Y.; Kim, S.; Kang, M. J.; Song, K. B.; Choi, E. J.; Jung, S.; Yoon, J. S.; Sun, D. I.; Shin, Y. H.; Kim, K. W.; Ahn, K.; Hong, S. J. Phenotype of Atopic Dermatitis with Food Allergy Predicts Development of Childhood Asthma via Gut Wnt Signaling. Allergy Asthma Immunol. Res. 2022, 14 (6), 674–686; https://doi.org/10.4168/aair.2022.14.6.674.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

11. Rafiei, N.; Fatehizadeh, A.; Amin, M. M.; Pourzamani, H. R.; Ebrahimi, A.; Taheri, E.; Aminabhavi, T. M. Application of UV/Chlorine Processes for the DR83: 1 Degradation from Wastewater: Effect of Coexisting Anions. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 297, 113349; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113349.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

12. Davarazar, M.; Kamali, M.; Venâncio, C.; Gabriel, A.; Aminabhavi, T. M.; Lopes, I. Activation of Persulfate Using Copper Oxide Nanoparticles for the Degradation of Rhodamine B Containing Effluents: Degradation Efficiency and Ecotoxicological Studies. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 453, 139799; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.139799.Search in Google Scholar

13. Sang, Y.; Roest, M.; de Laat, B.; de Groot, P. G.; Huskens, D. Interplay between Platelets and Coagulation. Blood Rev. 2021, 46, 100733; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.blre.2020.100733.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

14. Asadi, A.; Pourfattah, F.; Miklós Szilágyi, I.; Afrand, M.; Żyła, G.; Seon Ahn, H.; Wongwises, S.; Minh Nguyen, H.; Arabkoohsar, A.; Mahian, O. Effect of Sonication Characteristics on Stability, Thermophysical Properties, and Heat Transfer of Nanofluids: A Comprehensive Review. Ultrason. Sonochem. 2019, 58, 104701; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104701.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

15. Teymourinia, H.; Rtimi, S.; Ghalkhani, M.; Ramazani, A.; Aminabhavi, T. M. Flower-like Nanocomposite of Carbon Quantum Dots, MoS2, and Dendritic Ag-based Z-scheme Type Photocatalysts for Effective Tartrazine Degradation. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 473, 145239; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2023.145239.Search in Google Scholar

16. Shen, X.; Dai, M.; Yang, J.; Sun, L.; Tan, X.; Peng, C.; Ali, I.; Naz, I. A Critical Review on the Phytoremediation of Heavy Metals from Environment: Performance and Challenges. Chemosphere 2022, 291, 132979; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132979.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

17. Vishani, D. B.; Shrivastav, A. Enzymatic Decolorization and Degradation of Azo Dyes. Development in Wastewater Treatment Research. Processes 2022, 419–432.10.1016/B978-0-323-85657-7.00020-1Search in Google Scholar

18. Pakade, V. E.; Tavengwa, N. T.; Madikizela, L. M. Recent Advances in Hexavalent Chromium Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Adsorptive Methods. Rsc Adv. 2019, 9 (45), 26142–26164; https://doi.org/10.1039/c9ra05188k.Search in Google Scholar PubMed PubMed Central

19. Al-Gheethi, A. A.; Azhar, Q. M.; Senthil Kumar, P.; Yusuf, A. A.; Al-Buriahi, A. K.; Radin Mohamed, R. M. S.; Al-Gheethi, A. A.; Azhar, Q. M.; Kumar, P. S.; Yusuf, A. A.; Al-Buriahi, A. K.; Mohamed, R. M. S. R.; Al-shaibani, M. M. Sustainable Approaches for Removing Rhodamine B Dye Using Agricultural Waste Adsorbents: A Review. Chemosphere 2022, 287, 132080; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132080.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

20. Zolgharnein, J.; Bagtash, M.; Shariatmanesh, T. Simultaneous Removal of Binary Mixture of Brilliant Green and Crystal Violet Using Derivative Spectrophotometric Determination, Multivariate Optimization and Adsorption Characterization Of Dyes on Surfactant Modified Nano-γ-alumina. Spectrochim. Acta Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2015, 137, 1016–1028; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.saa.2014.08.115.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

21. Ahmadijokani, F.; Ahmadipouya, S.; Haris, M. H.; Rezakazemi, M.; Bokhari, A.; Molavi, H.; Ahmadipour, M.; Pung, S. Y.; Klemeš, J. J.; Aminabhavi, T. M.; Arjmand, M. Magnetic Nitrogen-Rich UiO-66 Metal–Organic Framework: An Efficient Adsorbent for Water Treatment. ACS Appl. Mater. Interfaces 2023, 15 (25), 30106–30116; https://doi.org/10.1021/acsami.3c02171.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

22. Bilal, M.; Ihsanullah, I.; Hassan Shah, M. U.; Bhaskar Reddy, A. V.; Aminabhavi, T. M. Recent Advances in the Removal of Dyes from Wastewater Using Low-Cost Adsorbents. J. Environ. Manage. 2022, 321, 115981; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.115981.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

23. Heidarinejad, Z.; Dehghani, M. H.; Heidari, M.; Javedan, G.; Ali, I.; Sillanpää, M. Methods for Preparation and Activation of Activated Carbon: A Review. Environ. Chem. Lett. 2020, 18, 393–415; https://doi.org/10.1007/s10311-019-00955-0.Search in Google Scholar

24. Gopalan, J.; Buthiyappan, A.; Raman, A. A. A. Insight into Metal-Impregnated Biomass Based Activated Carbon for Enhanced Carbon Dioxide Adsorption: A Review. J. Ind. Eng. Chem. 2022, 13, 326–561.10.1016/j.jiec.2022.06.026Search in Google Scholar

25. Moghadam, M. J.; Ajalloeian, R.; Hajiannia, A. Preparation and Application of Alkali-Activated Materials Based on Waste Glass and Coal Gangue: A Review. Constr. Build. Mater. 2019, 221, 84–98; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.06.071.Search in Google Scholar

26. Adly, M.; El-Dafrawy, S. M.; El-Hakam, S. Application of Nanostructured Graphene Oxide/Titanium Dioxide Composites for Photocatalytic Degradation of Rhodamine B and Acid Green 25 Dyes. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2019, 8 (6), 5610–5622; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2019.09.029.Search in Google Scholar

27. Ghazzaf, H.; Nechchadi, B.; Jouali, A.; Salhi, A.; El Krati, M.; Tahiri, S. Synthesis of Heterogeneous Photo-Fenton Catalyst from Iron Rust and Its Application to Degradation of Acid Red 97 in Aqueous Medium. J. Environ. Chem. Eng. 2022, 10 (3), 107570; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jece.2022.107570.Search in Google Scholar

28. Boumchita, S. Application of Peanut Shell as a Low-Cost Adsorbent for the Removal of Anionic Dye from Aqueous Solutions. J. Mater. Environ. Sci. 2017, 8 (7), 2353–2364.Search in Google Scholar

29. Yolanda, Y. D.; Nandiyanto, A. B. D. How to Read and Calculate Diameter Size from Electron Microscopy Images. ASEAN J. Sci. Eng. Educ. 2022, 2 (1), 11–36; https://doi.org/10.17509/ajsee.v2i1.35203.Search in Google Scholar

30. dos Santos, F. R.; de Oliveira, J. F.; Bona, E.; Barbosa, G. M.; Melquiades, F. L. Evaluation of Pre-Processing and Variable Selection on Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectral Data with Partial Least Square Regression: A Case of Study for Soil Organic Carbon Prediction. Spectrochim. Acta B Atom Spectrosc. 2021, 175, 106016; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sab.2020.106016.Search in Google Scholar

31. Bunaciu, A. A.; Udriştioiu, E. G.; Aboul-Enein, H. Y. X-ray Diffraction: Instrumentation and Applications. Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem. 2015, 45 (4), 289–299; https://doi.org/10.1080/10408347.2014.949616.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

32. Revellame, E. D.; Fortela, D. L.; Sharp, W.; Hernandez, R.; Zappi, M. E. Adsorption Kinetic Modeling Using Pseudo-First Order and Pseudo-Second Order Rate Laws: A Review. Clean. Eng. Technol. 2020, 1, 100032; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clet.2020.100032.Search in Google Scholar

33. Ezzati, R. Derivation of Pseudo-First-Order, Pseudo-Second-Order and Modified Pseudo-First-Order Rate Equations from Langmuir and Freundlich Isotherms for Adsorption. Chem. Eng. J. 2020, 392, 123705; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2019.123705.Search in Google Scholar

34. Masinga, T.; Moyo, M.; Pakade, V. E. Removal of Hexavalent Chromium by Polyethyleneimine Impregnated Activated Carbon: Intra-particle Diffusion, Kinetics and Isotherms. J. Mater. Res. Technol. 2022, 18, 1333–1344; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmrt.2022.03.062.Search in Google Scholar

35. Guo, X.; Wang, J. Comparison of Linearization Methods for Modeling the Langmuir Adsorption Isotherm. J. Mol. Liq. 2019, 296, 111850; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2019.111850.Search in Google Scholar

36. Rajahmundry, G. K.; Garlapati, C.; Kumar, P. S.; Alwi, R. S.; Vo, D. V. N. Statistical Analysis of Adsorption Isotherm Models and its Appropriate Selection. Chemosphere 2021, 276, 130176; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130176.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

37. Mabuza, M.; Premlall, K.; Daramola, M. O. Modelling and Thermodynamic Properties of Pure CO2 and Flue Gas Sorption Data on South African Coals Using Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Extended Langmuir Isotherm Models. Int. J. Coal Sci. Technol. 2022, 9 (1), 45; https://doi.org/10.1007/s40789-022-00515-y.Search in Google Scholar

38. Xue, H.; Gao, X.; Seliem, M. K.; Mobarak, M.; Dong, R.; Wang, X.; Fu, K.; Li, Q.; Li, Z. Efficient Adsorption of Anionic Azo Dyes on Porous Heterostructured MXene/Biomass Activated Carbon Composites: Experiments, Characterization, and Theoretical Analysis via Advanced Statistical Physics Models. Chem. Eng. J. 2023, 451, 138735; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2022.138735.Search in Google Scholar

39. Sahu, S.; Pahi, S.; Tripathy, S.; Singh, S. K.; Behera, A.; Sahu, U. K.; Patel, R. K. Adsorption of Methylene Blue on Chemically Modified Lychee Seed Biochar: Dynamic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study. J. Mol. Liq. 2020, 315, 113743; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113743.Search in Google Scholar

40. Nazir, M. A.; Elsadek, M. F.; Ullah, S.; Hossain, I.; Najam, T.; Ullah, S.; Muhammad, N.; Shah, S. S. A.; Rehman, A. U. Synthesis of bimetallic Mn@ ZIF–8 nanostructure for the adsorption removal of methyl orange dye from water. Inorg. Chem. Commun. 2024, 165, 112294; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inoche.2024.112294.Search in Google Scholar

41. Gautam, R. K.; Rawat, V.; Banerjee, S.; Sanroman, M. A.; Soni, S.; Singh, S. K.; Chattopadhyaya, M. C. Synthesis of Bimetallic Fe–Zn Nanoparticles and its Application Towards Adsorptive Removal of Carcinogenic Dye Malachite Green and Congo Red in Water. J. Mol. Liq. 2015, 212, 227–236; https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molliq.2015.09.006.Search in Google Scholar

42. Alam, S.; Ullah, S.; Ilyas, M.; Rahman, N. U.; Zahoor, M.; Umar, M. N.; Ullah, R.; Ali, E. A. Silver, Copper, and Cobalt Trimetallic Nanoparticles; Synthesis, Characterization and its Application as Adsorbent for Acid Blue 7 Dye. Z. Phys. Chem. 2023, 237 (12), 2037–2053; https://doi.org/10.1515/zpch-2023-0370.Search in Google Scholar
Published Online: 2024-09-18
Published in Print: 2025-03-26

© 2024 IUPAC & De Gruyter

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. In this issue
  3. Research Articles
  4. Design and antibacterial application of silver phthalocyanine-silver modified silicate immobilized on fabric
  5. Gold nanoparticles capped with α-cyclodextrin for dual colorimetric sensing of Fe3+ and Cr3+ in tap water
  6. Removal of acidic dyes; acid yellow 25 and acid red 4 from wastewater by degassed activated carbon
  7. ImageJ and smartphone app chemistry analyzer using image-based colorimetric assay for quantitative detection of melamine
  8. Nanotube formation and coating of hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol-collagen composite on Ti-6Al-4V metal alloy
  9. Nano gold catalyst preparation and it’s p-nitrophenol catalytic degradation properties
  10. Synthesis and characterization of gelzan nanocomposite scaffold incorporating Ag/Fe2+ co-doped hydroxyapatite for antibacterial bone tissue regeneration
https://doi.org/10.1515/pac-2024-0240
Keywords for this article
Adsorption; dyes; isotherms; kinetics

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. In this issue
  3. Research Articles
  4. Design and antibacterial application of silver phthalocyanine-silver modified silicate immobilized on fabric
  5. Gold nanoparticles capped with α-cyclodextrin for dual colorimetric sensing of Fe3+ and Cr3+ in tap water
  6. Removal of acidic dyes; acid yellow 25 and acid red 4 from wastewater by degassed activated carbon
  7. ImageJ and smartphone app chemistry analyzer using image-based colorimetric assay for quantitative detection of melamine
  8. Nanotube formation and coating of hydroxyapatite-polyvinyl alcohol-collagen composite on Ti-6Al-4V metal alloy
  9. Nano gold catalyst preparation and it’s p-nitrophenol catalytic degradation properties
  10. Synthesis and characterization of gelzan nanocomposite scaffold incorporating Ag/Fe2+ co-doped hydroxyapatite for antibacterial bone tissue regeneration
Downloaded on 26.4.2026 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/pac-2024-0240/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button