Home Evidentials: Their links with other grammatical categories
Article
Licensed
Unlicensed Requires Authentication

Evidentials: Their links with other grammatical categories

  • Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald EMAIL logo
Published/Copyright: October 2, 2015

Abstract

Evidentiality – a grammatical expression of information source (Aikhenvald 2004, 2014a) – is often expressed on a clausal level, and its marking is associated with the verb. In a few languages, a noun phrase can acquire its own evidential specification. Evidentiality can be expressed autonomously, or be fused with another grammatical category, including aspect, tense, or mood for verbs, or spatial distance and topicality for noun phrases. We investigate interactions and dependencies between evidentiality and other grammatical categories, both verbal and nominal. A number of such dependencies is supported by the diachronic development and history of evidentials.

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to Angeliki Alvanoudi, Pier Marco Bertinetto, and R. M. W. Dixon, for incisive comments and criticism, and Brigitta Flick for editorial help. Special thanks go to my teachers of Tariana.

Abbreviations: 1/2/3=1st/2nd/3rd person; a=transitive subject; abs=absolutive; aff=affix; assm=assumption, assumed; aux=auxiliary; caus=causative; cl=class; clf=classifier; cond=conditional; cop=copula; cvb=converb; decl=declarative; def=definite; emph=emphatic; erg=ergative; exc=exclusive; ext=extent; eyewit=eyewitness; f=feminine; finsuff=final nominal suffix; fpst=far past; fut=future; gen=genitive; hab=habitual; immpst=immediate past; impv=imperative; inch=inchoative; infer=inferential, inferred; intens=intensifier; intern=internal evidence; intpst=intermediate past; ipfv=imperfective; jointvis=joint visual; loc=locative; m=masculine; midpst=mid past; narr=narrative; ncl=noun classifier; neg=negative; nf=non-feminine; nom=nominative; nmlz=nominalization; noneyewit=non-eyewitness; nonwit=non-witnessed; nsg=non-singular; NVIS=non-visual; o=object; obl=oblique; obssp=observed by speaker alone; obssph=observed by both speaker and hearer; perm=permissive; pfv=perfective; pl=plural; poss=possessive; pref=prefix; prs=present; pst=past; quot=quotative; r=realis; recpst=recent past; rel=relativiser; rep=reported; s=intransitive subject; sg=singular; subj=subject; tel=telic; top=topic; vis=visual; wit=witnessed.;

References

Adelaar, W. F. H. 1977. Tarma Quechua: Grammar, texts, dictionary. Lisse: De Ridder.Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2003a. A grammar of Tariana, from northwest Amazonia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781107050952Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2003b. Mechanisms of change in areal diffusion: New morphology and language contact. Journal of Linguistics 39. 1–29.10.1017/S0022226702001937Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2007. Typological dimensions in word formation. In Timothy Shopen (ed.), Language typology and syntactic description (2nd edn.), Vol. 3: Grammatical categories and the lexicon, 1–65. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511618437.001Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2008. Multilingual imperatives: The elaboration of a category in north-west Amazonia. International Journal of American Linguistics 74. 189–225.10.1086/587704Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2010. Imperatives and commands. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2011a. The grammaticalization of evidentiality. In Bernd Heine & Heiko Narrog (eds.), The Oxford handbook of grammaticalization, 602–610. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199586783.013.0049Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2011b. Evidentials (Oxford Bibliographies Online). New York: Oxford University Press. http://www.oxfordbibliographies.comSearch in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2012a. The languages of the Amazon. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199593569.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2012b. The essence of mirativity. Linguistic Typology 16. 435–485.10.1515/lity-2012-0017Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2014a. The grammar of knowledge in typological perspective. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2014, 1–51.Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2014b. The art of grammar: A practical guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199683215.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. forthcoming a. Evidentiality: Setting the scene. To appear in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (ed.), The Oxford handbook of evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198759515.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. forthcoming b. Imperatives: A grammar of a clause type.Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & R. M. W. Dixon. 1998. Dependencies between grammatical systems. Language 74. 56–80. Reprinted with minor corrections in Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald & R. M. W. Dixon, Language at large: Essays on syntax and semantics, 170–204. Leiden: Brill, 2011.10.1353/lan.1998.0165Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & R. M. W. Dixon (eds.). 2003. Studies in evidentiality. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.54Search in Google Scholar

Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. & R. M. W. Dixon (eds.). 2014. The grammar of knowledge: A cross-linguistic typology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701316.001.0001Search in Google Scholar

Arakaki, Tomoko. 2013. Evidentials in Ryukyuan: The Shuri dialect of Luchuan. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004253407Search in Google Scholar

Baraby, Anne Marie. forthcoming. Imperatives and evidentiality in the Innu language.Search in Google Scholar

Barnes, Janet. 1984. Evidentials in the Tuyuca verb. International Journal of American Linguistics 50. 255–271.10.1086/465835Search in Google Scholar

Bertinetto, Pier Marco. 2009. Ayoreo (Zamuco): A grammatical sketch. Quaderni del Laboratorio di Linguistica 8. 1–59.Search in Google Scholar

Bloomfield, Leonard. 1933. Language. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Search in Google Scholar

Boas, Franz. 1938. Language. In Franz Boas (ed.), General anthropology, 124–145. Boston: Heath & Co.Search in Google Scholar

Brown, Penelope & Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness: Some universals in language usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511813085Search in Google Scholar

Carlin, Eithne B. 2004. A grammar of Trio, a Cariban language of Suriname. Frankfurt am Main: Lang.Search in Google Scholar

Carlin, Eithne B. 2011. Theticity in Trio (Cariban). International Journal of American Linguistics 77. 1–31.10.1086/657326Search in Google Scholar

Carol, Javier J. 2011. Determinantes demonstrativos en chorote (mataguayo): Interrelación con la modalidad, la temporalidad y la evidencialidad. Indiana 28. 227–254.Search in Google Scholar

Caughley, Ross C. 1982. The syntax and morphology of the verb in Chepang (Pacific Linguistics B-84). Canberra: Australian National University.Search in Google Scholar

Chafe, Wallace & Johanna Nichols (eds.). 1986. Evidentiality: The linguistic coding of epistemology. Norwood, NJ: Ablex.Search in Google Scholar

Chirikba, Vjacheslav. 2003. Evidential category and evidential strategy in Abkhaz. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2003, 243–272.Search in Google Scholar

Comrie, Bernard. 1976. Aspect. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Curnow, Timothy Jowan. 2002a. Types of interaction between evidentials and first-person subjects. Anthropological Linguistics 44. 178–196.Search in Google Scholar

Curnow, Timothy Jowan. 2002b. Conjunct/disjunct systems in Barbacoan languages. Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics 11. 3–12.Search in Google Scholar

de Reuse, Willem J. 2003. Evidentiality in Western Apache. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2003, 79–100.Search in Google Scholar

DeLancey, Scott. 1986. Evidentiality and volitionality in Tibetan. In Chafe & Nichols (eds.) 1986, 203–213.Search in Google Scholar

DeLancey, Scott. 2003. Lhasa Tibetan. In Graham Thurgood & Randy J. LaPolla (eds), The Sino-Tibetan languages, 270–288. London: Routledge.10.4324/9780203214961-40Search in Google Scholar

DeLancey, Scott. 2012. Still mirative after all these years. Linguistic Typology 16. 529–564.10.1515/lity-2012-0020Search in Google Scholar

Dickinson, Connie. 2000. Mirativity in Tsafiki. Studies in Language 24. 379–421.10.1075/sl.24.2.06dicSearch in Google Scholar

Dixon, R. M. W. 2003. Evidentiality in Jarawara. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2003, 165–188.Search in Google Scholar

Dixon, R. M. W. 2004. The Jarawara language of southern Amazonia. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Dixon, R. M. W. 2010. Basic linguistic theory, Vol. 1: Methodology. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Dixon, R. M. W. 2014. The non-visible marker in Dyirbal. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2014, 171–189.Search in Google Scholar

Eberhard, David. 2009. A grammar of Mamaindê: A Northern Nambikwara language and its cultural context. Amsterdam: Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam doctoral dissertation. http://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/236_fulltext.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Faller, Martina. 2004. The deictic core of ‘non-experienced past’ in Cuzco Quechua. Journal of Semantics 21. 45–85.10.1093/jos/21.1.45Search in Google Scholar

Fleck, David W. 2007. Evidentiality and double tense in Matses. Language 83. 589–614.10.1353/lan.2007.0113Search in Google Scholar

Floyd, Rick. 1999. The structure of evidential categories in Wanka Quechua. Dallas: Summer Institute of Linguistics; Arlington, TX: University of Texas at Arlington.Search in Google Scholar

Floyd, Simeon. 2005. The poetics of evidentiality in South American storytelling. Santa Barbara Papers in Linguistics 16. 28–41.Search in Google Scholar

Forker, Diana. 2013. A grammar of Hinuq. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110303971Search in Google Scholar

Forker, Diana. 2014. The grammar of knowledge in Hinuq. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2014, 52–68.Search in Google Scholar

Friedman, Victor A. 1986. Evidentiality in the Balkans: Bulgarian, Macedonian and Albanian. In Chafe & Nichols (eds.) 1986, 168–187.Search in Google Scholar

Friedman, Victor A. 2003. Evidentiality in the Balkans with special attention to Macedonian and Albanian. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2003, 189–218.Search in Google Scholar

Gerzenstein, Anna. 1994. Lengua maká: Estudio descriptivo. Buenos Aires: Instituto de Lingüística, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Universidad de Buenos Aires.Search in Google Scholar

Gomez, Gale G. 1990. The Shiriana dialect of Yanam (northern Brazil). New York: Columbia University doctoral dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Gomez-Imbert, Elsa. 2014. Evidentials and other verbal categories in Tatuyo and Barasana (Eastern Tucanoan). Paper presented at the workshop “Evidentiality in interaction with other linguistic categories”, Universiteit Leiden, February 21.Search in Google Scholar

Greed, Teija. 2014. The expression of knowledge in Tatar. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2014, 69–88.Search in Google Scholar

Grice, Paul. 1989. Studies in the way of words. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Gronemeyer, Claire. 1997. Evidentiality in Lithuanian. Working Papers in Linguistics 46. 93–112. Lund: Lunds universitetet.Search in Google Scholar

Gruzdeva, Ekaterina Ju. 2001. Imperative sentences in Nivkh. In Viktor S. Xrakovskij (ed.), Typology of imperative constructions, 59–77. München: Lincom Europa.Search in Google Scholar

Guillaume, Antoine. 2008. A grammar of Cavineña. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110211771Search in Google Scholar

Hansson, Inge-Lill. 1994. The interplay between the verb particle E and the sentence particles in Akha. Paper presented at the 27th International Conference on Sino-Tibetan Languages and Linguistics, Paris, October 12–16.Search in Google Scholar

Harris, Alice C. & Lyle Campbell. 1995. Historical syntax in cross-linguistic perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511620553Search in Google Scholar

Haspelmath, Martin. 2009. The agglutionation hypothesis: A belated empirical investigation. In Sergio Scalise, Elisabetta Magni & Antonietta Bisetto (eds.), Universals of language today, 13–29. Berlin: Springer.10.1007/978-1-4020-8825-4_2Search in Google Scholar

Haude, Katharina. 2006. A grammar of Movima. Nijmegen: Radboud University Nijmegen doctoral dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Haude, Katarina. 2010. “She kisses her late husband”=“She kissed her husband”: Nominal tense in Movima. In Jan Wohlgemuth & Michael Cysouw (eds.), Rara and rarissima: Documenting the fringes of linguistic diversity, 95–116. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.10.1515/9783110228557.95Search in Google Scholar

Hellenthal, Anneke Christine. 2010. A grammar of Sheko. Leiden: Universiteit Leiden doctoral dissertation. http://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/258_fulltext.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

Hintz, Daniel & Diane Hintz (forthcoming). The evidential category of mutual knowledge in Quechua. Lingua.10.1016/j.lingua.2014.07.014Search in Google Scholar

Hintz, Diane. 2007. Past tenses and their functions in South Conchucos Quechua: Time, evidentiality, discourse structures, and affect. Santa Barbara, CA: University of California (Santa Barbara) doctoral dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Hyslop, Gwendolyn. 2014. The grammar of knowledge in Kurtöp: Evidentiality, mirativity, and expectation of knowledge. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2014, 108–131.Search in Google Scholar

Jakobson, Roman. 1971. Shifters, verbal categories, and the Russian verb. In Roman Jakobson (ed.), Selected writings, Vol. 2: Word and language, 130–143. Den Haag: Mouton.10.1515/9783110873269.130Search in Google Scholar

James, Deborah, Sandra Clarke & Marguerite Mackenzie. 2001. The encoding of information source in Algonquian: Evidentials in Cree/Montagnais/Naskapi. International Journal of American Linguistics 67. 229–263.10.1086/466459Search in Google Scholar

Johanson, Lars. 2003. Evidentiality in Turkic. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2003, 273–291.Search in Google Scholar

Khalilova, Zaira. 2009. A grammar of Khwarshi. Leiden: Universiteit Leiden doctoral dissertation. http://www.lotpublications.nl/Documents/234_fulltext.pdfSearch in Google Scholar

König, Christa. 2013. Source of information and unexpected information in !Xun – evidential, mirative and counterexpectation marker. In Alexandra Aikhenvald & Anne Storch (eds.), Perception and cognition in language and culture, 69–94. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004210127_004Search in Google Scholar

Laughren, Mary. 1982. A preliminary description of propositional particles in Warlpiri. In Stephen M. Swartz (ed.), Papers in Warlpiri grammar: In memory of Lothar Jagst (Work Papers of SIL-AAB A-6), 129–163. Darwin: Summer Institute of Linguistics.Search in Google Scholar

Leinonen, Mari. 2000. Evidentiality in Komi Zyryan. In Lars Johanson & Bo Utas (eds.), Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and neighbouring languages, 419–440. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar

Lidz, Liberty A. 2007. Evidentiality in Yongning Na (Mosuo). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area 30. 45–88.Search in Google Scholar

Lowe, Ivan. 1999. Nambiquara. In R. M. W. Dixon & Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds.), The Amazonian languages, 269–292. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Search in Google Scholar

Malone, Terrell. 1988. The origin and development of Tuyuca evidentials. International Journal of American Linguistics 54. 119–140.10.1086/466079Search in Google Scholar

Matthews, Stephen. 1998. Evidentiality and mirativity in Cantonese: wo5, wo4, wo3! Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Chinese languages and Linguistics, July 14–16, 1998, 325–334. Taipei: Academia Sinica.Search in Google Scholar

Metslang, Helle & Karl Pajusalu. 2002. Evidentiality in South Estonian. Linguistica Uralica 2. 98–109.10.3176/lu.2002.2.03Search in Google Scholar

Mihas, Elena. 2013. Nominal and verbal temporal morphology in Ashéninka Perené (Arawak). Acta Linguistica Hafniensia 45. 43–72.10.1080/03740463.2014.883724Search in Google Scholar

Miller, Cynthia L. & Leona G. Gilley. 2007. Evidentiality and mirativity in Shilluk. In Mechthild Reh & Doris L. Payne (eds.) Proceedings of the 8th International Nilo-Saharan Linguistics Colloquium, 191–206. Köln: Köppe.Search in Google Scholar

Molochieva, Zarina. 2010. Tense, aspect, and mood in Chechen. Leipzig: Universität Leipzig doctoral dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Monserrat, Ruth. 2010. A língua do povo Mỹky. Campinas: Editora Curt Nimuendajú.Search in Google Scholar

Monserrat, Ruth & R. M. W. Dixon. 2003. Evidentiality in Mỹky. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2003, 237–242.Search in Google Scholar

Neukom, Lukas. 2001. Santali. München: Lincom Europa.Search in Google Scholar

Nordlinger, Rachel & Louise Sadler. 2004. Nominal tense in cross-linguistic perspective. Language 80. 776–806.10.1353/lan.2004.0219Search in Google Scholar

Nordlinger, Rachel & Louise Sadler. 2008. When is a temporal marker not a tense? Reply to Tonhauser 2007. Language 84. 325–331.10.1353/lan.0.0013Search in Google Scholar

Oswalt, Robert L. 1986. The evidential system of Kashaya. In Chafe & Nichols (eds.) 1986, 29–45.Search in Google Scholar

Overall, Simon E. 2014. Nominalization, knowledge, and information source in Aguaruna (Jivaroan). In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2014, 227–244.Search in Google Scholar

Pan, Chia-Jung. 2010. Linguistic expression of perception and cognition in Lhaalua and Tsou: A preliminary study. Paper presented at the workshop “Linguistic expression of perception and cognition”, James Cook University.Search in Google Scholar

Pan, Chia-Jung. 2014. The grammar of knowledge in Saaroa. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2014,89–107.Search in Google Scholar

Payne, Thomas E. & Doris L. Payne. 2013. A typological grammar of Panare, a Cariban language of Venezuela. Leiden: Brill.10.1163/9789004242197Search in Google Scholar

Perrot, Jean. 1996. Un médiatif ouralien: L’auditif en Samoyède Nenets. In Zlatka Guentchéva (ed.), L’énonciation médiatisée, 157–168. Leuven: Peeters.Search in Google Scholar

Post, Mark W. 2007. A grammar of Galo. Melbourne: La Trobe University doctoral dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Ramirez, Henri. 1997. A fala tukano dos Yepâ-masa, Vol. 1: Gramática. Manaus: Inspetoria Salesiana Missionária da Amazônia.Search in Google Scholar

Rapold, Christian J. 2006. Towards a grammar of Benchnon. Leiden: Universiteit Leiden doctoral dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

San Roque, Lila & Robin Loughnane. 2012. The New Guinea Highlands evidentiality area. Linguistic Typology 16. 111–167.10.1515/lity-2012-0003Search in Google Scholar

Scatton, Ernest A. 1984. A reference grammar of Modern Bulgarian. Columbus, OH: Slavica.Search in Google Scholar

Seki, Lucy. 2000. Gramática do kamaiurá, língua tupí-guaraní do Alto Xingu. Campinas: Editora da Unicamp.Search in Google Scholar

Shipley, William F. 1964. Maidu grammar. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Search in Google Scholar

Skribnik, Elena & Olga Seesing. 2014. Evidentiality in Kalmyk. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2014, 148–170.Search in Google Scholar

Storch, Anne & Jules Jacques Coly. 2014. The grammar of knowledge in Maaka (Western Chadic, Nigeria). In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2014, 190–208.Search in Google Scholar

Tatevosov, Sergej G. 2001. From resultatives to evidentials: Multiple uses of the perfect in Nakh-Daghestanian languages. Journal of Pragmatics 33. 443–464.10.1016/S0378-2166(00)00012-6Search in Google Scholar

Thurgood, Graham. 1986. The nature and origins of the Akha evidentials system. In Chafe & Nichols (eds.) 1986, 214–222.Search in Google Scholar

Tonhauser, Judith. 2007. Nominal tense? The meaning of Guaraní nominal temporal markers. Language 83. 831–869.10.1353/lan.2008.0037Search in Google Scholar

Tournadre, Nicolas. 2004. Typologie des aspects verbaux et intégration à une théorie du TAM. Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris 99(1). 7–68.10.2143/BSL.99.1.541909Search in Google Scholar

Tournadre, Nicolas. 2011. Le tibétain. In Emilio Bonvini, Joëlle Busuttil & Alain Peyraube (eds.), Dictionnaire des langues, 1040–1049. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.Search in Google Scholar

Tung, Tung-Ho. 1964. A descriptive study of the Tsou language, Formosan. Taipei: Institute of History and Philology, Academia Sinica.Search in Google Scholar

Valenzuela, Pilar. 2003. Evidentiality in Shipibo-Konibo, with a comparative overview of the category in Panoan. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2003, 33–62.Search in Google Scholar

Vallauri, Edoardo L. 2004. Grammaticalization of syntactic incompleteness: Free conditionals in Italian and other languages. SKY Journal of Linguistics 17. 189–215.Search in Google Scholar

Watters, David E. 2002. A grammar of Kham. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486883Search in Google Scholar

Watters, Stephen. 2007. The nature of narrative text in Dzhongkha: Evidence from deixis, evidentiality, and mirativity. In Roland Bielmeier & Felix Haller (eds.), Linguistics of the Himalayas and beyond, 381–397. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.Search in Google Scholar

Wälchli, Bernhard. 2000. Infinite predication as marker of evidentiality and modality in the languages of the Baltic region. Sprachtypologie und Universalienforschung 53. 186–210.10.1524/stuf.2000.53.2.186Search in Google Scholar

Weber, David J. & Wesley Thiesen. 2012. A grammar of Bora, with special attention to tone. Dallas: SIL International.Search in Google Scholar

Whistler, Kenneth W. 1986. Evidentials in Patwin. In Chafe & Nichols (eds.) 1986, 60–74.Search in Google Scholar

Wiemer, Björn. 2006. Grammatical evidentiality in Lithuanian (a typological assessment). Baltistica 41. 33–49.10.15388/baltistica.41.1.1124Search in Google Scholar

Wilkins, David P. 1989. Mparntwe Arrernte (Aranda): Studies in the structure and semantics of grammar. Canberra: Australian National University doctoral dissertation.Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Gloria Fan-Pei. 2000a. Tsou case markers as evidentials. National Taiwan University Working Papers in Linguistics 3. 41–69Search in Google Scholar

Yang, Gloria Fan-Pei. 2000b. The semantics-pragmatics of the hearsay evidential nana in Tsou. National Taiwan University Working Papers in Linguistics 3. 69–86.Search in Google Scholar

Yap, Foong-Ha, Karen Grunow-Hårsta & Janick Wrona (eds.). 2011. Nominalization in Asian languages: Diachronic and tyological perspectives. Amsterdam: Benjamins.10.1075/tsl.96Search in Google Scholar

Yliniemi, Juha (forthcoming). Interplay of copulas and mirative in Denjongke, or Sikkimese Bhutia.Search in Google Scholar

Yu, Defen. 2005. Evidentiality and mirativity in Lisu. Paper presented at the Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University, Canberra, September 23.Search in Google Scholar

Zeisler, Bettina. 2011. Relative tense and aspectual values in Tibetan languages: A comparative study. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton.Search in Google Scholar

Zhang, Sihong. 2014. The expression of knowledge in Ersu. In Aikhenvald & Dixon (eds.) 2014, 132–147.Search in Google Scholar

Received: 2014-4-2
Revised: 2015-1-25
Published Online: 2015-10-2
Published in Print: 2015-10-1

©2015 by De Gruyter Mouton

Downloaded on 3.10.2025 from https://www.degruyterbrill.com/document/doi/10.1515/lingty-2015-0008/html?lang=en
Scroll to top button