Tokooos! as a linguistic fashion: The recontextualization and appropriation of Lingala youth language

References

Agha, Asif. 2011. Commodity registers. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 21(1). 22–53.10.1111/j.1548-1395.2011.01081.xSearch in Google Scholar

Bourdieu, Pierre. 1985. The market of symbolic goods. Poetics 14. 13–44.10.1515/9781503615861-007Search in Google Scholar

Brooks, Karen. 2003. Nothing sells like teen spirit: The commodification of youth culture. In Kerry Mallan & Sharyn Pearce (eds.), Youth cultures: Texts, images, and identities, 1–16. London: Praeger.10.5040/9798216040118.0003Search in Google Scholar

Burroughs, William S. 1959. Le festin nu. Paris: Olympia.Search in Google Scholar

Cauvin, André. 1955. Bwana Kitoko. Un film tourné au cours du voyage du Roi des Belges au Congo et dans le Ruanda-Urundi. Brussels: Century Picture.Search in Google Scholar

de Boeck, Filip. 2004. On being Shege in Kinshasa: Children, the occult and the street. In Theodore Trefon (ed.), Reinventing order in the Congo. How people respond to state failure in Kinshasa, 155–173. London/New York: Zed Books.10.5040/9781350222229.ch-010Search in Google Scholar

Develey, Alice. 2017. Mais d’où vient le mot “kif”? Le Figaro, 16 November 2017. [http://www.lefigaro.fr/langue-francaise/expressions-francaises/2017/11/16/37003-20171116ARTFIG00008-mais-d-o-vient-le-mot-kif.php] (accessed 1 July 2018).Search in Google Scholar

Gram, Danielle. 2011. Child witches and witch hunts: New images of the occult in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Harvard Humanitarian Initiative, Student Working Paper Series.Search in Google Scholar

Heller, Monica. 2003. Globalization, the new economy, and the commodification of language and identity. Journal of Sociolinguistics 7(4). 473–492.10.1111/j.1467-9841.2003.00238.xSearch in Google Scholar

Hurst-Harosh, Ellen. 2018. Tsotsitaal and decoloniality. African Studies 78(2019). 112–125.10.1080/00020184.2018.1480847Search in Google Scholar

Hurst-Harosh, Ellen & Fridah Kanana Erastus (eds.). 2018. African youth languages: New media, performing arts and sociolinguistic development. Hampshire & New York: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1007/978-3-319-64562-9Search in Google Scholar

Kabuta, Ngo Semzara & Maya Schiffer. 2009. Mùfòlòji wà Cilubà. Algemene inleiding tot de structuur van het Cilubà, 2^nd revised edition. Ghent: RECALL.Search in Google Scholar

Kariuki, Annah, Fridah Erastus Kanana & Hildah Kebeya. 2015. The growth and use of Sheng in advertisements in selected businesses in Kenya. Journal of African Cultural Studies 27(2). 229–246.10.1080/13696815.2015.1029879Search in Google Scholar

Labov, William. 2001. Principles of linguistic change. Social factors, Vol. 2 (Language in society). Oxford: Blackwell.Search in Google Scholar

Martinet, André. 1955. Economie des changements phonétiques. Bern: A. Francke.Search in Google Scholar

Mensah, Eyo. 2016. The dynamics of youth language in Africa. Guest-edited special issue. Sociolinguistic Studies 10(1–2).10.1558/sols.v10i1-2.28005Search in Google Scholar

Nassenstein, Nico. 2014. A grammatical study of the youth language Yanké. Munich: LINCOM.Search in Google Scholar

Nassenstein, Nico. 2015. The emergence of Langila in Kinshasa (DR Congo). In Nassenstein, Nico & Andrea Hollington (eds.), Youth language practices in Africa and beyond, 81–98. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9781614518525-006Search in Google Scholar

Nassenstein, Nico & Andrea Hollington (eds.). 2015. Youth language practices in Africa and beyond. Berlin: de Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9781614518525Search in Google Scholar

Nassenstein, Nico, Andrea Hollington & Anne Storch. 2018. Disinventing and demystifying youth language: Critical perspectives. The Mouth 3. 9–28.Search in Google Scholar

Rassool, Naz. 2007. Global issues in language, education and development: Perspectives from postcolonial countries. Clevedon: Multilingual Matters.10.21832/9781853599538Search in Google Scholar

Sesep, N’Sial Bal-Nsien. 1990. Langage, normes et repertoire en milieu urbain africain: L’indoubill. Quebec: Centre International de Recherche en Aménagement Linguistique.Search in Google Scholar

Silverstein, Michael. 2003. Indexical order and the dialectics of sociolinguistic life. Language & Communication 23. 193–229.10.1016/S0271-5309(03)00013-2Search in Google Scholar

Storch, Anne. 2018. Silencing youth. The Mouth 3. 65–84.10.1515/9782760548039-007Search in Google Scholar

Tan, Peter K.W. & Rani Rubdy (eds.). 2008a. Language as commodity: Global structures, local marketplaces. London: Continuum.Search in Google Scholar

Tan, Peter K.W. & Rani Rubdy. 2008b. Introduction. In Peter K.W. Tan & Rani Rubdy (eds.), Language as commodity: Global structures, local marketplaces, 1–15. London: Continuum.Search in Google Scholar

van Pelt, Frank. 2000. Lingala ya Bayankee: een beschrijving van het Lingala Argot. Leiden: Universiteit Leiden MA thesis.Search in Google Scholar

Wajnberg, Marc-Henri. 2012. Kinshasa Kids. Paris: Crescendo.Search in Google Scholar

Wilson, Catherina. 2012. The Congolese Yankee. Leiden: Universiteit Leiden MA thesis.Search in Google Scholar