Regimes of linguistic entrepreneurship: neoliberalism, the entanglement of language ideologies and affective regime in language education policy

References

Anderson, Benedict. 1983. Imagined communities: Reflections on the origins and spread of nationalism. London & New York: Verso.Search in Google Scholar

Anderson, Ben. 2015. Neoliberal affects. Progress in Human Geography 40(6). 734–753.10.1177/0309132515613167Search in Google Scholar

Block, David. 2018. Political economy and sociolinguistics: Neoliberalism, inequality and social class. London, UK: Bloomsbury Publishing.Search in Google Scholar

Block, David, John Gray & Marnie Holborow. 2012. Neoliberalism and applied linguistics. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203128121Search in Google Scholar

Blommaert, Jan. 2008. Notes of power. Working Papers in Language Diversity 7. 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348450701804730.Search in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1991. Language and symbolic power. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Caddell, Martha. 2006. Private schools as battlefields: Contested visions of learning and livelihood in Nepal. Compare 36(4). 463–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057920601024909.Search in Google Scholar

Canagarajah, Suresh. 2017. Translingual practices and neoliberal policies. Cham, Switzerland: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-41243-6Search in Google Scholar

Caplan, Lionel. 2000. Land and social change in east Nepal: A study of Hindu-tribal relations. Kathmandu: Himal Books.Search in Google Scholar

Carney, Stephen. 2003. Globalization, neo-liberalism and the limitations of school effectiveness research in developing countries: The case of Nepal. Globalisation, Societies and Education 1. 87–101. https://doi.org/10.1080/1476772032000061833.Search in Google Scholar

Cummins, Jim. 2007. Rethinking monolingual instructional strategies in multilingual classrooms. Canadian Journal of Applied Linguistics/Revue Canadienne de Linguistique Appliquée 10(2). 221–240.Search in Google Scholar

Cummins, Jim & Margaret Early. 2010. Identity texts: The collaborative creation of power in multilingual schools. Staffordshire: Trentham Books.Search in Google Scholar

Davis, Kathryn A. & Phyak Prem. 2015. In the face of neoliberal adversity: Engaging language education policy and practices. L2. Journal 7(3). 146–166.10.5070/L27323494Search in Google Scholar

Davis, Kathryn A. & Phyak Prem. 2017. Engaged language policy and practices. New York, NY: Taylor & Francis.10.4324/9781317442493Search in Google Scholar

De Costa, Peter I., Joseph Sung-Yul Park & Lionel Wee. 2016. Language learning as linguistic entrepreneurship: Implications for language education. The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher 25(5–6). 695–702. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40299-016-0302-5.Search in Google Scholar

De Costa, Peter I., Joseph Sung-Yul Park & Wee Lionel. 2019. Linguistic entrepreneurship as affective regime: Organizations, audit culture, and second/foreign language education policy. Language Policy 18(3). 387–406. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-018-9492-4.Search in Google Scholar

De Korne, Haley. 2010. Indigenous language education policy: Supporting community-controlled immersion in Canada and the US. Language Policy 9(2). 115–141. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10993-010-9165-4.Search in Google Scholar

De Korne, Haley & Wesley Y. Leonard. 2017. Reclaiming languages: Contesting and decolonising ‘language endangerment’ from the ground up. Language Documentation and Description 14(2017). 5–14.Search in Google Scholar

Duchêne, Alexandre & Monica Heller. 2012. Language in late capitalism: Pride and profit. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203155868Search in Google Scholar

Flores, Nelson. 2013. The unexamined relationship between neoliberalism and plurilingualism: A cautionary tale. Tesol Quarterly 47(3). 500–520. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.114.Search in Google Scholar

Foucault, Michel. 2008. The birth of biopolitics: Lectures at the Collège de France, 1978–1979. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.Search in Google Scholar

Gellman, Mneesha. 2019. The right to learn our (m)other tongues: Indigenous languages and neoliberal citizenship in El Salvador and Mexico. British Journal of Sociology of Education 40(4). 523–537. https://doi.org/10.1080/01425692.2019.1565990.Search in Google Scholar

Giri, Ram Ashish. 2014. Changing faces of English: Why English is not a foreign language in Nepal. Journal of World Languages 1(3). 192–209. https://doi.org/10.1080/21698252.2014.989643.Search in Google Scholar

Harvey, David. 2005. The new imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Heller, Monica. 2003. Globalization, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity. Journal of SocioLinguistics 7. 473–492. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9841.2003.00238.x.Search in Google Scholar

Heller, Monica. 2011. Paths to post-nationalism: A critical ethnography of language and identity. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199746866.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Hermes, Mary. 2014. Revitalizing Indigenous languages through Indigenous immersion education. Journal of Immersion and Content-Based Language Education 2(2). 303–322. https://doi.org/10.1075/jicb.2.2.10her.Search in Google Scholar

Holborow, Marnie. 2007. Language, ideology and neoliberalism. Journal of Language and Politics 6(1). 51–73. https://doi.org/10.1075/jlp.6.1.05hol.Search in Google Scholar

Holborow, Marnie. 2015. Language and neoliberalism. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9781315718163Search in Google Scholar

Hornberger, Nancy H. 2005. Opening and filling up implementational and ideological spaces in heritage language education. The Modern Language Journal 89(4). 605–609.Search in Google Scholar

Jung, Courtney. 2003. The politics of Indigenous identity: Neoliberalism, cultural rights, and the Mexican Zapatistas. Social Research: An International Quarterly 70(2). 433–461.10.1353/sor.2003.0025Search in Google Scholar

Karki, Jeevan. 2018. Is English medium instruction working? A case study of Nepalese community schools in Mt. Everest region. In D. Hayes (ed.), English language teaching in Nepal: Research, reflection and practice, 201–218. Kathmandu, Nepal: British Council.Search in Google Scholar

Kerfoot, Caroline & Kenneth Hyltenstam. 2017. Entangled discourses: South-North orders of visibility. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315640006Search in Google Scholar

Kroskrity, Paul. 2009. Language renewal as sites of language ideological struggle: The need for “ideological clarification”. In J. Reyhner & L. Lockard (eds.), Lockard Indigenous language revitalization: Encouragement, guidance & lessons learned, 71–83. Flagstaff, AZ: Northern Arizona University.Search in Google Scholar

Kubota, Ryuko. 2016. The multi/plural turn, postcolonial theory, and neoliberal multiculturalism: Complicities and implications for applied linguistics. Applied Linguistics 37. 474–494. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amu045.Search in Google Scholar

Lawoti, Mahendra (ed.). 2007. Contentious politics and democratization in Nepal. New Delhi, India: SAGE Publications.Search in Google Scholar

Liechty, Mark. 2003. Suitably modern: Making middle-class culture in a new consumer society. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.10.1515/9780691221748Search in Google Scholar

Lipman, Pauline. 2011. The new political economy of urban education: Neoliberalism, race, and the right to the city. New York/London: Routledge.Search in Google Scholar

Luke, Allan, Carmen Luke & Phil Graham. 2007. Globalization, corporatism, and critical language education. International Multilingual Research Journal 1. 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313150709336861.Search in Google Scholar

McCarty, Teresa L. 2003. Revitalising Indigenous languages in homogenising times. Comparative Education 39(2). 147–163. https://doi.org/10.1080/03050060302556.Search in Google Scholar

McCarty, Teresa L., Sheilah E. Nicholas & Gillian Wigglesworth (eds.). 2019. A world of Indigenous languages: Politics, pedagogies and prospects for language reclamation. Buffalo NY: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781788923071Search in Google Scholar

Mirowski, Philip. 2013. Never let a serious crisis go to waste: How neoliberalism survived the financial meltdown. London: Verso Books.Search in Google Scholar

Motschenbacher, Heiko. 2020. Affective regimes on Wilton Drive: A multimodal analysis. Social Semiotics. https://doi.org/10.1080/10350330.2020.1788823.Search in Google Scholar

Nuttall, Sarah. 2009. Entanglement: Literary and cultural reflections on post-apartheid. Johannesburg, South Africa: Wits University Press.10.18772/12009084761Search in Google Scholar

Ojha, Laxmi Prasad. 2018. Shifting the medium of instruction to English in public schools: policies, practices and challenges in Nepal. English language teaching in Nepal: Research, reflection and practice, 189–198. Kathmandu, Nepal: British Council.Search in Google Scholar

Park, Joseph Sung-Yul. 2010. Naturalization of competence and the neoliberal subject: Success stories of English language learning in the Korean conservative press. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 20(1). 22–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-1395.2010.01046.x.Search in Google Scholar

Phillipson, Robert. 1992. Linguistic imperialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Phillipson, Robert. 2008. The linguistic imperialism of neoliberal empire. Critical Inquiry in Language Studies 5(1). 1–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427580701696886.Search in Google Scholar

Phyak, Prem. 2013. Language ideologies and local languages as the medium-of-instruction policy: A critical ethnography of a multilingual school in Nepal. Current Issues in Language Planning 14(1). 127–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2013.775557.Search in Google Scholar

Phyak, Prem. 2016a. For our cho:tlung: Decolonizing language ideologies and (re)imagining multilingual education policies and practices in Nepal. Honolulu, HI: Doctoral dissertation University of Hawaii at Manoa.Search in Google Scholar

Phyak, Prem. 2016b. Local-global tension in the ideological construction of English language education policy in Nepal. In Robert Kirkpatrick (ed.), English language education policy in Asia, 199–217. New York: Springer.10.1007/978-3-319-22464-0_9Search in Google Scholar

Piller, Ingrid & Jinhyun Cho. 2013. Neoliberalism as language policy. Language in Society 42(1). 23–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404512000887.Search in Google Scholar

Price, Gareth. 2014. English for all? Neoliberalism, globalization, and language policy in Taiwan. Language in Society 43(5). 567–589. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404514000566.Search in Google Scholar

Regmi, Kapil Dev. 2017. World Bank in Nepal’s education: Three decades of neoliberal reform. Globalisation, Societies and Education 15. 188–201. https://doi.org/10.1080/14767724.2016.1169517.Search in Google Scholar

Reyhner, Jon. 2010. Indigenous language immersion schools for strong Indigenous identities. Heritage Language Journal 7(2). 138–152.10.46538/hlj.7.2.7Search in Google Scholar

Rubdy, Rani & Peter Tan. 2008. Language as commodity: Global structures, local marketplaces. London: Continuum.Search in Google Scholar

Sah, Pramod Kumar & Guofang Li. 2018. English medium instruction (EMI) as linguistic capital in Nepal: Promises and realities. International Multilingual Research Journal 12(2). 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1080/19313152.2017.1401448.Search in Google Scholar

Sharma, Bal Krishna. 2014. On high horses: Transnational Nepalis and language ideologies on YouTube. Discourse, Context & Media 4. 19–28.10.1016/j.dcm.2014.04.001Search in Google Scholar

Sharma, Bal Krishna & Prem Phyak. 2017. Neoliberalism, linguistic commodification, and ethnolinguistic identity in multilingual Nepal. Language in Society 46. 231–256. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0047404517000045.Search in Google Scholar

Skutnabb-Kangas, Tove & Kathleen Heugh (eds.). 2012. Multilingual education and sustainable diversity work: From periphery to center. New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780203815892Search in Google Scholar

Tommaso, M. Milani. 2017. Epistemic diversity, lazy reason and ethical translation in post-colonial contexts: The case of indigenous educational policy in Brazil. In C. Kerfoot & K. Hyltenstam (eds.), Entangled discourses South-North orders of visibility, 189–208. London: Routledge.10.4324/9781315640006-15Search in Google Scholar

Wee, Lionel. 2016. Situating affect in linguistic landscapes. Linguistic Landscape 2(2). 105–126. https://doi.org/10.1075/ll.2.2.01wee.Search in Google Scholar

Wee, Lionel & B. H. Goh Robbie. 2019. Language, space and cultural play: Theorising affect in the semiotic landscape. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/9781108559515Search in Google Scholar

Wyman, Leisy T., Teresa L. McCarty & Sheilah E. Nicholas (eds.). 2013. Indigenous youth and multilingualism: Language identity, ideology, and practice in dynamic cultural worlds. New York, NY: Routledge.10.4324/9780203121436Search in Google Scholar

Yoshioka, Hirotoshi. 2010. Indigenous language usage and maintenance patterns among Indigenous people in the era of neoliberal multiculturalism in Mexico and Guatemala. Latin American Research Review. 5–34.10.1017/S0023879100011092Search in Google Scholar