Abstract
Nakh-Daghestanian languages have encountered growing interest from typologists and linguists from other subdiscplines, and more and more languages from the Nakh-Daghestanian language family are being studied. This paper provides a grammatical overview of the hitherto undescribed Sanzhi Dargwa language, followed by a detailed analysis of the grammaticalized expression of spatial elevation in Sanzhi. Spatial elevation, a topic that has not received substantial attention in Caucasian linguistics, manifests itself across different parts of speech in Sanzhi Dargwa and related languages. In Sanzhi, elevation is a deictic category in partial opposition with participant-oriented deixis/horizontally-oriented directional deixis. This paper treats the spatial uses of demonstratives, spatial preverbs and spatial cases that express elevation as well as the semantic extension of this spatial category into other, non-spatial domains. It further compares the Sanzhi data to other Caucasian and non-Caucasian languages and makes suggestions for investigating elevation as a subcategory within a broader category of topographical deixis.
Acknowledgments
The data discussed in this paper has been gathered for a language documentation project sponsored by the DoBeS Initiative of the Volkswagen Foundation (grant number 86 357/A107808). I am grateful to my main language assistant Gadzhimurad Gadzhimuradov and two anonymous reviewers for their criticisms and comments on an earlier draft of this paper. All errors and misunderstandings are solely mine.
Abbreviations
- ab
‘above the deictic center’
- abl
ablative
- add
additive
- advz
adverbializer
- ante
spatial case, preverb ‘in front’
- attr
attributive
- bel
‘below the deictic center’
- cop
copula
- cvb
converb
- dat
dative
- dem
demonstrative
- dir
directive
- erg
ergative
- ess
essive
- f
human feminine singular
- gen
genitive
- hab
habitual
- hpl
human plural
- icvb
imperfective converb
- imp
imperative
- in
spatial case, preverb ‘in, into’
- indq
embedded question
- inf
infinitive
- ipfv
imperfective
- lat
lative
- loc
locative
- m
human masculine singular
- n
neuter singular
- neg
negation
- nmlz
nominalizer
- npl
neuter plural
- obl
oblique stem marker
- pfv
perfective
- pl
plural
- post
spatial case ‘behind’
- pret
preterite
- prs
present
- pst
past
- ptcp
participle
- q
question
- refl
reflexive
- sg
singular
- spr
spatial case, preverb ‘on’
- sub
spatial case, preverb ‘under’
Appendix: List of languages with elevational demonstratives
Language | ISO 639-3 (glottocode) | Family | Subfamily/Genus | Reference(s) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Dyirbal | dbl | Australian, PN | Dixon (1972: 48) | |
Ngiyambaa | wyb | Australian, PN | Donaldson (1980: 139–143) | |
Khasi | kha | Austroasiatic | Khasi-Palaung | Diessel (1999: 43) |
Jahai (Jehai) | jhi | Austroasiatic | Aslian | Burenhult (2008) |
Muna | mnb | Austronesian | Malayo-Polynesian | van den Berg (1989: 90) |
Daga | dgz | Dagan | Murane (1974: 38–39) | |
Sougb | mnx | East Bird’s Head (Papuan) | Reesink (2002: 224–226) | |
Central Alaskan Yupik | esu | Eskimo-Aleut | Eskimo | Miyaoka (2012: 345–381) |
Kalaallisut (West Greelandic) | kal | Eskimo-Aleut | Eskimo | Fortescue (1984: 259–263) |
Hatam | had | Hatam-Mansim (West Papuan) | Reesink (1999: 60–61) | |
Avar | ava | Nakh-Daghestanian | Avar | Charachidzé (1981: 77–79) |
Andi | ani | Nakh-Daghestanian | Andic | Saidova (2000: 282) |
Karata | kpt | Nakh-Daghestanian | Andic | Magomedbekova (2000c: 416) |
Tindi | tin | Nakh-Daghestanian | Andic | Magomedova (2000a: 429) |
Akhvakh | akv | Nakh-Daghestanian | Andic | Magomedova & Abdulaeva (2007: 682) |
Chamalal | cji | Nakh-Daghestanian | Andic | Magomedova (2000b: 475) |
Godoberi | gdo | Nakh-Daghestanian | Andic | Saidova (1973: 100–101), Gisatullina & Toldova (1996: 42) |
Lak | lbe | Nakh-Daghestanian | Lak | Zhirkov (1955: 71); Friedman (1994) |
Akusha Dargwa | akus1238 | Nakh-Daghestanian | Dargic | van den Berg (2001: 27) |
Icari Dargwa | itsa1239 | Nakh-Daghestanian | Dargic | Sumbatova & Mutalov (2003: 37–38) |
Tanti Dargwa | Nakh-Daghestanian | Dargic | Sumbatova & Lander (2014: 77–89) | |
Chirag Dargwa | chir1284 | Nakh-Daghestanian | Dargic | D. Ganenkov, p.c. |
Agul | agx | Nakh-Daghestanian | Lezgic | Ganenkov et al. (2009) |
Archi | aqc | Nakh-Daghestanian | Lezgic | Kibrik (1977: 124) |
Lezgian | lez | Nakh-Daghestanian | Lezgic | Haspelmath (1993: 190–192) |
Tabasaran | tab | Nakh-Daghestanian | Lezgic | Babalieva (2013: 73–75) |
Khinalug | kjj | Nakh-Daghestanian | Khinalug | Ganieva (2000: 523) |
Manambu | mle | Ndu | Aikhenvald (2015) | |
Usan | wnu | Nuclear Trans New Guinea | Madang | Reesink (1987: 68–73) |
Nungon | Nuclear Trans New Guinea | Finisterre-Huon | Sarvasy (2014: 404–419) | |
Eipo (Eipomek) | eip | Nuclear Trans New Guinea | Mek | Heeschen (1982: 84–88) |
Yale (Kosarek Yale) | kkl | Nuclear Trans New Guinea | Mek | Heeschen (1982: 89–95) |
Yupno (Yopno) | yut | Nuclear Trans New Guinea | Finisterre-Huon | Cooperrider et al. (2017) |
Bantawa | bap | Sino-Tibetan | Kiranti | Doornenbal (2009: 95) |
Kurtöp (Kurtokha) | xkz | Sino-Tibetan | East Bodish (Bodic) | Hyslop (2017: 161–166) |
Galo | adl | Sino-Tibetan | Macro-Tani | Post (2011) |
Zayse | zays1236 | Ta-Ne-Omotic | Hayward (1990: 273–275) | |
Abui | abz | Timor-Alor-Pantar | Alor-Pantar | Kratchovil (2007: 111–118) |
Blagar | beu | Timor-Alor-Pantar | Alor-Pantar | Steinhauer (2014: 181) |
Makalero | mkz | Timor-Alor-Pantar | Alor-Pantar | Huber (2011: 232–233) |
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© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Universality and language-dependency of tense and aspect: Performatives from a crosslinguistic perspective
- Elevation as a category of grammar: Sanzhi Dargwa and beyond
- Obituaries
- Obituary: Gilbert Lazard (1920–2018)
- Obituary: Hansjakob Seiler (1920–2018)
- Target Paper and Discussion
- Target Paper
- Reported speech forms a dedicated syntactic domain
- Commentaries
- Reported Speech and viewpoint hierarchy
- Reported speech as a pivotal human phenomenon: Commentary on Spronck and Nikitina
- What is syntactic about reported speech/discourse?
- Reported speech as enactment
- On the exceptionality of reported speech
- Reported speech as a dedicated grammatical domain – and why defenestration should not be thrown out the window
- Delimiting reported discourse: Cross-modal criteria
- Quotations form a recursive discourse
- Response to Spronck and Nikitina “Reported speech forms a dedicated syntactic domain”
- Response
- M and R as elements of a syntactic unit: Where would the relation between M and R come from, if not from syntax?
- Corrigendum
- Corrigendum to: Grammaticalization of nouns meaning “head” into reflexive markers: A cross-linguistic study
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Articles
- Universality and language-dependency of tense and aspect: Performatives from a crosslinguistic perspective
- Elevation as a category of grammar: Sanzhi Dargwa and beyond
- Obituaries
- Obituary: Gilbert Lazard (1920–2018)
- Obituary: Hansjakob Seiler (1920–2018)
- Target Paper and Discussion
- Target Paper
- Reported speech forms a dedicated syntactic domain
- Commentaries
- Reported Speech and viewpoint hierarchy
- Reported speech as a pivotal human phenomenon: Commentary on Spronck and Nikitina
- What is syntactic about reported speech/discourse?
- Reported speech as enactment
- On the exceptionality of reported speech
- Reported speech as a dedicated grammatical domain – and why defenestration should not be thrown out the window
- Delimiting reported discourse: Cross-modal criteria
- Quotations form a recursive discourse
- Response to Spronck and Nikitina “Reported speech forms a dedicated syntactic domain”
- Response
- M and R as elements of a syntactic unit: Where would the relation between M and R come from, if not from syntax?
- Corrigendum
- Corrigendum to: Grammaticalization of nouns meaning “head” into reflexive markers: A cross-linguistic study