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Elevation as a category of grammar: Sanzhi Dargwa and beyond

  • Diana Forker EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: May 11, 2019

Abstract

Nakh-Daghestanian languages have encountered growing interest from typologists and linguists from other subdiscplines, and more and more languages from the Nakh-Daghestanian language family are being studied. This paper provides a grammatical overview of the hitherto undescribed Sanzhi Dargwa language, followed by a detailed analysis of the grammaticalized expression of spatial elevation in Sanzhi. Spatial elevation, a topic that has not received substantial attention in Caucasian linguistics, manifests itself across different parts of speech in Sanzhi Dargwa and related languages. In Sanzhi, elevation is a deictic category in partial opposition with participant-oriented deixis/horizontally-oriented directional deixis. This paper treats the spatial uses of demonstratives, spatial preverbs and spatial cases that express elevation as well as the semantic extension of this spatial category into other, non-spatial domains. It further compares the Sanzhi data to other Caucasian and non-Caucasian languages and makes suggestions for investigating elevation as a subcategory within a broader category of topographical deixis.

Acknowledgments

The data discussed in this paper has been gathered for a language documentation project sponsored by the DoBeS Initiative of the Volkswagen Foundation (grant number 86 357/A107808). I am grateful to my main language assistant Gadzhimurad Gadzhimuradov and two anonymous reviewers for their criticisms and comments on an earlier draft of this paper. All errors and misunderstandings are solely mine.

Abbreviations

ab

‘above the deictic center’

abl

ablative

add

additive

advz

adverbializer

ante

spatial case, preverb ‘in front’

attr

attributive

bel

‘below the deictic center’

cop

copula

cvb

converb

dat

dative

dem

demonstrative

dir

directive

erg

ergative

ess

essive

f

human feminine singular

gen

genitive

hab

habitual

hpl

human plural

icvb

imperfective converb

imp

imperative

in

spatial case, preverb ‘in, into’

indq

embedded question

inf

infinitive

ipfv

imperfective

lat

lative

loc

locative

m

human masculine singular

n

neuter singular

neg

negation

nmlz

nominalizer

npl

neuter plural

obl

oblique stem marker

pfv

perfective

pl

plural

post

spatial case ‘behind’

pret

preterite

prs

present

pst

past

ptcp

participle

q

question

refl

reflexive

sg

singular

spr

spatial case, preverb ‘on’

sub

spatial case, preverb ‘under’

Appendix: List of languages with elevational demonstratives

LanguageISO 639-3 (glottocode)FamilySubfamily/GenusReference(s)
DyirbaldblAustralian, PNDixon (1972: 48)
NgiyambaawybAustralian, PNDonaldson (1980: 139–143)
KhasikhaAustroasiaticKhasi-PalaungDiessel (1999: 43)
Jahai (Jehai)jhiAustroasiaticAslianBurenhult (2008)
MunamnbAustronesianMalayo-Polynesianvan den Berg (1989: 90)
DagadgzDaganMurane (1974: 38–39)
SougbmnxEast Bird’s Head (Papuan)Reesink (2002: 224–226)
Central Alaskan YupikesuEskimo-AleutEskimoMiyaoka (2012: 345–381)
Kalaallisut (West Greelandic)kalEskimo-AleutEskimoFortescue (1984: 259–263)
HatamhadHatam-Mansim (West Papuan)Reesink (1999: 60–61)
AvaravaNakh-DaghestanianAvarCharachidzé (1981: 77–79)
AndianiNakh-DaghestanianAndicSaidova (2000: 282)
KaratakptNakh-DaghestanianAndicMagomedbekova (2000c: 416)
TinditinNakh-DaghestanianAndicMagomedova (2000a: 429)
AkhvakhakvNakh-DaghestanianAndicMagomedova & Abdulaeva (2007: 682)
ChamalalcjiNakh-DaghestanianAndicMagomedova (2000b: 475)
GodoberigdoNakh-DaghestanianAndicSaidova (1973: 100–101), Gisatullina & Toldova (1996: 42)
LaklbeNakh-DaghestanianLakZhirkov (1955: 71); Friedman (1994)
Akusha Dargwaakus1238Nakh-DaghestanianDargicvan den Berg (2001: 27)
Icari Dargwaitsa1239Nakh-DaghestanianDargicSumbatova & Mutalov (2003: 37–38)
Tanti DargwaNakh-DaghestanianDargicSumbatova & Lander (2014: 77–89)
Chirag Dargwachir1284Nakh-DaghestanianDargicD. Ganenkov, p.c.
AgulagxNakh-DaghestanianLezgicGanenkov et al. (2009)
ArchiaqcNakh-DaghestanianLezgicKibrik (1977: 124)
LezgianlezNakh-DaghestanianLezgicHaspelmath (1993: 190–192)
TabasarantabNakh-DaghestanianLezgicBabalieva (2013: 73–75)
KhinalugkjjNakh-DaghestanianKhinalugGanieva (2000: 523)
ManambumleNduAikhenvald (2015)
UsanwnuNuclear Trans New GuineaMadangReesink (1987: 68–73)
NungonNuclear Trans New GuineaFinisterre-HuonSarvasy (2014: 404–419)
Eipo (Eipomek)eipNuclear Trans New GuineaMekHeeschen (1982: 84–88)
Yale (Kosarek Yale)kklNuclear Trans New GuineaMekHeeschen (1982: 89–95)
Yupno (Yopno)yutNuclear Trans New GuineaFinisterre-HuonCooperrider et al. (2017)
BantawabapSino-TibetanKirantiDoornenbal (2009: 95)
Kurtöp (Kurtokha)xkzSino-TibetanEast Bodish (Bodic)Hyslop (2017: 161–166)
GaloadlSino-TibetanMacro-TaniPost (2011)
Zaysezays1236Ta-Ne-OmoticHayward (1990: 273–275)
AbuiabzTimor-Alor-PantarAlor-PantarKratchovil (2007: 111–118)
BlagarbeuTimor-Alor-PantarAlor-PantarSteinhauer (2014: 181)
MakaleromkzTimor-Alor-PantarAlor-PantarHuber (2011: 232–233)

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Received: 2018-05-11
Revised: 2018-08-20
Published Online: 2019-05-11
Published in Print: 2019-05-27

© 2019 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston

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