Home Influence of seawater condition on shear strength of CFRP single lap bonded joints with various fiber orientation
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Influence of seawater condition on shear strength of CFRP single lap bonded joints with various fiber orientation

  • Taufiq Satrio Nurtiasto

    Taufiq Satrio Nurtiasto, born in 1993, received a Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Material and Metallurgy Engineering from the University of Indonesia in 2016. From 2018 to 2021, he worked as a researcher at the Aeronautics Technology Center of the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space. Since then, he has been a researcher at the Research Center of Aeronautics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency.

         , Kosim Abdurohman

    Kosim Abdurohman, born in 1986, studied Mechanical Engineering at the Diponegoro University from 2005 to 2010. He received a Master of Engineering Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Indonesia, in 2020. From 2014 to 2021, he worked as a research engineer at the Aeronautics Technology Center of the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space. Since then, he has been an associate researcher at the Research Center of Aeronautics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency.

     EMAIL logo     , Rezky Agung Pratomo

    Rezky Agung Pratomo, born in 1992, received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Physics from Gadjah Mada University in 2016. From 2019 to 2021, he worked as a research engineer at the Aeronautics Technology Center of the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space. Since then, he has been a research engineer at the Research Center of Aeronautics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency.

         , Redha Akbar Ramadhan , Ryan Hidayat , Riki Ardiansyah , Mikhael Gilang Pribadi Putra Pratama , Fajar Ari Wandono

    Fajar Ari Wandono, born in 1985, received a Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Mechanical Engineering from Diponegoro University and a Master of Engineering Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Indonesia. From 2010 to 2021, he worked as a researcher at the Aeronautics Technology Center of the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space. Since then, he has been a researcher at the Research Center of Aeronautics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency.

         , Rian Suari Aritonang , Afid Nugroho , Awang Rahmadi Nuranto , Dudi Targani and Aditya Rio Prabowo

    Aditya Rio Prabowo, born in 1992, studied Naval Architecture at the Diponegoro University from 2009 to 2014. He received a Master of Engineering Degree in Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture and Marine Systems Engineering from the Diponegoro University and Pukyong National University, in 2016. From 2016 to 2018, he studied and received his Doctorate at the Pukyong National University. He work as Assistant Professor at Mechanical Engineering Department, Sebelas Maret University.
Published/Copyright: February 21, 2025
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Materials Testing
From the journal Materials Testing Volume 67 Issue 3

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of seawater conditions on the single-lap joint properties of carbon fiber-reinforced vinyl ester resin (CFRP) with various fiber orientations (0°, 45°, and 90°). Specimens were tested under dry, wet, and dried conditions, with seawater immersion durations of 15 and 30 days, followed by a drying process. The failure modes, surface conditions, and chemical bonds were analyzed to understand the mechanism of influence of seawater on lap shear properties. The results show that fiber orientation significantly affects shear strength, with 0° specimens demonstrating the highest shear strength. In contrast, 45° and 90° orientations experienced substantial reductions. Seawater immersion decreased shear strength across all orientations. However, post-immersion drying restored and enhanced shear strength in 0° specimens, provided partial recovery in 45° specimens, and had limited effect on 90° specimens. Surface treatments improved bonding quality, and FTIR analysis indicated no significant permanent chemical changes due to seawater exposure. This research highlights the importance of fiber orientation in CFRP joint design for aerospace and marine applications. It suggests further exploration into long-term environmental effects and advanced surface treatments to enhance performance and durability.

Keywords: carbon fiber reinforced polymer; lap shear strength; mixed mode failure; seawater; single lap bonded joints
Corresponding author: Kosim Abdurohman, Research Center for Aeronautics Technology, 599846 National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia , Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia, E-mail:

About the authors

Taufiq Satrio Nurtiasto

Taufiq Satrio Nurtiasto, born in 1993, received a Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Material and Metallurgy Engineering from the University of Indonesia in 2016. From 2018 to 2021, he worked as a researcher at the Aeronautics Technology Center of the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space. Since then, he has been a researcher at the Research Center of Aeronautics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency.

Kosim Abdurohman

Kosim Abdurohman, born in 1986, studied Mechanical Engineering at the Diponegoro University from 2005 to 2010. He received a Master of Engineering Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Indonesia, in 2020. From 2014 to 2021, he worked as a research engineer at the Aeronautics Technology Center of the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space. Since then, he has been an associate researcher at the Research Center of Aeronautics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency.

Rezky Agung Pratomo

Rezky Agung Pratomo, born in 1992, received a Bachelor of Science Degree in Physics from Gadjah Mada University in 2016. From 2019 to 2021, he worked as a research engineer at the Aeronautics Technology Center of the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space. Since then, he has been a research engineer at the Research Center of Aeronautics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency.

Fajar Ari Wandono

Fajar Ari Wandono, born in 1985, received a Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Mechanical Engineering from Diponegoro University and a Master of Engineering Degree in Mechanical Engineering from the University of Indonesia. From 2010 to 2021, he worked as a researcher at the Aeronautics Technology Center of the National Institute of Aeronautics and Space. Since then, he has been a researcher at the Research Center of Aeronautics Technology, National Research and Innovation Agency.

Aditya Rio Prabowo

Aditya Rio Prabowo, born in 1992, studied Naval Architecture at the Diponegoro University from 2009 to 2014. He received a Master of Engineering Degree in Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture and Marine Systems Engineering from the Diponegoro University and Pukyong National University, in 2016. From 2016 to 2018, he studied and received his Doctorate at the Pukyong National University. He work as Assistant Professor at Mechanical Engineering Department, Sebelas Maret University.

Acknowledgments

The authors acknowledge the support from research funding of “Organisasi Riset Penerbangan dan Antariksa”, No. 2/III.1/HK/2024 by the National Research and Innovation Agency - BRIN, the Republic of Indonesia.

  1. Research ethics: Not applicable.

  2. Informed consent: Not applicable.

  3. Author contributions: All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript and approved its submission.

  4. Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.

  5. Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.

  6. Research funding: This work was supported by the Organisasi Riset Penerbangan dan Antariksa – BRIN, No. 2/III.1/HK/2024. The authors gratefully acknowledge the support.

  7. Data availability: The authors declare that the data supporting the findings of this study are available within the article.

References

[1] G. Wu, L. Chen, and L. Liu, “Effects of silanization and silica enrichment of carbon fibers on interfacial properties of methylphenylsilicone resin composites,” Compos. Part A Appl. Sci. Manuf., vol. 98, pp. 159–165, 2017, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2017.03.024.Search in Google Scholar

[2] F. Gnädinger, P. Middendorf, and B. Fox, “Interfacial shear strength studies of experimental carbon fibres, novel thermosetting polyurethane and epoxy matrices and bespoke sizing agents,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 133, pp. 104–110, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compscitech.2016.07.029.Search in Google Scholar

[3] J. S. Lee and T. J. Kang, “Changes in physico-chemical and morphological properties of carbon fiber by surface treatment,” Carbon N. Y., vol. 35, no. 2, pp. 209–216, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6223(96)00138-8.Search in Google Scholar

[4] A. M. Visco, N. Campo, and P. Cianciafara, “Comparison of seawater absorption properties of thermoset resins based composites,” Compos. Part A, vol. 42, pp. 123–130, 2011, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesa.2010.10.009.Search in Google Scholar

[5] F. Sarasini and C. Santulini, “Vinylester resins as a matrix material in advanced fibre-reinforced polymer (FRP) composites,” in Advance Fibre-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) Composites for Structural Applications, Woodhead Publishing, 2013, pp. 69–87.10.1533/9780857098641.1.69Search in Google Scholar

[6] L. Bao and A. F. Yee, “Moisture diffusion and hygrothermal aging in bismaleimide matrix carbon fiber composites — part I : uni-weave composites,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 62, pp. 2099–2110, 2002. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0266-3538(02)00161-6.Search in Google Scholar

[7] X. Cheng, J. Zhang, J. Bao, B. Zeng, Y. Cheng, and R. Hu, “Low-velocity impact performance and effect factor analysis of scarf-repaired composite laminates,” Int. J. Impact Eng., vol. 111, pp. 85–93, 2018, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2017.09.004.Search in Google Scholar

[8] G. Sinn, et al.., “Mechanical and fracture mechanical properties of matrix-reinforced carbon fiber composites with carbon nanotubes,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 809 KEM, pp. 615–619, 2019, https://doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/KEM.809.615.Search in Google Scholar

[9] S. W. Park and D. G. Lee, “Adhesion characteristics of carbon black embedded glass/Epoxy composite,” J. Adhes. Sci. Technol., vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 755–773, 2010, https://doi.org/10.1163/016942409X12579497420807.Search in Google Scholar

[10] A. J. Kinloch, Adhesion And Adhesives: Science and Technology, 1st ed., Cambridge University Press, 1987.10.1007/978-94-015-7764-9_1Search in Google Scholar

[11] S. Pasanec Preprotić, I. Budimir, and B. Lajić, “The bulky paper properties influence on the adhesive bond strength,” Mater. Test., vol. 54, pp. 271–279, 2012, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110329.Search in Google Scholar

[12] K. Abdurohman, et al.., “Influence of abrasion treatments on performance of adhesively bonded glass/vinyl ester single lap joints,” Evergreen, vol. 11, no. 02, pp. 806–820, 2024, https://doi.org/10.5109/7183361.Search in Google Scholar

[13] R. Szlosarek, T. Karall, N. Enzinger, C. Hahne, and N. Meyer, “Mechanical testing of flow drill screw joints between fibre-reinforced plastics and metals,” Mater. Test., vol. 55, no. 10, pp. 737–742, 2013, https://doi.org/10.3139/120.110495.Search in Google Scholar

[14] S. Liu, X. Cheng, Q. Zhang, J. Zhang, J. Bao, and X. Guo, “An investigation of hygrothermal effects on adhesive materials and double lap shear joints of CFRP composite laminates,” , vol. 91, pp. 431–440, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.01.051.Search in Google Scholar

[15] C. Xiaoquan, Y. Manman, Z. Jie, Z. Qian, and Z. Jikui, “Thermal behavior and tensile properties of composite joints with bonded embedded metal plate under thermal circumstance,” Compos. Part B, vol. 99, pp. 340–347, 2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2016.06.041.Search in Google Scholar

[16] M. Awi and A. S. Abdullah, “A review on mechanical properties and response of fibre metal laminate under impact loading (experiment),” Evergreen, vol. 10, no. 1, pp. 111–129, 2023, https://doi.org/10.5109/6781057.Search in Google Scholar

[17] D. Kumar and R. Kumar, “Improvement of mechanical properties of hybrid composites through interply rearrangement of glass and carbon woven fabrics for marine application,” Compos. Part B, vol. 168, pp. 467–475, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2019.03.042.Search in Google Scholar

[18] K. Abdurohman and M. Adhitya, “Effect of seawater immersion on mechanical properties of glass/vinylester composites for marine application,” AIP Conf. Proc., vol. 2366, no. September, 2021, https://doi.org/10.1063/5.0060163.Search in Google Scholar

[19] A. Pizzi and K. L. Mittal, Handbook of Adhesive Technology, Boca Raton, CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.Search in Google Scholar

[20] J. Wang, J. Gao, J. Jiang, and Y. Bi, “Predicting degradation of composite-titanium adhesively bonded joints exposed to seawater environment,” Eng. Struct., vol. 297, no. July, p. 116993, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.engstruct.2023.116993.Search in Google Scholar

[21] K. K. Phani and N. R. Bose, “Temperature dependence of hydrothermal ageing of CSM-laminate during water immersion,” Compos. Sci. Technol., vol. 29, pp. 79–87, 1987. https://doi.org/10.1016/0266-3538(87)90050-9.Search in Google Scholar

[22] T. Nguyen, Y. Bai, X. Zhao, and R. Al-mahaidi, “Durability of steel/CFRP double strap joints exposed to sea water, cyclic temperature and humidity,” Compos. Struct., vol. 94, pp. 1834–1845, 2012, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2012.01.004.Search in Google Scholar

[23] F. Tahmasebi, “Automation tools for finite element bonded joints analysis of adhesively bonded joint,”in JSME/ASME International Conference on Materials and Processing, 2002, pp. 322–326.10.1299/jsmeintmp.10.2.322Search in Google Scholar

[24] M. R. T. Arruda, L. Castro, and J. R. Correia, “Tsai – Wu based orthotropic damage model,” Compos. Part C Open Access, vol. 4, no. February, p. 100122, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomc.2021.100122.Search in Google Scholar

[25] K. Ramaswamy, R. M. O’Higgins, A. K. Kadiyala, M. A. McCarthy, and C. T. McCarthy, “Evaluation of grit-blasting as a pre-treatment for carbon-fibre thermoplastic composite to aluminium bonded joints tested at static and dynamic loading rates,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 185, no. January, p. 107765, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2020.107765.Search in Google Scholar

[26] G. Yang, T. Yang, W. Yuan, and Y. Du, “The influence of surface treatment on the tensile properties of carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites-bonded joints,” Compos. Part B Eng., vol. 160, no. July 2018, pp. 446–456, 2019, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.12.095.Search in Google Scholar

[27] A. Bechikh, O. Klinkova, Y. Maalej, I. Tawfiq, and R. Nasri, “Effect of dry abrasion treatments on composite surface quality and bonded joints shear strength,” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., vol. 113, no. November 2021, p. 103058, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2021.103058.Search in Google Scholar

[28] R. Branco, P. N. B. Reis, M. A. Neto, J. D. Costa, and A. M. Amaro, “Seawater effect on fatigue behaviour of notched carbon/epoxy laminates,” Appl. Sci., vol. 11, no. 24, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3390/app112411939.Search in Google Scholar

[29] G. Demircan, M. Kisa, M. Ozen, A. Acikgoz, Y. Işıker, and E. Aytar, “Nano-gelcoat application of glass fiber reinforced polymer composites for marine application: structural, mechanical, and thermal analysis,” Mar. Pollut. Bull., vol. 194, no. August, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115412.Search in Google Scholar PubMed

[30] H. Vidinha, R. Branco, A. M. Amaro, M. A. Neto, P. N. B. Reis, and J. D. M. Costa, “Monotonic and fatigue behaviour of notched glass fibre-reinforced polymer laminates immersed in seawater,” Theor. Appl. Fract. Mech., vol. 126, no. December 2022, 2023, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2023.103977.Search in Google Scholar

[31] A. Sadeghi, R. Mahshid, M. Heidari-Rarani, and L. Lessard, “Effect of lamina fiber orientation interfaced with semi-flexible adhesive layer on strength and failure mode of composite single-lap joints,” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., vol. 118, no. July, 2022, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2022.103232.Search in Google Scholar

[32] H. Grefe, M. W. Kandula, and K. Dilger, “Influence of the fibre orientation on the lap shear strength and fracture behaviour of adhesively bonded composite metal joints at high strain rates,” Int. J. Adhes. Adhes., vol. 97, p. 102486, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijadhadh.2019.102486.Search in Google Scholar

[33] L. R. Isna, K. Abdurohman, A. R. Nuranto, M. A. Pratama, and W. F. Arum, “Effect of post-curing heat treatment on tensile properties of carbon UD/vinyl ester composite with VARI manufacturing method,” Key Eng. Mater., vol. 941, pp. 265–270, 2023, https://doi.org/10.4028/p-9p0vj1.Search in Google Scholar

Supplementary Material

This article contains supplementary material (https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2024-0314).

Published Online: 2025-02-21
Published in Print: 2025-03-26

© 2025 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Influence of heat input and heat exchange coefficient on temperature and stress field of a X80 steel pipeline repair-weld root pass of a type-B sleeve
  3. Optimization of stress-relief heat treatment for overlay weld repair of severely used rail tracks: effects on residual stress, microstructure and wear resistance
  4. Investigation on the axial distribution of micron inclusions and their influence on mechanical properties in a wind power spindle
  5. Influence of aerogel powder on the mechanical and stability properties of photocurable resin composites produced by stereolithography (SLA)
  6. Effect of sandblasting and aging on structural and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 coated steels for marine applications
  7. Mechanical characterization of sandwich composite structures with Alumix231 foam core between Al2024/B4C composite plates
  8. Optimization of alkali modified breadfruit peel flour-LDPE composite for car mirror casings
  9. Influence of seawater condition on shear strength of CFRP single lap bonded joints with various fiber orientation
  10. Comparative analysis of cutting methods and their impact on fatigue properties of armor steel
  11. Effect of pore structure, mechanical performance, and operational temperature on damping behavior of thermal expandible rubber-based adhesives
  12. Structural and electrical properties of CuO-doped NaNbO3 ceramics
  13. Friction and wear behavior of alkali-treated corn husk fiber reinforced polyester composites
  14. Performance of high strength natural fiber reinforced hybrid composites for structural engineering applications
  15. Fabrication and wear performance of M7C3 carbide reinforced epoxy composites
  16. Mosaic ceramic surface defect detection enhancement algorithm based on guided filter and multi-scale fusion
https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2024-0314
Keywords for this article
carbon fiber reinforced polymer; lap shear strength; mixed mode failure; seawater; single lap bonded joints

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Influence of heat input and heat exchange coefficient on temperature and stress field of a X80 steel pipeline repair-weld root pass of a type-B sleeve
  3. Optimization of stress-relief heat treatment for overlay weld repair of severely used rail tracks: effects on residual stress, microstructure and wear resistance
  4. Investigation on the axial distribution of micron inclusions and their influence on mechanical properties in a wind power spindle
  5. Influence of aerogel powder on the mechanical and stability properties of photocurable resin composites produced by stereolithography (SLA)
  6. Effect of sandblasting and aging on structural and mechanical properties of Inconel 625 coated steels for marine applications
  7. Mechanical characterization of sandwich composite structures with Alumix231 foam core between Al2024/B4C composite plates
  8. Optimization of alkali modified breadfruit peel flour-LDPE composite for car mirror casings
  9. Influence of seawater condition on shear strength of CFRP single lap bonded joints with various fiber orientation
  10. Comparative analysis of cutting methods and their impact on fatigue properties of armor steel
  11. Effect of pore structure, mechanical performance, and operational temperature on damping behavior of thermal expandible rubber-based adhesives
  12. Structural and electrical properties of CuO-doped NaNbO3 ceramics
  13. Friction and wear behavior of alkali-treated corn husk fiber reinforced polyester composites
  14. Performance of high strength natural fiber reinforced hybrid composites for structural engineering applications
  15. Fabrication and wear performance of M7C3 carbide reinforced epoxy composites
  16. Mosaic ceramic surface defect detection enhancement algorithm based on guided filter and multi-scale fusion
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 15.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mt-2024-0314/html
Scroll to top button