Tracking who knows what: epistemic gaps and the prosodic realization of corrective focus
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Iris Chuoying Ouyang
Abstract
Corrective information is produced with higher prosodic prominence than non-corrective information. However, it remains unclear how corrective prosody is realized in different communicative settings. We conducted two production experiments to investigate whether interlocutors’ prosodic realization of corrective focus depends on each other’s knowledge state. Participants carried out a statement-response task in pairs (e.g., Speaker B: Tina had shrimp at a restaurant. Speaker A: No, she had beef at a restaurant.). Our focus is on the prosody of Speaker A’s utterance. We manipulated whether Speaker B’s statement was implausible in the context (e.g., a context where it is known that Tina actually hates seafood). Furthermore, the two experiments differed in whether Speaker B knew that their statement (e.g., about Tina eating shrimp at a restaurant) was (im)plausible. In Experiment 1, both speakers had access to the crucial context concerning the probability of Speaker A’s statement (Tina’s preferences about food). In Experiment 2, only Speaker A had access to this background information. We found that Speaker A’s prosody when responding to Speaker B was influenced by both (i) the contextual probability of Speaker B’s statements and (ii) Speaker B’s knowledge (or lack thereof) about the contextual probability. We present an analysis where the prosodic prominence associated with corrective information reflects the gap between expectation and reality – in this case, what Speaker A had expected Speaker B to say and what Speaker B actually says.
Funding source: National Science Foundation National Science Foundation
Award Identifier / Grant number: BCS-1451596
Award Identifier / Grant number: Unassigned
Acknowledgments
We gratefully acknowledge helpful feedback and comments from the audience at DETEC 2015, held at the University of Alberta, Canada, as well as anonymous reviewers. This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant No. BCS-1451596. An earlier version of some of this work was presented at the 2015 conference on Architectures and Mechanisms for Language Processing (AMLaP) and at the 8th International Conference on Speech Prosody, and is included in the Speech Prosody 2016 proceedings.
Appendix Target items
The 192 critical dialogues in Experiments 1 and 2 are recoverable as follows. Each dialogue has five sentences (Sentences 1–5); the last two sentences of each dialogue (Sentence 4 and Sentence 5) constitute a statement-response pair. In Experiment 1, Sentences 1, 2, and 5 are seen and said aloud by one participant (Speaker A), whereas Sentences 3 and 4 are seen and said aloud by the other participant (Speaker B). Experiment 2 follows the same design as Experiment 1, except Sentence 2 is never said aloud.
There are six conditions, formed by combining two kinds of statement-response relationship (Corrective vs. Non-Corrective), two types of object nouns in the statements (Probable vs. Improbable), and two types of object nouns in the responses (Probable vs. Improbable). A corrective response begins with the word ‘no’ and has an object noun that is different from the object noun in the statement. In contrast, a non-corrective response begins with the word ‘yes’ and has the same object noun as the statement.
Every condition has items from six scenarios (Scenarios 1–6). Each scenario contains two sub-scenarios (X vs. Y, e.g., Christopher prefers meat vs. Abbey prefers seafood) and is associated with a set of four object nouns (e.g., beef, lamb, fish, and shrimp). Two of the four object nouns are probable in the context of sub-scenario X but improbable in sub-scenario Y. The other two object nouns, in contrast, are probable in the context of sub-scenario Y but improbable in sub-scenario X.
These target items were selected based on the results of a norming study, where the contextual probability of each f object noun given the sub-scenario was judged on a seven-point scale (see Section 2.1.2). We provide the median likelihood ratings in the tables below.
Scenario 1: Preference: meat versus seafood
Sub-scenario 1X: Probable Objects: beef, lamb; Improbable Objects: fish, shrimp.
| Likelihood | Object | Median likelihood rating |
|---|---|---|
| Probable | Beef | 6 |
| Probable | Lamb | 6 |
| Improbable | Fish | 1 |
| Improbable | Shrimp | 1 |
Sentence 1 [Speaker A]: {Christopher; Gary; Joseph} is particular about food.
Sentence 2 [Speaker A]: (He loves meat but hates seafood.)
Sentence 3 [Speaker B]: He went out for lunch yesterday.
Sentence 4 [Speaker B]: I heard that he had {beef; lamb; fish; shrimp} at a restaurant.
Sentence 5 [Speaker A]: {Yes; No}, he had {beef; lamb; fish; shrimp} at a restaurant.
Sub-scenario 1Y: Probable Objects: fish, shrimp; Improbable Objects: beef, lamb.
| Likelihood | Object | Median likelihood rating |
|---|---|---|
| Probable | Fish | 6.5 |
| Probable | Shrimp | 6 |
| Improbable | Beef | 1 |
| Improbable | Lamb | 1.5 |
Sentence 1 [Speaker A]: {Abbey; Lauren; Sabrina} is a picky eater.
Sentence 2 [Speaker A]: (She loves seafood but hates meat.)
Sentence 3 [Speaker B]: She went out for dinner last night.
Sentence 4 [Speaker B]: I heard that she had {beef; lamb; fish; shrimp} at a restaurant.
Sentence 5 [Speaker A]: {Yes; No}, she had {beef; lamb; fish; shrimp} at a restaurant.
Scenario 2: Preference: fruit versus vegetables
Sub-scenario 2X: Probable Objects: apples, cherries; Improbable Objects: lettuce, spinach.
| Likelihood | Object | Median likelihood rating |
|---|---|---|
| Probable | Apples | 6 |
| Probable | Cherries | 6 |
| Improbable | Lettuce | 3 |
| Improbable | Spinach | 2.5 |
Sentence 1 [Speaker A]: {Elisa; Jacky; Tina} prefers her salad a certain way.
Sentence 2 [Speaker A]: She loves fruit but hates vegetables.
Sentence 3 [Speaker B]: She went grocery shopping yesterday evening.
Sentence 4 [Speaker B]: I heard that she got some {apples; cherries; lettuce; spinach} at the farmer’s market.
Sentence 5 [Speaker A]: {Yes; No}, she got some {apples; cherries; lettuce; spinach} at the farmer’s market.
Sub-scenario 2Y: Probable Objects: lettuce, spinach; Improbable Objects: apples, cherries.
| Likelihood | Object | Median likelihood rating |
|---|---|---|
| Probable | Lettuce | 6 |
| Probable | Spinach | 6 |
| Improbable | Apples | 2 |
| Improbable | Cherries | 2.5 |
Sentence 1 [Speaker A]: {Bob; Daniel; Zac} tends to put certain things in his salad.
Sentence 2 [Speaker A]: (He loves vegetables but hates fruit.)
Sentence 3 [Speaker B]: He went grocery shopping this morning.
Sentence 4 [Speaker B]: I heard that he got some {apples; cherries; lettuce; spinach} at the supermarket.
Sentence 5 [Speaker A]: {Yes; No}, he got some {apples; cherries; lettuce; spinach} at the supermarket.
Scenario 3: Need: getting bathroom versus patio stuff
Sub-scenario 3X: Probable Objects: bath mats, face wash; Improbable Objects: lawn chairs, yard lights.
| Likelihood | Object | Median likelihood rating |
|---|---|---|
| Probable | Bath mats | 7 |
| Probable | Face wash | 6 |
| Improbable | Lawn chairs | 2 |
| Improbable | Yard lights | 2 |
Sentence 1 [Speaker A]: {Abbey; Lauren; Sabrina} just moved into her new house.
Sentence 2 [Speaker A]: (She has enough patio stuff but needs more things for the bathroom.)
Sentence 3 [Speaker B]: She went out shopping today.
Sentence 4 [Speaker B]: I heard that she bought some {bath mats; face wash; lawn chairs; yard lights} at a store.
Sentence 5 [Speaker A]: {Yes; No}, she bought some {bath mats; face wash; lawn chairs; yard lights} at a store.
Sub-scenario 3Y: Probable Objects: lawn chairs, yard lights; Improbable Objects: bath mats, face wash.
| Likelihood | Object | Median likelihood rating |
|---|---|---|
| Probable | Lawn chairs | 6 |
| Probable | Yard lights | 6 |
| Improbable | Bath mats | 2 |
| Improbable | Face wash | 2 |
Sentence 1 [Speaker A]: {Christopher; Gary; Joseph} just moved into his new house.
Sentence 2 [Speaker A]: (He has enough bathroom stuff but needs more things for the patio.)
Sentence 3 [Speaker B]: He went out shopping this afternoon.
Sentence 4 [Speaker B]: I heard that he bought some {bath mats; face wash; lawn chairs; yard lights} at the mall.
Sentence 5 [Speaker A]: {Yes; No}, he bought some {bath mats; face wash; lawn chairs; yard lights} at the mall.
Scenario 4: Need: selling bedroom versus kitchen stuff
Sub-scenario 4X: Probable Objects: dresser, mattress; Improbable Objects: blender, mixer.
| Likelihood | Object | Median likelihood rating |
|---|---|---|
| Probable | Dresser | 6 |
| Probable | Mattress | 6.5 |
| Improbable | Blender | 2.5 |
| Improbable | Mixer | 2 |
Sentence 1 [Speaker A]: {Elisa; Jacky; Tina} is moving in with her boyfriend.
Sentence 2 [Speaker A]: (They want to keep her kitchen stuff but get rid of her bedroom furniture.)
Sentence 3 [Speaker B]: They are not going to donate anything.
Sentence 4 [Speaker B]: I heard that she sold her {dresser; mattress; blender; mixer} at a garage sale.
Sentence 5 [Speaker A]: {Yes; No}, she sold her {dresser; mattress; blender; mixer} at a garage sale.
Sub-scenario 4Y: Probable Objects: blender, mixer; Improbable Objects: dresser, mattress.
| Likelihood | Object | Median likelihood rating |
|---|---|---|
| Probable | Blender | 6 |
| Probable | Mixer | 6.5 |
| Improbable | Dresser | 2 |
| Improbable | Mattress | 2 |
Sentence 1 [Speaker A]: {Bob; Daniel; Zac} just moved into his new house.
Sentence 2 [Speaker A]: (They want to keep his bedroom furniture but get rid of his kitchen stuff.)
Sentence 3 [Speaker B]: They are not going to give anything away.
Sentence 4 [Speaker B]: I heard that he sold his {dresser; mattress; blender; mixer} in the classified ads.
Sentence 5 [Speaker A]: {Yes; No}, he sold his {dresser; mattress; blender; mixer} in the classified ads.
Scenario 5: Preference: playing carpenter versus chef
Sub-scenario 5X: Probable Objects: hammers, wrenches; Improbable Objects: burgers, pizzas.
| Likelihood | Object | Median likelihood rating |
|---|---|---|
| Probable | Hammers | 6.5 |
| Probable | Wrenches | 6 |
| Improbable | Burgers | 2 |
| Improbable | Pizzas | 2 |
Sentence 1 [Speaker A]: {Christopher; Gary; Joseph}’s nephew is six, and he likes to imagine what he wants to do when he grows up.
Sentence 2 [Speaker A]: (He loves to pretend to be a carpenter, but never plays chef.)
Sentence 3 [Speaker B]: {Christopher; Gary; Joseph} went to a flea market over the weekend.
Sentence 4 [Speaker B]: I heard that he bought toy {burgers; pizzas; hammers; wrenches} for his nephew.
Sentence 5 [Speaker A]: {Yes; No}, he bought toy {burgers; pizzas; hammers; wrenches} for his nephew.
Sub-scenario 5Y: Probable Objects: burgers, pizzas; Improbable Objects: hammers, wrenches.
| Likelihood | Object | Median likelihood rating |
|---|---|---|
| Probable | Burgers | 6 |
| Probable | Pizzas | 6 |
| Improbable | Hammers | 2 |
| Improbable | Wrenches | 2 |
Sentence 1 [Speaker A]: {Abbey; Lauren; Sabrina}’s niece is four, and she likes to play make-believe.
Sentence 2 [Speaker A]: (She loves to pretend to be a chef, but never plays carpenter.)
Sentence 3 [Speaker B]: {Abbey; Lauren; Sabrina} found some make-believe props on eBay recently.
Sentence 4 [Speaker B]: I heard that she bought toy {burgers; pizzas; hammers; wrenches} for her niece.
Sentence 5 [Speaker A]: {Yes; No}, she bought toy {burgers; pizzas; hammers; wrenches} for her niece.
Scenario 6: Preference: farm versus jungle animals
Sub-scenario 6X: Probable Objects: cow, sheep; Improbable Objects: bear, lion.
| Likelihood | Object | Median likelihood rating |
|---|---|---|
| Probable | Cow | 6.5 |
| Probable | Sheep | 6 |
| Improbable | Bear | 2.5 |
| Improbable | Lion | 2 |
Sentence 1 [Speaker A]: {Elisa; Jacky; Tina}’s son is not a fan of all animals.
Sentence 2 [Speaker A]: (He is obsessed with farm animals but completely uninterested in jungle animals.)
Sentence 3 [Speaker B]: She took her son to a toy store downtown.
Sentence 4 [Speaker B]: I heard that he got a stuffed {cow; sheep; bear; lion} at the shop.
Sentence 5 [Speaker A]: {Yes; No}, he got a stuffed {cow; sheep; bear; lion} at the shop.
Sub-scenario 6Y: Probable Objects: bear, lion; Improbable Objects: cow, sheep.
| Likelihood | Object | Median likelihood rating |
|---|---|---|
| Probable | Bear | 5.5 |
| Probable | Lion | 6 |
| Improbable | Cow | 1.5 |
| Improbable | Sheep | 1.5 |
Sentence 1 [Speaker A]: {Bob; Daniel; Zac}’s daughter only likes certain animals.
Sentence 2 [Speaker A]: (She is obsessed with jungle animals but completely uninterested in farm animals.)
Sentence 3 [Speaker B]: He took his daughter to a kid’s store the other day.
Sentence 4 [Speaker B]: I heard that she got a stuffed {cow; sheep; bear; lion} at the shop.
Sentence 5 [Speaker A]: {Yes; No}, she got a stuffed {cow; sheep; bear; lion} at the shop.
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Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Expectations in language processing and production: an introduction to the special issue
- Managing interpersonal discourse expectations: a comparative analysis of contrastive discourse particles in Dutch
- Discourse expectations: explaining the implicit causality biases of verbs
- The online processing of causal and concessive discourse connectives
- The processing signature of anticipatory reading: an eye-tracking study on lexical predictions
- Tracking who knows what: epistemic gaps and the prosodic realization of corrective focus
Articles in the same Issue
- Frontmatter
- Expectations in language processing and production: an introduction to the special issue
- Managing interpersonal discourse expectations: a comparative analysis of contrastive discourse particles in Dutch
- Discourse expectations: explaining the implicit causality biases of verbs
- The online processing of causal and concessive discourse connectives
- The processing signature of anticipatory reading: an eye-tracking study on lexical predictions
- Tracking who knows what: epistemic gaps and the prosodic realization of corrective focus
