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Gender und Martyrium in hebräischen Erzählungen zum Ersten Kreuzzug 1096

  • Martha Keil EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: June 7, 2016
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Abstract

The pogroms and forced baptisms during the First Crusade were counteracted by the Jewish communities in the Rhine-area with a religious concept that had already been known from Antiquity but was now put into action excessively: suicide and ritual murder of family members and of other fellow believers al Kiddush ha-Shem – “for the sanctification of the divine name”. Three Hebrew sources describe the events in minute, cruel detail, but Christian chroniclers, too, were appalled – mainly at Jewish mothers who slaughtered their own children rather than relinquishing them to baptism. The active, even leading role of women in these accounts is indeed striking. This paper on the one hand discusses the literary character, the narrative and the religious context of these texts. On the other hand it establishes a relatively strong correlation between masculine and feminine gender attributes, presentations and assessments of women and men. In addition to the aspect of gender, the categories age, marital status and social stratum are relevant. The inclusion of all social groups symbolizes the act of redemption for and by the One God as expressed in martyrdom. The mentioned accounts did not, however, bring about any enduring improvement of women’s religious and social positions: in the religious literature of the following generation already, the ‘slaughteress’, formerly was superior to men in her courage and determination, is transformed into a passive and vulnerable victim.

Online erschienen: 2016-6-7
Erschienen im Druck: 2016-7-1

© 2016 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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