Small terrestrial mammals of southern Ethiopia: DNA barcoding sheds light on a neglected centre of montane endemism
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Lucie Kubáčková
, Getachew Mulualem , Zewdneh Tomass , Tessema Bibo , Yonas Meheretu and Josef Bryja
Abstract
The Ethiopian Highlands (EH) represent one of the most outstanding centres of endemism in Africa. There is an important biogeographical structure of EH, driven by the presence of the Great Rift Valley (GRV) and deep river valleys, promoting diversification of biota. Here we focused on small mammals of the Wolaita and Gamo zones in the southern part of EH, eastward of GRV. We DNA-barcoded all taxa and combined the new data with previous sequences from other parts of EH and elsewhere. Based on the phylogeographic patterns, we assess the role of GRV in southern Ethiopia as a barrier to gene flow (in montane taxa) or as a corridor facilitating gene flow (in lowland taxa from savanna). We show that the bottom of GRV is inhabited by a unique mix of taxa from the Sudanian and Somali-Masai savannas. The mountains are inhabited (i) by species widely distributed on both sides of GRV, (ii) by species restricted to remnant forests of south-western EH, and (iii) by specialists of Afroalpine habitats, including one possibly new species of Lophuromys. The high diversity of indigenous ecosystems is significantly threatened by an increasing human population and by invasive commensal mammals, mainly the black rat Rattus rattus.
Funding source: Czech Science Foundation
Award Identifier / Grant number: Project no. 23-06116S
Acknowledgments
For help in the field and with logistics, we acknowledge A. Kratochvílová, V. Klobušická, Z. Kostadinović, and A. Woldesenbet. We thank O. Mikula for help with data analysis and useful comments and A. Bryjová and A. Šibůrková for help with sequencing. Access to the National Grid Infrastructure MetaCentrum provided under the programme CESNET LM2015042 is greatly appreciated and so is the access to CIPRES Science Gateway (https://www.phylo.org/). These facilities were used to run most of the phylogenetic analyses.
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Research ethics: Not applicable.
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Informed consent: Not applicable.
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Author contributions: JB, YM and ZT conceived the study and provided funding; LK, GM, ZT, TB collected the new material in southern Ethiopia; LK performed genotyping, data analysis and preparation of all figures; JB, LK, and GM wrote the first draft of the manuscript that was complemented by all authors. All authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this manuscript, approved its submission and the final version of the manuscript.
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Use of Large Language Models, AI and Machine Learning Tools: None declared.
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Conflict of interest: The authors state no conflict of interest.
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Research funding: This study was supported by the Czech Science Foundation, project no. 23-06116S, and by the programme Erasmus+ between Masaryk University in Brno in the Czech Republic and Wolaita-Sodo University in Ethiopia (agreement no.: MU-ISOIS/28808/2022/1621873/CZS-ID 567).
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Data availability: The new sequences were uploaded to GenBank under accession numbers PX503328-PX503646.
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