Home Performance assessments of the material for the traction motor cores of an electric racing kart
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Performance assessments of the material for the traction motor cores of an electric racing kart

  • Uğur Demir

    Uğur Demir received his PhD degree in Mechatronics Engineering from Marmara University in 2018. He has worked extensively on the development of novel electrical machine technologies for electric vehicle traction operations and mechatronics systems. His research interests include the electromagnetic design of electrical machines, artificial neural network applications, autonomous driving, and advanced driving technologies.

         and Zeliha Kamış Kocabıçak

    Zeliha Kamış Kocabıçak received her PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering from Bursa Uludağ University in 2005. She is now an assistant professor at the Department of Automotive Engineering at Bursa Uludağ University. Her main areas of interest are mechatronic systems, electromechanical systems, automatic control, and system dynamics.

     EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 30, 2021
Become an author with De Gruyter Brill
Submit Manuscript Author Information
Materials Testing
From the journal Materials Testing Volume 63 Issue 6

Abstract

This paper presents the performance assessments for the traction motor of an electric racing kart, considering the different core materials. Firstly, the appropriate traction motor type is determined as a brushless direct current motor (BLDC) due to the superior features such as torque, efficiency, cooling performance and reliability. Thereafter the BLDC traction motor is optimized in Ansys RMXprt by using Taguchi’s design of experiment (DoE) method in order to meet the vehicle requirements. The BH curves are created for steel sheet (M19_24G), amorphous (2605SA1) and soft magnetic composite (SMC) (Somaloy 1000 3P) in Ansys Maxwell Environment, which are widely used as core materials in the literature. Then, the motor models are analyzed by the finite element method in Ansys Maxwell, and the core materials that can meet the minimum requirements in terms of magnetic flux density and saturation are verified. Finally, the dynamic vehicle model is set up in Ansys Simplorer in order to evaluate the motor performances. For that purpose, a reference speed profile is created by using the measured speed from the Gothenburg carting ring, and the battery consumption characteristic and reference speed tracking performance of the motor models with different cores are evaluated in the driving cycle.

Keywords: Electric racing cart; traction motor; magnetic core materials; design of experiment; driving performances
Zeliha Kamis Kocabicak Bursa Uludağ University Engineering Faculty Automotive Engineering Department Görükle, 16059, Bursa, Turkey

About the authors

Uğur Demir

Uğur Demir received his PhD degree in Mechatronics Engineering from Marmara University in 2018. He has worked extensively on the development of novel electrical machine technologies for electric vehicle traction operations and mechatronics systems. His research interests include the electromagnetic design of electrical machines, artificial neural network applications, autonomous driving, and advanced driving technologies.

Zeliha Kamış Kocabıçak

Zeliha Kamış Kocabıçak received her PhD degree in Mechanical Engineering from Bursa Uludağ University in 2005. She is now an assistant professor at the Department of Automotive Engineering at Bursa Uludağ University. Her main areas of interest are mechatronic systems, electromechanical systems, automatic control, and system dynamics.

References

1 U. Demir, M. C. Akuner: Design and analysis of radiaxial induction motor, Electrical Engineering 100 (2018), pp. 1-8 DOI:10.1007/s00202-018-0708-610.1007/s00202-018-0708-6Search in Google Scholar

2 T. Knoke, T. Schneider, J. Bocker: Construction of a hybrid electrical racing kart as a student project, Proceedings of the European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications, Aalborg (2007), pp. 1-8 DOI:10.1109/EPE.2007.441723410.1109/EPE.2007.4417234Search in Google Scholar

3 H. Neudorfer :Comparison of three different electric powertrains for the use in high performance electric go-kart, Proceedings of the International Aegean Conference on Electrical Machines and Power Electronics, Bodrum, Turkey (2007), pp. 21-26 DOI:10.1109/ACEMP.2007.451047810.1109/ACEMP.2007.4510478Search in Google Scholar

4 J. M. Larramona, M. R. Cerqueda, L. R. Elu, L. C. Usón : FORMULA ZERO: Development and kart’s competition driven by PEMFC, Proceedings of the IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference, Lille, France (2010), pp. 1-7 DOI:10.1109/VPPC.2010.572910410.1109/VPPC.2010.5729104Search in Google Scholar

5 E. Sanchez, M. H. Nazari: Component validation process for high performance hybrid electric race vehicle, Proceedings of the IEEE Green Energy and Systems Conference (IGSEC), Long Beach, CA, USA (2016), pp. 1-8 DOI:10.1109/IGESC.2016.779007410.1109/IGESC.2016.7790074Search in Google Scholar

6 D. Lannuzzi, S. Santini, A. Petrillo, P. I. Borrino: Design optimization of electric kart for racing sport application, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), Nottingham, UK (2018), pp. 1-6 DOI:10.1109/ESARS-ITEC.2018.860744210.1109/ESARS-ITEC.2018.8607442Search in Google Scholar

7 U. Abronzini, C. Attaianese, M. D. Monaco, F. Porpora, G. Tomasso, M. Granato, G. Frattini: Optimal modular BMS for high performances NMC battery pack, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), Nottingham, UK (2018), pp. 1-6 DOI:10.1109/ESARS-ITEC.2018.860737910.1109/ESARS-ITEC.2018.8607379Search in Google Scholar

8 D. Istardi: Modeling and energy consumption determination of an electric go-kart, Master of Science Thesis in the Electric Power Engineering program, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, Sweden (2009)Search in Google Scholar

9 A.Biltutanu, M. L. Florea: Modeling and testing of electric vehicle propulsion systems, UPB Scientific Bulletin, Series C: Electrical Engineering 77 (2015), No. 3, pp. 201-212Search in Google Scholar

10 K. Hee Nam: AC motor control and electrical vehicle applications, Taylor and Francis, London, UK (2010)Search in Google Scholar

11 N. Ravi, S. Ekram, D. Mahajan: Design and development of a in-wheel brushless DC motor drive for an electric scooter, Proceedings of the International Conference on Power Electronic, Drives and Energy Systems, New Delhi, India (2006), pp. 1-4 DOI:10.1109/PEDES.2006.34437010.1109/PEDES.2006.344370Search in Google Scholar

12 M. H. Rashid: Power electronics handbook, motor drives and automotive application of power electronics, Academic Press, San Diego, USA (2001)Search in Google Scholar

13 C. Xia, Y. Wang, T. Shi: Implementation of finite-state model predictive control for commutation torque ripple minimization of permanent-magnet brushless DC motor, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 60 (2013), No. 3, pp. 896-905 DOI:10.1109/TIE.2012.218953610.1109/TIE.2012.2189536Search in Google Scholar

14 S.-T. Wu, P.-W. Huang, T.-W. Chang, I.-H. Jiang, M. -C. Tsai: Application of magnetic metal 3-D printing on the integration of axial-flow impeller fan motor design, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 57 (2021), No. 2, pp. 1-5 DOI:10.1109/TMAG.2020.301465110.1109/TMAG.2020.3014651Search in Google Scholar

15 F. Chai, Z. Li, L. Chen, Y. Pei: Effect of cutting and slot opening on amorphous alloy core for high-speed switched reluctance motor, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 57 (2021), No. 2, pp. 1-5 DOI:10.1109/TMAG.2020.301825510.1109/TMAG.2020.3018255Search in Google Scholar

16 H.-J. Pyo, J. W. Jeong, J. Yu, D.-W. Nam, S.-H. Yang, W. -H. Kim: Eddy current loss reduction in 3D-printed axial flux motor using 3D-printed SMC core, Proceedings of the IEEE Energy Conversion Congress and Exposition (ECCE), Detroit, MI, USA (2020), pp. 1121-1125 DOI:10.1109/ECCE44975.2020.923544210.1109/ECCE44975.2020.9235442Search in Google Scholar

17 F. Chai, Z. Li, J. Ou, Y. Yu: Torque analysis of high-speed switched reluctance motor with amorphous alloy core, Proceedings of the International Conference on Electrical Machines (ICEM), Gothenburg, Sweden (2020), pp. 2464-2468 DOI:10.1109/ICEM49940.2020.927071510.1109/ICEM49940.2020.9270715Search in Google Scholar

18 Y. Kuroiwa, Y. Toriumi, I. Miki: IPMSM with rotor using two different cores, Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Harbin, China (2019), pp. 1-4 DOI:10.1109/ICEMS.2019.892199110.1109/ICEMS.2019.8921991Search in Google Scholar

19 L. Zhu, X. Han, R. Tang, J. Zhu: Loss analysis of the permanent magnet motor with an amorphous stator core by considering the influences of manufacturing processes, Proceedings of the 22nd International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Harbin, China (2019), pp. 1-6 DOI:10.1109/ICEMS.2019.892180210.1109/ICEMS.2019.8921802Search in Google Scholar

20 R. Tsunata, M. Takemoto, S. Ogasawara, T. Ueno, T. Saitoh: A proposal of ultra-flat axial gap motor employing C-type SMC core, Proceedings of IECON 2019 – 45th Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Lisbon, Portugal (2019), pp. 874-879 DOI:10.1109/IECON.2019.892738410.1109/IECON.2019.8927384Search in Google Scholar

21 V. Krishnan, K. Selvam, K. Radhakrishnan: Analysis and experimental validation of performance for a switched reluctance motor with pre-fabricated soft magnetic core, Proceedings of the IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG), Singapore (2018), pp. 1-1 DOI:10.1109/INTMAG.2018.850808810.1109/INTMAG.2018.8508088Search in Google Scholar

22 A. Warzecha, M. Sierżęga, W. Mazgaj: Field calculations of an induction cage motor taking into account magnetic core anisotropy, Proceedings of 14th Selected Issues of Electrical Engineering and Electronics (WZEE), Szczecin, Poland (2018), pp. 1-6 DOI:10.1109/WZEE.2018.874903310.1109/WZEE.2018.8749033Search in Google Scholar

23 J. Ou, Y. Liu, M. Schiefer, P. Breining, M. Doppelbauer, F. Chai: Application of amorphous cores to DC-excited flux-modulated motors used for electric vehicles, Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on Electrical Systems for Aircraft, Railway, Ship Propulsion and Road Vehicles & International Transportation Electrification Conference (ESARS-ITEC), Nottingham, UK (2018), pp. 1-7 DOI:10.1109/ESARS-ITEC.2018.860742810.1109/ESARS-ITEC.2018.8607428Search in Google Scholar

24 H. Nakagawa, T. Sato, T. Todaka: Development of a new stator module type vernier motor utilizing amorphous cut core, Proc. of the IEEE International Magnetics Conference (INTERMAG), Singapore (2018), pp. 1-5 DOI:10.1109/INTMAG.2018.850817610.1109/INTMAG.2018.8508176Search in Google Scholar

25 A. Yao, T. Sugimoto, S. Odawara, K. Fujisaki: Core loss properties of a motor with nanocrystalline rotor and stator cores under inverter excitation, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 54 (2018), No. 11, pp. 1-5 DOI:10.1109/TMAG.2018.284243110.1109/TMAG.2018.2842431Search in Google Scholar

26 H. R. Gholinejad, S. E. Abdollahi, S. A. Gholamian: Performance analysis of a SMC core linear permanent magnet motor, Proc. of the 9th Annual Power Electronics, Drives Systems and Technologies Conference (PEDSTC), Tehran, Iran (2018), pp. 410-413 DOI:10.1109/PEDSTC.2018.834383210.1109/PEDSTC.2018.8343832Search in Google Scholar

27 S. Q. Ali, H. M. Hasanien, S. M. Muyeen: Three-dimension core loss analysis of transverse flux linear motor based on the improved Steinmetz equation, Proc. of the Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference (AUPEC), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (2017), pp. 1-6 DOI:10.1109/AUPEC.2017.828247210.1109/AUPEC.2017.8282472Search in Google Scholar

28 N. Aliyu, G. Atkinson, N. Stannard: Concentrated winding permanent magnet axial flux motor with soft magnetic composite core for domestic application, Proc. of the IEEE 3rd International Conference on Electro-Technology for National Development (NIGERCON), Owerri, Nigeria (2017), pp. 1156-1159 DOI:10.1109/NIGERCON.2017.828194810.1109/NIGERCON.2017.8281948Search in Google Scholar

29 S. Lee, J. Yun: Influence of electrical steel characteristics on efficiency of industrial induction motors, Proc. of the 20th International Conference on Electrical Machines and Systems (ICEMS), Sydney, NSW (2017), pp. 1-4 DOI:10.1109/ICEMS.2017.805635310.1109/ICEMS.2017.8056353Search in Google Scholar

30 Z. Gmyrek, M. Lefik, A. Cavagnino, L. Ferraris: Comparison of the fractional power LSSR motor with cores made of various magnetic materials, proc. of the 18th International Symposium on Electromagnetic Fields in Mechatronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ISEF) Book of Abstracts, Lodz, Poland (2017), pp. 1-2 DOI:10.1109/ISEF.2017.809070910.1109/ISEF.2017.8090709Search in Google Scholar

31 R. Kolano, A. Kolano-Burian, K. Krykowski, J. Hetmańczyk, M. Hreczka, M. Polak, Ja. Szynowski: Amorphous soft magnetic core for the stator of the high-speed PMBLDC motor with half-open slots, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 52 (2016), No. 6, pp. 1-5 DOI:10.1109/TMAG.2016.252394210.1109/TMAG.2016.2523942Search in Google Scholar

32 S. Okamoto, N. Denis, K. Fujisaki: Core loss reduction of an interior permanent magnet synchronous motor using amorphous stator core, Proc. of the IEEE International Electric Machines & Drives Conference (IEMDC), Coeur d’Alene, Idaho, USA (2015), pp. 208-213 DOI:10.1109/IEMDC.2015.740906110.1109/IEMDC.2015.7409061Search in Google Scholar

33 S. Hashimoto, M. Sanada, S. Morimoto, Y. Inoue: Basic study on the suitable structure of a permanent magnet synchronous motor with a powder magnetic core, Proc. of the International Power Electronics Conference (IPEC-Hiroshima 2014 – ECCE ASIA), Hiroshima, Japan (2014), pp. 3018-3023 DOI:10.1109/IPEC.2014.687011410.1109/IPEC.2014.6870114Search in Google Scholar

34 D. Hong, D. Joo, B. Woo, Y. Jeong, D. Koo: Investigations on a super high speed motor-generator for microturbine applications using amorphous core, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 49 (2013), No. 7, pp. 4072-4075 DOI:10.1109/TMAG.2013.223927610.1109/TMAG.2013.2239276Search in Google Scholar

35 M. Morimoto, M. Inamori: Performance improvement of induction motor by press molded SMC core, Proc. of the 15th European Conference on Power Electronics and Applications (EPE), Lille, France (2013), pp. 1-6 DOI:10.1109/EPE.2013.663179310.1109/EPE.2013.6631793Search in Google Scholar

36 T. Ishikawa, S. Sato, S. Takeguchi, A. Matsuo: Design of a DC motor made of soft magnetic composite core by the experimental design method, Proc. of the IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 48 (2012), No. 11, pp. 3132-3135 DOI:10.1109/TMAG.2012.220333310.1109/TMAG.2012.2203333Search in Google Scholar

37 M. Morimoto: Rare earth free, traction motor for electric vehicle, Proc. of the IEEE International Electric Vehicle Conference, Greenville, South Carolina, USA (2012), pp. 1-4 DOI:10.1109/IEVC.2012.618316510.1109/IEVC.2012.6183165Search in Google Scholar

38 Z. Wang, Y. Enomoto, R. Masaki, K. Souma, H. Itabashi, S. Tanigawa: Development of a high speed motor using amorphous metal cores, Proc. of the 8th International Conference on Power Electronics – ECCE Asia, Jeju (2011), pp. 1940-1945 DOI:10.1109/ICPE.2011.594442610.1109/ICPE.2011.5944426Search in Google Scholar

39 M. Morimoto: Induction motor made of iron powder core, Proc. of the 2010 International Power Electronics Conference – ECCE ASIA, Sapporo, Japan (2010), pp. 1814-1817 DOI:10.1109/IPEC.2010.554356210.1109/IPEC.2010.5543562Search in Google Scholar

40 S. Somkun, A. J. Moses, P. I. Anderson: Effect of magnetostriction anisotropy in non-oriented electrical steels on deformation of induction motor stator cores, IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 45 (2009), No. 10, pp. 4744-4747 DOI:10.1109/TMAG.2009.202232010.1109/TMAG.2009.2022320Search in Google Scholar

41 U. Demir, M. Aküner: Design and optimization of in-wheel asynchronous motor for electric vehicle, Journal of the Faculty of Engineering and Architecture of Gazi University 33 (2018), No. 4, pp. 1517-1530 DOI:10.17341/gazimmfd.416448 (in Turkish)10.17341/gazimmfd.416448Search in Google Scholar

42 U. Demir, M. C. Aküner: Using Taguchi method defining critical rotor pole data of LSPMSM considering the power factor and efficiency, Technical Gazette 24 (2017), No. 2, pp. 347-353 DOI:10.17559/TV-2014071422545310.17559/TV-20140714225453Search in Google Scholar

43 Z. K. Kocabicak, U. Demir: Design and optimization of an electromechanical actuator for the latch of a foldable vehicle seat, Materials Testing 62 (2020), No. 7, pp. 749-755 DOI:10.3139/120.11153910.3139/120.111539Search in Google Scholar

44 D. Casadei, M. Mengoni, G. Serra, A. Tani, L. Zarri, M. F. Cabanas: Energy-efficient control of induction motors for automotive applications, Proc. of the XIX International Conference on Electrical Machines – ICEM 2010, Rome, Italy (2010), pp. 1-6 DOI:10.1109/ICELMACH.2010.560797210.1109/ICELMACH.2010.5607972Search in Google Scholar

45 P. Nobrant: Driveline modeling using Mathmodelica, Master Thesis, Vehicular Systems, Department of Electrical Engineering, Linköpings Institute of Technology, Linköping and Norrköping, Sweden (2001), pp. 39-53Search in Google Scholar

46 K. Yi, J. Chung: Nonlinear brake control for vehicle CW/CA systems, IEEE/ASME Transactions on Mechatronics, 6 (2001), No. 1, pp. 17-25 DOI:10.1109/3516.91438710.1109/3516.914387Search in Google Scholar

47 M. Ehsani, Y. Gao, A. Emadi: Modern electric, hybrid electric, and fuel cell vehicles – fundamentals, theory, and design, CRC Press 2nd Ed., Boca Raton, Florida, USA (2010) DOI:10.1201/978142005400210.1201/9781420054002Search in Google Scholar
Published Online: 2021-06-30
Published in Print: 2021-06-30

© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston, Germany

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Component-oriented testing and simulation
  3. Influence of various procedures for the determination of flow curves on the predictive accuracy of numerical simulations for mechanical joining processes
  4. Mechanical testing
  5. Innovative bond strength testing of tin-based alloys for sliding bearings on steel supports
  6. Corrosion testing
  7. Corrosion behavior of a new 25Cr-3Ni-7Mn-0.66 N duplex stainless steel in artificial seawater
  8. Mechanical testing
  9. Ballistic performance of powder metal Al5Cu-B4C composite as monolithic and laminated armor
  10. Component-oriented testing and simulation
  11. Performance assessments of the material for the traction motor cores of an electric racing kart
  12. Materials testing for welding and additive manufacturing applications
  13. Microstructure and strain rate-dependent deformation behavior of PBF-EB Ti6Al4V lattice structures
  14. Materialography/Analysis of physical properties
  15. Structural, electronic and thermodynamic investigation of Ag2GdSi, Ag2GdSn and Ag2Gd Pb Heusler alloys: First-principles calculations
  16. Component-oriented testing and simulation
  17. Application of an inventive problem solving approach for developing new generation vehicle crash boxes
  18. Hybrid Taguchi-Lévy flight distribution optimization algorithm for solving real-world design optimization problems
  19. Optimization of constrained mechanical design problems using the equilibrium optimization algorithm
  20. Component-Oriented teasting and simulation
  21. A novel hybrid water wave optimization algorithm for solving complex constrained engineering problems
  22. Mechanical Testing
  23. Performance evaluation of artificial neural networks for identification of failure modes in composite plates
  24. Production-oriented testing
  25. Optimization of electrohydraulic forming process parameters using the response surface methodology
  26. Production-oriented teating
  27. Experimental and numerical investigation of the thrust force and temperature generation during a drilling process
https://doi.org/10.1515/mt-2020-0085
Keywords for this article
Electric racing cart; traction motor; magnetic core materials; design of experiment; driving performances

Articles in the same Issue

  1. Frontmatter
  2. Component-oriented testing and simulation
  3. Influence of various procedures for the determination of flow curves on the predictive accuracy of numerical simulations for mechanical joining processes
  4. Mechanical testing
  5. Innovative bond strength testing of tin-based alloys for sliding bearings on steel supports
  6. Corrosion testing
  7. Corrosion behavior of a new 25Cr-3Ni-7Mn-0.66 N duplex stainless steel in artificial seawater
  8. Mechanical testing
  9. Ballistic performance of powder metal Al5Cu-B4C composite as monolithic and laminated armor
  10. Component-oriented testing and simulation
  11. Performance assessments of the material for the traction motor cores of an electric racing kart
  12. Materials testing for welding and additive manufacturing applications
  13. Microstructure and strain rate-dependent deformation behavior of PBF-EB Ti6Al4V lattice structures
  14. Materialography/Analysis of physical properties
  15. Structural, electronic and thermodynamic investigation of Ag2GdSi, Ag2GdSn and Ag2Gd Pb Heusler alloys: First-principles calculations
  16. Component-oriented testing and simulation
  17. Application of an inventive problem solving approach for developing new generation vehicle crash boxes
  18. Hybrid Taguchi-Lévy flight distribution optimization algorithm for solving real-world design optimization problems
  19. Optimization of constrained mechanical design problems using the equilibrium optimization algorithm
  20. Component-Oriented teasting and simulation
  21. A novel hybrid water wave optimization algorithm for solving complex constrained engineering problems
  22. Mechanical Testing
  23. Performance evaluation of artificial neural networks for identification of failure modes in composite plates
  24. Production-oriented testing
  25. Optimization of electrohydraulic forming process parameters using the response surface methodology
  26. Production-oriented teating
  27. Experimental and numerical investigation of the thrust force and temperature generation during a drilling process
Sign up now to receive a 20% welcome discount
Institutional Access
How does access work?
Have an idea on how to improve our website?
Please write us.
© 2025 De Gruyter Brill
Downloaded on 9.9.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/mt-2020-0085/html
Scroll to top button